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ObjectiveThe glycosidic linkage structural characteristics of polysaccharides from Pinelliae Rhizoma（PR） and its processed products were analyzed by sugar spectrum， high performance thin layer chromatography（HPTLC）， fluorescence-assisted carbohydrate gel electrophoresis（PACE） based on partial acid hydrolysis and specific glycosidase hydrolysis， and the antioxidant activities of polysaccharides before and after hydrolysis（enzymolysis） were compared. MethodPolysaccharides from PR and its processed products were extracted by ultrasound extraction， starch was hydrolyzed by α-amylase， and small molecules below 3 kDa were removed by ultrafiltration. The purified polysaccharides were prepared by hydrolysis of acid and five different specific glycosidases， and the hydrolysates were analyzed by HPTLC and PACE. The antioxidant capacity of polysaccharides was analyzed by 2，2′-azino-bis（3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid）（ABTS） and 2，2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl（DPPH） free radical scavenging experiment before and after different hydrolysis. ResultThrough HPTLC and PACE analysis， it was found that polysaccharides from PR and its processed products could be hydrolyzed by β-galactosidase， β-mannase， cellulase and pectinase， but hardly hydrolyzed by glucanase， indicating that the polysaccharides contained β-galactopyranoside bond， β-1，4-mannoside bond， β-1，4-glucoside bond and α-1，4-galacturonic acid glycosidic bond. In vitro antioxidant experiments showed that the ABTS radical scavenging capacity of the polysaccharides from PR and its processed products was weakened after acid hydrolysis and pectinase enzymatic hydrolysis， while the ABTS radical scavenging capacity was enhanced after enzymatic hydrolysis with cellulase， β-galactosidase， and β-mannase. And after different hydrolysis， the DPPH free radical scavenging capacity of polysaccharides from PR and its processed products was all significantly enhanced. ConclusionThe glycosidic linkage structural characteristics of polysaccharides from PR and its processed products was analyzed by sugar spectrum in this paper， and the relationship between glycosidic bond types and their antioxidant activity was clarified through in vitro antioxidant experiments， which is beneficial for further elucidating the material basis of the related efficacy of PR and its processed products， and providing new ideas and methods for analyzing the structural characteristics of polysaccharides in Chinese medicines.
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ObjectiveThe therapeutic effect of polysaccharides from Zanthoxyli Pericarpium on Alzheimer's disease（AD） was evaluated through establishing a mouse model of AD， and the structural characteristics of the polysaccharides was analyzed by sugar spectrum. MethodThe AD model of mice with rapid aging was established by intraperitoneal injection of D-galactose combined with gavage of aluminum trichloride， and the learning and memory ability of mice was evaluated by Morris water maze test， the histopathological status of brain and neuronal damage were observed by hematoxylin-eosin（HE） staining and Nissl staining. After hydrolysis of polysaccharides from Zanthoxyli Pericarpium with acid and different glycosidases， the characteristics of hydrolysates were analyzed by high performance thin layer chromatography（HPTLC） and fluorescence assisted carbohydrate gel electrophoresis（PACE）. HPTLC chromatography was performed on a silica gel 60 plate with sampling volume of 5 μL， developing solvent of ethyl acetate-glacial acetic acid-water（2∶2∶1）， developing twice， aniline-diphenylamine-phosphoric acid solution as chromogenic agent， and heating at 105 ℃ for 10 min， and then observed under sunlight. PACE experimental conditions were 34% separation gel and 8% concentration gel， electrophoresis buffer was 0.1 mol·L-1 tris（hydroxymethyl） aminomethane（Tris）-boric acid buffer（pH 8.2）. Electrophoresis was carried out at 0 ℃ and the loading amount was 3-6 μL. The sample ran to the front of the gel with a constant current of 15 mA， and imaged under ultraviolet 365 nm. ResultThe results of Morris water maze test showed that polysaccharides from Zanthoxyli Pericarpium significantly improved the learning and memory ability of AD model mice， shortened the escape latency， and significantly increased the number of crossing and the residence time in the target quadrant. The results of histopathological experiments showed that polysaccharides from Zanthoxyli Pericarpium could improve the pathological conditions and neuronal damage in the CA1 and CA3 regions of hippocampus of AD mice， and the number of Nissl corpuscles was significantly increased. The results of sugar spectrum analysis showed that the results of HPTLC and PACE analysis were basically consistent， polysaccharides from Zanthoxyli Pericarpium could be mainly hydrolyzed into small molecular sugars by cellulase and pectinase， indicating that they mainly contained β-1，4-glucosidic bond and α-1，4-galacturonic acid glycosidic bond， and could be slightly hydrolyzed by glucanase， β-galactosidase and β-mannase， indicating that they contained only a small amount of α-1，6-glucosidic bond， β-galactosidic bond， β-1，4-mannosidic bond. ConclusionPolysaccharides from Zanthoxyli Pericarpium has obvious therapeutic effect on AD mice， and its structure mainly contains β-1，4-glucosidic bond and α-1，4-galacturonic acid glycosidic bond， which can provide a reference for the structural analysis of traditional Chinese medicine polysaccharides.
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El consumo de drogas de síntesis ha ido en aumento. Estos nuevos derivados sintéticos son análogos estructurales de la feniletilamina N-sustituida. Este grupo ha provocado severos casos de intoxicación e incluso probablemente la muerte de varios consumidores. El principal derivado es conocido como 25C-NBOMe y se consume en estampillas idénticas al LSD. En este trabajo se desarrolla una metodología analítica para la determinación de 25C-NBOMe mediante cromatografía planar instrumental (cromatografía en capa delgada de alta resolución) y cromatografía de gases con detector de masas (CG/EM) como técnicas alternativas de fácil manejo y costo. Estas metodologías demostraron ser robustas y confiables para el propósito previsto.
Consumption of synthetic drugs has increased. These new synthetic derivatives are structural analogs of N-substituted phenylethylamine, and this group has caused severe cases of poisoning and even probably the death of several users. The main derivative is known as 25C-NBOMe and it is consumed in blotters in the same manner as LSD. In this work, an analytical methodology for 25C-NBOMe determination by instrumental planar chromatography high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and gas chromatography with mass detector (GC/MS) were developed as alternative techniques; they are easy to use and low cost. These methods proved to be robust and reliable for the intended purpose.
O consumo de drogas sintéticas vem aumentando. Esses novos derivados sintéticos são análogos estruturais de feniletilamina N-substituída, este grupo tem causado casos graves de intoxicação e, até mesmo, provavelmente, a morte de vários consumidores. O principal derivado é conhecido como 25C-NBOMe e consumido em selos idênticos ao LSD. Neste trabalho é desenvolvida uma metodologia analítica para a determinação de 25C-NBOMe através de cromatografia planar instrumental (cromatografia em camada delgada de alta resolução) e cromatografia gasosa com detector de massas (CG/EM) como técnicas alternativas de fácil utilização e custo. Estas metodologias demonstraram serem robustas e fiáveis para a finalidade a que se destinam.
Assuntos
Humanos , Urina , Cromatografia , Alucinógenos , Cromatografia Gasosa , Extração em Fase SólidaRESUMO
Backgorund: The three stages of Snehapaka formulations namely Mridu, Madhyama and Khara Paka have been characteristically advocated for different routes of administration—Nasya, Pana/Basti and Abhyanga, respectively. Guidelines or established method for post-formulation characterization for the same is hardly available. Objective: The present communication is the comparative study of Mridu, Madhyama and Khara Paka of Panchagavya ghrita (PGG). Materials and Methods: Laboratory prepared samples of PGG following classical method were analyzed for different physicochemical, spectroscopic, chromatographic parameters, and antioxidant activity. Results: No significant difference was found among Mridu, Madhyama and Khara Paka in physicochemical parameters as well as chromatographic profiles. The ratio of absorbance at 240 and 294 nm showed steady increase from Mridu to Madhyama to Khara Paka in the ultraviolet (UV)-visible spectra of unsaponifiable matter. The high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC)-2,2 Diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazil (DPPH) bioautography assay revealed presence of two antioxidant compounds in low concentration in all the samples. This was further supported by estimation of total reducing power and DPPH assay. No significant difference was found among the three samples. Conclusion: Comparison of various physicochemical parameters, chromatographic profiles, and in vitro antioxidant activity determination is of little help in establishing any significant difference among the samples. However, spectrophotometric analysis of unsaponifiable matter reveals some encouraging characteristic findings which will be useful in establishing difference among the three stages of processing of PGG as well as Snehapaka in general.
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A specific, precise and stability indicating high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method for simultaneous estimation of pantoprazole sodium and itopride hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulations was developed and validated. The method employed TLC aluminium plates precoated with silica gel 60F254 as the stationary phase. The solvent system consisted of methanol:water:ammonium acetate; 4.0:1.0:0.5 (v/v/v). This system was found to give compact and dense spots for both itopride hydrochloride (Rf value of 0.55±0.02) and pantoprazole sodium (Rf value of 0.85 ± 0.04). Densitometric analysis of both drugs was carried out in the reflectance-absorbance mode at 289 nm. The linear regression analysis data for the calibration plots showed a good linear relationship with R2=0.9988± 0.0012 in the concentration range of 100-400 ng for pantoprazole sodium. Also, the linear regression analysis data for the calibration plots showed a good linear relationship with R2=0.9990±0.0008 in the concentration range of 200-1200 ng for itopride hydrochloride. The method was validated for specificity, precision, robustness and recovery. Statistical analysis proves that the method is repeatable and selective for the estimation of both the said drugs. As the method could effectively separate the drug from its degradation products, it can be employed as a stability indicating method.
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Quality assessment of traditional herbal medicines is of benefit not only in research but also in practice. The method of quality assessment of the Thai traditional medicine, Ayurved Siriraj Prasachandaeng, was established by using High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). In HPTLC, the chromatographic fingerprints were developed; the color and the relative retardation factor (rRf) of bands were compared with those of reference markers. Likewise, relative retention time (rRt), and applied information content (f) were evaluated in HPLC fingerprints. Reference markers, gallic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, vanillic acid and kojic acid were used as qualitative markers in HPTLC whereas gallic acid, caffeic acid and vanillic acid were used as qualitative and quantitative markers in HPLC. Similarity of the chromatographic pattern among batches was determined by the presence of stated mathematic parameters in the range of 80 to 125 percent of the average. The HPTLC and HPLC fingerprints of three batches of Ayurved Siriraj Prasachandaeng showed similar chromatographic patterns. Such similarity showed that the productions of different batches in the recipe were consistent. Moreover, it revealed that some markers found in the recipe certainly came from various medicinal herbal components of their own recipes. In conclusion, the combination of rRf from HPTLC, and rRt and f from HPLC is the suitable method for identification and quality control of different batches of Ayurved Siriraj Prasachandaeng.