A Critical Review On Medohara (antidyslipidaemic) Action Of Stem Bark Of Cirabilwa (holoptelea Integrifolia Planch.) With Special Reference To Ayurvedic And Modern Aspect

Dyslipidaemia (Medovikara) is a major health problem in both developed and developing nations. It leads to Atherosclerosis, which is a major factor in the development of Cardiovascular diseases. Modern medications available to Dyslipidaemia are potentially hazardous. Cirabilwa (Holoptelea integrifolia Planch.) is a large deciduous tree distributed throughout the greater part of India upto an altitude of 2000 ft. It is used in the treatment of various diseases including Dyspepsia, Flatulence, Colic, Helminthiasis, Vomiting, Skin diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Haemorrhoids and Rheumatism. It is included in many Medohara ganas (groups of drugs having anti dyslipidaemic action) like Lekhana mahakashaya group (group of drugs that dessicate and scrape away the morbid tissues especially Meda and Kapha) of Caraka Samhita; Shleshma samsamana (groups of drugs which decrease Kapha), several Kaphamedohara groups (groups of drugs which decrease Meda and Kapha) like Saalasaradi, Varanadi, Aragwadadi, Asanadi and Arkadi of Susruta Samhita; Asanadi, Varanadi, Aragwadadi and Arkadi groups of Ashtanga Hridaya. This is an attempt made to explain the Medohara action of Cirabilwa according to Ayurvedic as well as modern aspect.

Comparative Pharmacognostical Study Of The Genuine And Market Samples Of The Stem Bark Of Cirabilwa (holptelea Integrifolia Planch.)

Context: The stem bark of Cirabilwa (Holoptelea integrifolia Planch.) is used for treating various disease conditions including Dyspepsia, Flatulence, Colic, Helminthiasis, Vomiting, Skin diseases, Diabetes Mellitus, Haemorrhoids and Rheumatism in traditional system of medicine since ancient times. As a part of a proposed clinical study, sufficient quantity of the plant drug was required to evaluate the antidyslipidemic effects, which was procured from market. Aim: This study was designed to identify and compare the pharmacognostical features of the genuine hand collected samples and market samples of the stem bark of this medicinal plant, so as to prove the genuinity of the market samples before using it for clinical study. Materials and Methods: Macroscopic and microscopic methods were applied to determine the diagnostic features of the shade dried samples of the intact stem bark of both samples of the drug and was compared with the available data. Results: The shape, color, thickness, odour, consistency, fracture and surface characteristics were determined. Compound microscope images showed the presence of ray cells, stone cells, starch grains, rhomboidal crystals in both the samples. Conclusion: The study confirmed the identity of both genuine and market samples. Comparable results were obtained which proved the genuinity of the market samples of the stem bark of Cirabilwa (Holoptelea integrifolia Planch).

Activity of Plumbago zeylanica Linn. root and Holoptelea integrifolia Roxb. bark pastes in acute and chronic paw infl ammation in Wistar rats.

Background: The pastes prepared from roots of Plumbago zeylanica Linn. and barks of Holoptelea integrifolia Roxb. are widely used by traditional healers for the treatment of arthritis in rural northern Karnataka. Objective: The present study was undertaken to scientifi cally evaluate the safety and effi cacy of traditionally used formulations in experimental animals. Materials and Methods: The study, approved by IAEC was carried out in male Wistar rats and dermal toxicity in rabbits. Carrageenan model was used to assess effect on acute infl ammation. Paw volume were measured at 1, 2, 4, and 6th hour postchallenge. Chronic infl ammation was developed by using Complete Freund’s Adjuvant (CFA). Paw volume, ankle joint circumference, and body weight were assessed on 1st, 4th, 8th, 14th, 17th, and 21st day. Paste was applied once every day to the infl amed area of the paw of respective groups of animals, continuously for 14 days. Statistics: The data were analyzed by one way analysis of variance followed by Dunnett’s post hoc test. P ≤ 0.05 was considered as signifi cant. Results: The formulations did not show any dermal toxicity and found to be safe. Both the pastes signifi cantly (P < 0.05) suppressed, carrageenan-induced paw edema at 6th hour and Holoptelea integrifolia appears to be more effective than Plumbago zeylanica. Signifi cant reduction was observed in paw volume, ankle joint circumference and animal body weight gained. Conclusions: The tested formulations (P. zeylanica root and H. integrifolia bark pastes) showed signifi cant antiinfl ammatory activity. The present fi ndings therefore support its utility in arthritic pain, infl ammation and the claim of traditional practitioners.

A mini review on chemistry and biology of Holoptelea integrifolia Roxb. Planch (Ulmaceae)

Holoptelea integrifolia Roxb. (Indian Elm) is a very useful and popular traditional medicinal plant in India. During the last three decades, apart from the chemistry of plant compounds, considerable progress regarding the biological activity and medicinal applications of Indian Elm has been achieved. Ethno-medically, the leaves and stem bark of this plant have been used by tribes as antiviral, antioxidant, antimicrobial, abortifacient preparations and in the management of cancer. Recent studies on plant show that it has potential to fight against tumor and obesity as well. Phytochemical investigation shows the presence of chemical constituents such as terpenoids, alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates, steroids, sterols, saponins, tannins, proteins and flavanoids. The isolated principles such as β-amyrin, β-sitosterol, holoptelin-A, holoptelin-B, hederagenin, hexacosanol, β-D-glucose, friedelin, epifriedelin, 2-amino naphthoquinone, 1,4-naphthalenedione, are considered as responsible for various activities. This review highlights the traditional uses, reported biological/pharmacological activities, isolated compounds and therapeutic applications of Holoptelea integrifolia which might be helpful for scientists and researchers to find out new chemical entities responsible for its claimed traditional uses.

Pharmacognostic evaluation of leaf and root bark of Holoptelea integrifolia Roxb

Objective: To evaluate the pharmacognostic characters of an important medicinal plant,Holoptelea (H. integrifolia) Roxb. Methods: The pharmacognostic studies were carriedintegrifolia out in terms of organoleptic, microscopic, macroscopic and fluorescence analysis. Results:The characteristic microscopic features of leaves were observed as trichomes, multicellular trichomes, xylem cells, phloem cells, collenchyma, vascular bundles, spongy parenchyma and palisade cells. The characteristic microscopic features of root bark included cork cambium, primary cortex, phloem fibers, medullary rays, endodermis, pericycle and lignified fibers in the transverse section and longitudinal section. The characteristic microscopy of root bark powder showed the presence of cortex cells, sieve tubes, calcium oxalate crystals and lignified fibers. Macroscopic study showed that leaf shape-oval, apex-acute, base-cordate and leaf margin was entire with glabrous surface, bitter taste and characteristic odour. The morphological features of root bark showed deep fissured, rough and firm surface with rhitydome and the periderm parallel to cambium. Conclusions: Various pharmacognostic characters observed in this study help in the identification and standardization of H. integrifolia.

Pharmacognostic evaluation of leaf and root bark of Holoptelea integrifolia Roxb

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the pharmacognostic characters of an important medicinal plant, Holoptelea integrifolia (H. integrifolia) Roxb.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The pharmacognostic studies were carried out in terms of organoleptic, microscopic, macroscopic and fluorescence analysis.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The characteristic microscopic features of leaves were observed as trichomes, multicellular trichomes, xylem cells, phloem cells, collenchyma, vascular bundles, spongy parenchyma and palisade cells. The characteristic microscopic features of root bark included cork cambium, primary cortex, phloem fibers, medullary rays, endodermis, pericycle and lignified fibers in the transverse section and longitudinal section. The characteristic microscopy of root bark powder showed the presence of cortex cells, sieve tubes, calcium oxalate crystals and lignified fibers. Macroscopic study showed that leaf shape-oval, apex-acute, base-cordate and leaf margin was entire with glabrous surface, bitter taste and characteristic odour. The morphological features of root bark showed deep fissured, rough and firm surface with rhitydome and the periderm parallel to cambium.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Various pharmacognostic characters observed in this study help in the identification and standardization of H. integrifolia.</p>

Isolation of 1,4-naphthalenedione, an antibacterial principle from the leaves of Holoptelea integrifolia and its activity against β-lactam resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Antimicrobials derived from plants have been receiving increasing attention in recent years. Antimicrobial activities of a number of phytochemicals have been reported. Many present day antibiotics are ineffective against several pathogenic organisms. About 90% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from clinical specimens is reported to have resistance against β-lactam antibiotics. In the present study, the effect of hexane, diethyl ether, acetone and water extracts of leaves of a medicinal plant Holoptelea integrifolia has been tested against β-lactam resistant strain of S. aureus in presence of antibiotics such as ampicillin, amoxicillin, cefotaxime and ceftriaxone. The diethyl ether extract has shown the maximum antibacterial activity and the active principle is found to be 1,4-naphthalenedione which is characterized by GC-MS and FTIR spectroscopy. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the compound is found to be 4 mg/ml. Structural similarity of this compound with a func- tional group of a β-lactamase-resistant antibiotic indicates that 1,4-naphthlenedione may be acting as an inhibitor to β-lactamase.