Systemic changes caused by artificial insemination in beef cows (Bos indicus) and their impact on animal welfare / Alterações sistêmicas causadas pela inseminação artificial em vacas de corte (Bos indicus) e seu impacto no bem-estar animal

This study aimed to verify if the process of artificial insemination (AI) characterized here as animal immobilization, the passage of the semen applicator through the cervix, and deposition of the semen in the uterus, affected cows' welfare. For this, 18 beef calved cows were selected and divided into two groups: inseminated cows (AIG, n = 9), and not inseminated cows, the control group (CG, n = 9). Body condition score, uterus, and ovary evaluation were performed. Later, both groups were submitted into an estrus synchronization protocol and only the AIG group was inseminated. Blood components of urea, creatinine, AST, GGT, CK, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, NEFA, BHB, cortisol, estradiol, progesterone, albumin, and total protein were measured 30 h before AI, and 4, 24, 48 and 168 h after AI. Statistical differences were considered when P <0.05. No differences between AIG and CG were observed. On the other hand, when the moment of insemination was evaluated, differences were observed for urea, creatinine, AST, GGT, CK, glucose, triglycerides, NEFA, BHB, albumin, and total protein. There was an oscillation of metabolic profiles depending on the time and procedures to which animals were exposed, even though it could be inferred that the AI process was incapable of altering those metabolic components on animals that were inseminated. Still, we can affirm that artificial insemination cannot be categorized as a negative reproduction tool on animal welfare. However, the containment and management procedures for AI may alter the metabolic profile of cows, especially the increase of CK.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se o processo de inseminação artificial (IA) caracterizado como imobilização do animal, passagem do aplicador de sêmen pelo colo do útero e deposição do sêmen no útero, afetou o bem-estar de bovinos. Para tanto, foram selecionadas 18 vacas de corte paridas, divididas em dois grupos: grupo de animais inseminados (AIG, n = 9) e grupo de animais não inseminados, grupo controle (GC, n = 9). Foram avaliados o escore de condição corporal, útero e ovário. Posteriormente, ambos os grupos foram submetidos a um protocolo de sincronização de cio e apenas o grupo AIG foi inseminado. Componentes metabólicos como ureia, creatinina, AST, GGT, CK, glicose, triglicerídeos, colesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, NEFA, BHB, cortisol, estradiol, progesterona, albumina e proteína total foram mensurados 30 horas antes da IA e 4, 24, 48 e 168 horas após a IA. Diferenças estatísticas foram consideradas quando P <0,05. Não foram observadas diferenças entre os dois grupos, por outro lado, quando o momento da inseminação foi avaliado, diferenças foram observadas para ureia, creatinina, AST, GGT, CK, glicose, triglicerídeos, NEFA, BHB, albumina e proteína total. Houve uma variação dos perfis metabólicos em função do tempo e dos procedimentos que os animais foram submetidos, embora pode-se inferir que o processo de IA não foi capaz de alterar esses componentes metabólicos os animais inseminados. Ainda assim, observou-se que o processo de IA não foi categorizado como uma ferramenta negativa de reprodução com relação ao bem-estar animal. Porém, ainda assim, os procedimentos de contenção e manejo da IA podem alterar o perfil metabólico das vacas, principalmente o aumento da CK.(AU)

Evaluation of hormonal profile and some stress biomarkers in infertile couples in Abuja, Nigeria

Background: Infertility is a growing gynaecological problem in couples of childbearing age having difficulties bearing children. Couples with infertility are known to present with high levels of stress and psychopathology A cross sectional case control study aimed at evaluating the hormonal profile, some stress biomarkers, sperm analysis in infertile couples was carried out to ascertain their contributions to infertility in couples of child bearing age.Methods: Serum Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Prolactin, Progesterone, Estrogen (E2), Testosterone, Salivary Cortisol and Salivary Alpha Amylase were evaluated using both competitive and non-competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) techniques; while sperm cells analysis were evaluated using conventional methods, in 164 infertile couples (study) and 100 fertile couples (control) attending fertility clinic in General Hospitals in Abuja, Nigeria.Results: The mean serum Prolactin and Salivary (S) Cortisol in the female were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the study group relative to the control group, while Salivary Alpha Amylase and LH show no significant difference (p>0.05) between the two groups. FSH, Progesterone and E2 in the female were significantly lower in the study group (p<0.05) compared with control group. Testosterone, FSH, Sperm cells count and Sperm activity (%) were significantly lower (p<0.05) in the male study group relative to the control group; while prolactin, S. cortisol and S. amylase were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the male study group relative to the control group. Conclusions: Abnormal hormones values and abnormal sperm quality and quantity are associated with elevated stress biomarkers in couples presenting with infertility. Strong positive correlations exist between hormones and stress biomarker in infertility conditions.

Perfil energético e hormonal de ovelhas Santa Inês do terço médio da gestação ao pós-parto / Energetic and hormonal profile of Santa Ines ewes in the middle of gestation to postpartum

Important physiological adaptations occur in the periparturient period; their failure predispose the ewe to metabolic diseases. Knowledge of normal changes makes an early recognition and treatment of mal functions possible and enables prevention of diseases and losses. The biochemical profile of Santa Ines ewes from the 88th day of gestation until 28 days after parturition was evaluated and compared to non pregnant controls. The ewes were divided in groups according to the number of fetuses: G0, non pregnant (10); G1, one (10); G2, two and three fetuses (14). All animals had their heart and respiratory rates as well as their ruminal motility recorded. Serum and plasma was analyzed for the following parameters: glucose, non esterified fatty acids (NEFA), beta hydroxibutyrate (BHB), T3, T4, insulin, glucagon and cortisol activities. Results showed changes in biochemical variables of energy and protein profile during pregnancy and parturition. During the last third of gestation, all ewes showed slightly increased NEFA, T3 and T4 levels when compared to non pregnant ewes. At lambing pregnant ewes, had higher glucose, NEFA and T3 levels. No significant differences on measured parameters comparing simple and multiple gestations were observed. Therefore, when there is adequate adaptation in this period of high metabolic challenge, biochemical parameters considered here are independent of the number of fetuses gestate and can be considered as reference values for a pregnant ewes from the middle third of gestation to first month postnatal period.

No período periparto ocorrem importantes adequações fisiológicas que, se não forem efetivas predispõem a fêmea a enfermidades metabólicas. O conhecimento desta adaptação é relevante para que sejam implementadas, precocemente, medidas preventivas a poupar perdas produtivas. Com este objetivo foi avaliado o perfil energético e hormonal de ovelhas Santa Inês durante a gestação e puerpério. Foram utilizadas 10 ovelhas não gestantes (G0), 10 gestantes de um (G1) e 14 gestantes de dois e três fetos (G2). Foram avaliadas concentrações plasmáticas de glicose, ácidos graxos não esterificados (AGNE), betahidroxibutirato (BHB), e as concentrações séricas de insulina, glucagon, cortisol, triiodotironina (T3) e tiroxina (T4) a partir do 88º dia de gestação até o 28º dia pós-parto. No terço final de gestação, ovelhas gestantes apresentaram maiores concentrações de AGNE, T3 e T4 que as ovelhas não gestantes. No momento do parto foram observadas maiores concentrações de glicose, AGNE e T3 para todas as ovelhas gestantes em relação às não gestantes. Não houve diferença entre as ovelhas gestantes de um, dois ou três fetos. As diferenças observadas ocorreram apenas entre ovelhas gestantes e as vazias. Portanto, quando há adequada adaptação neste período de elevado desafio metabólico, os parâmetros bioquímicos aqui considerados independem do número de fetos gestados e podem ser considerados como valores de referência para ovelhas gestantes de um feto ou mais fetos do terço médio de gestação ao primeiro mês pós-parto.

Estudio del efecto de la ingesta de una sola dosis de dos inhibidores de la aromatasa sobre el perfil hormonal sexual de voluntarios sanos / Study of the effect of ingesting a single dose of two aromatase inhibitors on sex hormone profile of healthy volunteers

Este trabajo pretende estudiar las modificaciones del perfil hormonal inducidas por el producto que contiene 1,4,6-androstatrien-3,17-diona (ATD) y 3-hidroxi-4-androsten-6,17-diona (3-OHAT), suplemento dietario utilizado por los deportistas con el fin de incrementar las concentraciones de testosterona endógena al inhibir su metabolismo y consiguiente transformación en estradiol. Aunque este producto actualmente se encuentra descontinuado en los Estados Unidos, se han detectado algunos hallazgos analíticos adversos en deportistas colombianos que evidenciaban el consumo de este producto. Para lograr nuestro objetivo, se propuso hacer un estudio de dos voluntarios hombres, evaluar su perfil hormonal antes de la ingesta y compararlo después de la misma. Además, se desarrollaron técnicas analíticas para detectar los componentes del producto mencionado.

This work aims to study the hormonal profile changes induced by Attitude®, dietary supplement used by athletes to increase endogenous testosterone levels by inhibiting its metabolism and subsequent transformation into estradiol. Although this product is now discontinued in the United States, It has have detected some adverse analytical findings that revealed that Colombian athletes consume this product. To achieve our objective we performed a study of two male volunteers, to evaluate their hormonal profile before and compare after of the intake. Furthermore analytical techniques were developed to detect the components of Attitude®.

Características clínicas, endocrinas y metabólicas de una población argentina de niñas con pubarca prematura / Clinical, hormonal and metabolic findings in argentinean girls with premature pubarche

La pubarca prematura se ha asociado con alteraciones hormonales y metabólicas. Se estudiaron 40 niñas con pubarca prematura de 7,23 ± 0,29 años (media ± ESM). Se evaluó grado de desarrollo, talla, edad ósea, IMC y peso al nacimiento (PN). Se dosaron andrógenos, gonadotrofinas, lípidos, glucemia e insulina, HOMA e índice glucemia/insulina (G/I) y se compararon con un grupo control normal de 25 niñas. Las pacientes se dividieron según el nivel de sulfato de dehidroepiandrosterona (SDHEA) en dos grupos, Pre A (Pre adrenarca), < 400 ng/ml, n= 17 y Post A (Post adrenarca) < 400 ng/ml , n= 23. El grupo Post A tuvo mayor edad cronológica, edad ósea y grado de vello pubiano que el Pre A, sin diferencias en IMC ni en peso de nacimiento (PN). Insulina y HOMA fueron mayores y G/I menor en Post A que en Pre A y grupo control. Dos niñas en Post A tuvieron franca resistencia a la insulina. 64 % de las niñas en Pre A y 59 % en Post A tuvieron valores elevados o limítrofes de colesterol total (CT). Conclusiones: el grupo Post A presentó menor sensibilidad insulínica y ambos grupos de pacientes tuvieron valores de CT elevados, alteraciones que podrían favorecer el riesgo de futuras complicaciones. Se recomienda el seguimiento a largo plazo de todas las niñas con pubarca prematura.

Precocious pubarche in girls is caused by premature adrenarche in most cases. Less frequently it occurs in absence of biochemical markers of adrenarche being ascribed to increased target tissue sensitivity. Premature pubarche with pronounced adrenarche has been associated with insulin resistance and dyslipemia, especially in girls with history of low birth weight. Most studies have been conducted in hispanic and affrican-american patients. We studied a total of 40 argentinean girls with isolated premature pubarche, aged 7.23 ± 0.29 years (mean ± SEM) at the moment of diagnosis. Grade of sexual development, height, weight, BMI and birth weight (BW) were recorded. Dehidroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), androstenedione (A), testosterone (T), 17OH progesterone (17 OHP), SHBG, LH, FSH, PRL and estradiol were measured. Total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol (LDL- C), triglycerides (TGC), glucose, insulin, HOMA and fasting glucose/ insulin index (G/I) were evaluated and compared with those in a control group of 25 normal girls. Patients were divided into two groups: Pre A (Pre adrenarche), with DHEAS < 400 ng/ml, and Post A (Post adrenarche), with DHEAS > 400 ng/ml. Post A girls had higher chronological age, bone age advancement and grade of pubic hair development than Pre A girls. No difference was found regarding BMI or BW. Besides higher DHEAS levels, Post A girls showed elevated A and 17OHP levels than Pre A girls (86 ± 8 vs 35 ± 4 ng/dl, p<0. 0001 and 1.1 ± 0.09 vs 0.75 ± 0.07 ng/ml, p< 0.01, respectively). Insulin levels (µUI/ml) were 4.51 ± 0.75 in Pre A, 6.53 ± 1.11 in Post A and 4.05 ± 0.45 in control group. Fasting G/I was 24.07 ± 3.75 in Pre A , 18.4 ± 2.34 in Post A and 25.41 ± 2.31 in controls. HOMA was 0.90 ± 0.12 in Pre A, 1.35 ± 0.22 in Post A and 0.89 ± 0.11 in control group. Post A girls had higher insulin and HOMA and lower G/I than control group girls (p<0.05) while those parameters in Pre A girls were not different than in normal control subjects. Only two patients in Post A group had HOMA and G/I consistent with insulin resistance. TC was higher in Pre A than in control group (182.2 ± 4.9 vs156.7 ± 8.5 mg/dl, p<0.05). According to The National Cholesterol Education Program definition, 64 % of Pre A girls and 59 % of Post A girls had elevated or borderline TC levels. TGC values were not different among Pre A, Post A and control group (81.1 ±7.1, 77.6 ± 6.1 and 71.9 ± 4.7 mg/dl, respectively. Summary and Conclusions: In this cohort of argentinean girls with premature pubarche, we did not find a significant history of intrauterine growth retardation. Patients with biochemical pattern of adrenarche showed clinical signs of androgen exposure (accelerated bone age, more advanced degree of pubic hair development) and a serum profile suggestive of reduced insulin sensitivity compared with those without biochemical adrenarche. Both groups of patients had undesirable total cholesterol levels. These findings support the recommendation of long-term follow-up for all girls with premature pubarche.