Geriatric infections: Decreased immunity or evolved opportunists?

In host–parasite co-evolution, parasites are assumed to have an advantage owing to their shorter generationtime. Evolution of pathogens within the lifetime of a host individual is implicated as a strong selective force inthe evolution of sex and aging in the host. However, this assumption or its testable predictions have not beenexamined empirically. We classified infectious bacteria and viruses into those that can have continued longterm existence on the host body (group 1) versus those that have only a short-term interaction during an activeinfection (group 2). We surveyed the literature for age-specific incidence data about infections from both thegroups. The age trends of the two groups show contrasting patterns. The incidence of infections by all group 1pathogens showed a 2.28- to 28-fold increase in older ages. In group 2, 6 out of the 9 pathogens showed asignificant declining trend in incidence with age. In both groups, there was greater mortality or morbidityamong the infected in the old-age classes. These patterns are better explained by pathogen evolution than byage-related decline in immunity

Angiostrongylus costaricensis and the intermediate hosts: observations on elimination of L3 in the mucus and inoculation of L1 through the tegument of mollucs

A infecção acidental humana por Angiostrongylus costaricensis pode resultar em doença abdominal de variada gravidade. Veronicelídeos são os principais moluscos hospedeiros intermediários do Angiostrongylus costaricensis, nematódeo parasita de roedores. Foi comparada a cinética de eliminação de larvas de terceiro estágio (L3) no muco através da infecção experimental de Phyllocaulis variegatus, P. soleiformis e P. boraceiensis. Um máximo de 2 L3/g/dia foi observado no muco, enquanto o número de larvas isoladas dos tecidos fibromusculares variou 14 e 448. A injeção das larvas no hiponoto ou na cavidade tegumentar estabeleceu infecção produtiva. A via intra-cavitária permite melhor controle de inóculo e envolve procedimento mais simples. Titulação preliminar da dose infectante para P. variegatus sugere que os inóculos devem ficar entre 1000 e 5000 L1. Os dados também reforçam a importância de P. variegatus como hospedeiro intermediário do A. costaricensis.

Human accidental infection with Angiostrongylus costaricensis may result in abdominal disease of varied severity. Slugs from the Veronicellidae family are the main intermediate hosts for this parasitic nematode of rodents. Phyllocaulis variegatus, Phyllocaulis soleiformis and Phyllocaulis boraceiensis were experimentally infected to describe the kinetics of L3 elimination in the mucus secretions of those veronicelid species. A maximum of 2 L3/g/day was found in the mucus, while the number of L3 isolated from the fibromuscular tissues varied from 14 to 448. Productive infection was established by inoculations in the hyponotum or in the body cavity, through the tegument. Intra-cavity injection is a less complex procedure and permits a better control of inocula. A preliminary trial to titrate the infective dosis for P. variegatus indicated that inocula should range between 1000 and 5000 L1. The data also confirmed the importance of P. variegatus as an intermediate host of A. costaricensis.