High-risk human papillomavirus negative cervical lesions in the cervical cancer screening population / 中国医师杂志

Objective:To investigate the incidence of high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) negative cervical lesions in the screening population, and based on this, to preliminarily evaluate the potential harm (missed diagnosis) and benefits (reduced colposcopy referral) of HPV primary screening compared to combined screening so as to provide reference for the selection of cervical cancer primary screening methods.Methods:This study was a single center cross-sectional study. Women who underwent joint screening [hrHPV typing test combined with cervical liquid based cytology test (LCT)] at the Union Hospital Affiliated to Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2019 were included in the cervical cancer screening. The proportion of hrHPV negative cytological abnormalities and cervical lesions in the population was analyzed and the theoretical colposcopy referral rate of the combined screening and HPV initial screening protocol was calculated. In the population with cervical pathological results, the number of colposcopy examinations required for the diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 and above (CIN2+ ) was calculated.Results:A total of 35 321 screened women were included. The overall incidence of hrHPV infection, LCT abnormalities and severe LCT abnormalities in the population was 17.13%(6 051/35 321), 18.07%(6 384/35 321), and 3.97%(1 402/35 321), respectively. The negative rate of hrHPV in women with severe cervical cytology abnormalities was as high as 51.28%(719/1 402), and in CIN2+ lesions diagnosed by cervical biopsy, hrHPV negative accounted for 7.15% (49/685). The theoretical colposcopy referral rates for combined screening and initial HPV screening were 11.28%(3 985/35 321) and 8.33%(2 943/35 321), respectively, with an average diagnosis of CIN2+ requiring 3.51 and 2.81 colposcopy examinations, respectively.Conclusions:In the opportunistic screening population, the proportion of hrHPV negative CIN2+ lesions cannot be ignored, and the HPV initial screening strategy may cause missed diagnosis of these lesions. However, compared to combined screening, HPV initial screening has the potential to improve the efficiency of colposcopy. These results suggest that we should carefully choose the HPV initial screening plan.

Screening for cervical cancer and diversion of abnormal screening results / 中国医师杂志

Cervical cancer is still a serious threat to the health of women in China. The current strategy is a three-level prevention strategy, among which the diversion of screening and screening abnormalities in the secondary prevention is an important link in preventing cervical cancer. For more than 20 years, China has implemented diversified screening methods such as cytological examination, high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) testing, and naked eye screening. With the discovery that high-risk HPV infection is closely related to the occurrence of cervical cancer, the screening method for cervical cancer has shifted from cytological examination to HPV testing as the preferred screening method. This article introduces the advantages and disadvantages of high-risk HPV testing and cytological examination as screening methods, and proposes the issues that need to be paid attention to in screening; The principle of diverting screening abnormalities was proposed, and it was proposed that in the process of diverting, individualized and refined management principles should be implemented for screening abnormality projects based on the patient′s age and fertility requirements.

Cervical Cancer Screening with HPV Testing: Updates on the Recommendation / Rastreamento do câncer do colo de útero com teste de HPV: Atualizações na recomendação

Abstract The present update is a reassessment of the 2018 'Guidelines for HPV-DNA Testing for Cervical Cancer Screening in Brazil' (Zeferino et al.)9, according to the changes observed in new international guidelines and knowledge updates. The most relevant and recent guidelines were assessed. Questions regarding the clinical practice were formulated, and the answers considered the perspective of the public and private sectors of the Brazilian health system. The review addressed risk-based strategies regarding age to start and stop screening, the use of cytology and colposcopy to support management decisions, treatment, follow-up strategies, and screening in specific groups, including vaccinated women. The update aims to improve the prevention of cervical cancer and to reduce overtreatment and the misuse of HPV testing.

Resumo Esta atualização é uma reavaliação das "Recomendações para o uso de testes de DNAHPV no rastreamento do câncer do colo do útero no Brasil" (Zeferino et al., 2018),9 de acordo com as mudanças observadas nas novas recomendações internacionais, além das atualizações no conhecimento. As recomendações mais relevantes e recentes foram avaliadas. Questões referentes à prática clínica foram formuladas, e as respostas consideraram a perspectiva do sistema de saúde brasileiro, tanto público quanto privado. Esta revisão abrange estratégias baseadas em risco sobre idade para início e término de rastreamento, o uso da citologia e colposcopia para apoiar as condutas, tratamento, estratégias de seguimento, e rastreamento em grupos específicos, incluindo mulheres vacinadas. Esta atualização tem o objetivo de melhorar as estratégias de prevenção do câncer do colo de útero e reduzir o supertratamento e o uso incorreto dos testes de HPV.

Characteristics of cervical lesions in 1 080 patients with abnormal colposcopic biopsies of TCT and HPV double screening in Shihezi region / 中国医师杂志

Objective:To explore the characteristics of cervical lesions in female patients in the Shihezi region of Xinjiang in the past two years and provide guidance for clinical work and local cervical cancer screening.Methods:The clinicopathological data and characteristics of 1 080 patients with abnormal double screening of human papilloma virus (HPV) and cervical exfoliative cell test (TCT) and vaginal mirror cervical tissue biopsy in the gynecology department of the First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Shihezi University from May 2017 to March 2019 were analyzed retrospectively. The influencing factors of cervical lesions were analyzed by logistic regression.Results:(1) Uneducated [odds ratio ( OR)=2.267], irregular vaginal bleeding ( OR=3.275) and number of sexual partners ≥3 ( OR=3.052) were independent risk factors for cervical lesions. (2) Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) was detected most frequently in the 30-39 age group (57.54%), and cervical cancer was detected most frequently in the ≥60 age group (14.15%), followed by the 40-49 age group (2.20%). (3) The proportion of HPV positive and the positive rate of high-risk HPV16/18 in the 40-49 age group were the highest, 33.18% and 39.38% respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in HPV viral load between the different age groups ( P>0.05). (4) The detection rates of CIN3 and cervical cancer were higher in the HPV16/18-positive group than in the HPV-positive and TCT≥atypical squamous epithelial cells of undermined significance (ASC-US) group (18.34% vs 11.33%, 4.30% vs 1.82%), with statistically significant difference (all P<0.05), respectively. The detection rate of CIN2 was higher in the high-load group (28.44%) than in the medium-load group (25.32%) and the low load group (15.79%). (5) The detection rate of CIN3 in the HPV-positive TCT for the ASC-US populations was significantly higher in the HPV16/18-positive group than in the other subtypes of HPV-positive group (21.43% vs 8.33%, P<0.05). Conclusions:During cervical cancer screening in Shihezi region, we should strengthen the publicity of elderly women and uneducated people. CIN and cervical carcinoma in Shihezi region are closely associated with high-risk HPV infection, especially HPV16/18 infection. HPV-positive age is mainly concentrated in the age group of 40-49 years, and the detection rate of CIN and cervical cancer is the highest in the age group of 30-39 years and ≥60 years, respectively. The detection rate of ≥CIN2 in HPV16/18 fraction and high viral load population is higher than that of other HPV subtypes positive and low to medium load populations. How to effectively shunt HPV positive TCT is an important problem in ASC-US population, which needs further research.

Riesgo de desarrollar LIE-AG en pacientes con tamizaje inicial positivo para VPH y citología cervicovaginal negativa en seguimiento hasta 10 años: revisión sistemática y metaanálisis / Risk of developing H-SIL in patients with initial positive screening for HPV and negative cervicovaginal cytology in follow-up up to 10 years: systematic review and meta-analysis

Resumen Introducción: El cáncer de cérvix es el segundo en frecuencia y el tercero en mortalidad; la infección por el virus del papiloma humano (VPH) está asociada al riesgo de cáncer; sin embargo, no se conoce el riesgo acumulado a 1, 2, 3, 5 y 10 años. Objetivo: Determinar el riesgo de las pacientes VPH positivo con evaluación inicial citológica negativa para desarrollar lesión intraepitelial de alto grado a lo largo del tiempo. Método: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de artículos en inglés y español de los últimos 20 años, usando las bases de datos PubMed, Cochrane, LILACS, ProQuest y Embase. Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos aleatorizados en los que se determinaba el estado VPH y se realizaba seguimiento con citología cervicovaginal a 1, 2, 3, 5 y 10 años en mujeres de 20-64 años. Resultados: Se incluyeron siete ensayos clínicos aleatorizados, con un total de 98.521 mujeres, de ellas 8820 VPH positivo y 89.701 VPH negativo al ingreso, seguidas hasta por 10 años con citología cervicovaginal, encontrando que la infección por VPH es un factor de riesgo para desarrollar lesiones intraepiteliales de alto grado a 2, 5 y 10 años, con un riesgo relativo de 110.94 (79.41-154.97), 83.65 (55.22-126.73) y 29.71 (5.72-154.33), respectivamente. Conclusiones: La infección por VPH es un factor de riesgo importante para el desarrollo de lesiones intraepiteliales de alto grado a 2, 5 y 10 años.

Abstract Introduction: Cervical cancer is the second in frequency and the third in mortality, infection by the human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with the risk of increased cancer; however, the cumulative risk of 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 years is not known. Objective: To determine the risk of HPV-positive patients with negative initial cytological evaluation for developing high-grade intraepithelial lesion over time. Method: A systematic review of articles in English and Spanish in the last 20 years was carried out, using the PubMed, Cochrane, LILACS, ProQuest and Embase databases. Randomized clinical trials were included in which HPV was performed and subsequent follow-up with cervicovaginal cytology at 1, 2, 3, 5 and 10 years in women aged 20-64 years. Results: Seven randomized clinical trials were included, a total of 98,521 women, 8820 with positive HPV and 89701 negative on admission and followed up for up to 10 years with cervicovaginal cytology. Finding that HPV infection is a risk factor for developing high-grade intraepithelial lesion at 2, 5 and 10 years with a relative risk of 110.94 (79.41-154.97), 83.65 (55.22- 126.73) and 29.71 (5.72-154.33), respectively. Conclusions: HPV infection is an important risk factor for the development of high-grade intraepithelial lesion at 2, 5 and 10 years.

Características operativas de técnicas moleculares empleadas para la detección del virus del papiloma humano en el proyecto ESTAMPA / Operational characteristics of molecular techniques used to detect human papillomavirus in the ESTAMPA project

Resumen El desarrollo y la innovación de nuevas tecnologías ha permitido mejorar la detección de la infección por el virus del papiloma humano de alto riesgo. La captura de híbridos II es un ensayo que se basa en hibridación y quimioluminiscencia. Cobas VPH Test es una PCR cualitativa y Aptima VPH Assay permite detectar la expresión de ARN mensajero de las oncoproteínas E6/E7 del VPH de alto riesgo. Estas técnicas presentan ventajas en comparación con la citología convencional, que se utiliza como prueba de rutina para la detección temprana del cáncer de cuello uterino. En el estudio ESTAMPA se realizaron 13.691 procesamientos que permitieron identificar que para el planteamiento de proyectos de investigación o para la implementación de pruebas de tamizaje de VPH es necesario analizar las ventajas y desventajas de las pruebas del mercado.

Abstract The development and innovation of new technologies has improved the detection of high-risk human papillomavirus infection. Hybrid capture II is an assay that is based on hybridization and chemiluminescence. Cobas HPV Test is a qualitative PCR and Aptima HPV Assay allows to detect the expression of messenger RNA of the high- risk HPV E6 / E7 oncoproteins. These techniques have advantages, in comparison, with conventional cytology that is routinely used for the detection of cervical cancer. In the ESTAMPA study, 13,691 prosecutions were carried out that allowed to identify that for the planning of research projects or for the implementation of HPV screening tests, it is necessary to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of market tests.

Implementación de la nueva guía práctica clínica para la detección y manejo de lesiones precancerosas de cuello uterino en mujeres de la ciudad de Cali, Colombia / Implementation of the new clinical practice guideline for the detection and management of precancerous lesions of the cervix in women from the city of Cali, Colombia

Objetivos del trabajo: Se determinaron los porcentajes de las lesiones precancerosas de cuello uterino en un grupo de mujeres diagnosticadas positivas por la prueba ADN-VPH. Materiales y métodos: El presente estudio es un análisis exploratorio descriptivo transversal de una base de datos con resultados de las pruebas de ADN-VPH (genotipo y tipo de infección), citología y colposcopia, realizadas en 58 mujeres de 30 años o más, para el periodo de octubre del 2018 a febrero del 2019. Resultados: De las 58 mujeres positivas para la prueba ADN-VPH, el 57% (n=33) fueron positivas para la prueba citológica cervical. De este grupo de mujeres fueron diagnosticadas negativas para LEI el 21% (n=7); para LEI-BG el 33% (n=11); y para LEI-AG el 45% (n=15) mediante la prueba de colposcopia. El VPH-16 mostró la mayor frecuencia relativa de detección en las LEI-AG con un 46,7% (n=7). Igualmente, los genotipos que cubre la vacuna Gardasil_4 fueron identificados en mayor porcentaje en las LEI-AG en comparación con los otros tipos histopatológicos diagnosticados, siendo esta asociación estadísticamente significativa, valor de p = 0,033. Conclusiones: La implementación de la nueva guía de práctica clínica para la detección y manejo de lesiones precancerosas de cuello uterino muestra resultados satisfactorios, siendo concordante la detección de ADN-VPH, con la identificación de anormalidades citológicas e histopatológicas, permitiendo la identificación precoz de mujeres en riesgo de desarrollar cáncer cervical.

Objectives of the study: To determine the percentages of precancerous lesions in the cervix in a group of women with positive diagnostic to the DNA-HPV test. Materials and methods: The present study is a cross-sectional exploratory analysis of a database with information on the results of DNA-HPV tests (genotype and type of infection), cytology and colposcopy, carried out on 58 women aged 30 or older, for the period from October 2018 to February 2019. Results: Of the 58 women positive for the DNA-HPV test, 57% (n=33) were positive for the cervical cytology test. Of this group of women, 21% (n=7) were diagnosed LEI-negative; for LEI-BG 33% (n=11); and for LEI-AG, 45% (n=15) using the colposcopy test. HPV-16 has a higher detection frequency in the LEI-AG with 46.7% (n=7). Likewise, the genotypes that cover the Gardasil_4 vaccine were members in a greater percentage in the LEI-AG in comparison with other diagnosed histopathological types, this association being statistically significant, value of p = 0.033. Conclusions: The implementation of the new clinical practice guideline for the detection and management of precancerous lesions of the cervix shows satisfactory results, the DNA-HPV detection being consistent, with the identification of cytological and histopathological abnormalities, allowing the early identification of women at risk to develop cervical cancer.

High-risk human papillomavirus testing as a primary screening for cervical cancer: position statement by the Korean Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the Korean Society of Gynecologic Oncology

Based on emerging data and current knowledge regarding high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) testing as a primary screening for cervical cancer, the Korean Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the Korean Society of Gynecologic Oncology support the following scientific facts: • Compared to cytology, hrHPV screening has higher sensitivity and detects more cases of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. • Qualified hrHPV testing can be considered as an alternative primary screening for cervical cancer to the current cytology method. • The starting age of primary hrHPV screening should not be before 25 years because of possible overtreatment in this age, which has a high human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence but rarely progresses to cancer. The screening interval should be no sooner than every 3 years and no longer than every 5 years. • Before the introduction of hrHPV screening in Korea, research into comparative effectiveness of primary hrHPV screening for cervical cancer should be conducted to determine the appropriate HPV assay, starting age, and screening interval.

High-risk human papillomavirus testing as a primary screening for cervical cancer: position statement by the Korean Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the Korean Society of Gynecologic Oncology / 부인종양

Evaluation of satisfaction with three different cervical cancer screening modalities: clinician-collected Pap test vs. HPV test by self-sampling vs. HPV test by urine sampling / 부인종양

OBJECTIVE: Human papillomavirus testing by self-sampling and urine sampling might be alternatives to Papanicolaou test (Pap test) for cervical cancer screening (CCS), and may increase compliance and adherence thereto. The present study aimed to explore satisfaction and preferences for cervical screening modalities among Korean women. METHODS: In total, 732 women aged between 20 and 69 years responded to a questionnaire designed to survey the women's perceived satisfaction for the 3 CCS modalities: clinician-collected Pap test, self-collected vaginal sampling (self-sampling) and urine sampling. RESULTS: Overall satisfaction was significantly higher with both the self-sampling and urine sampling than the clinician-collected Pap test (odds ratio [OR]=2.01; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.48–3.00 and OR=2.47; 95% CI=1.75–3.48, respectively). Psychological distress, including embarrassment, pain, anxiety, discomfort, and stress, with self-sampling and urine sampling were significantly lower than that with the Pap test. 52% of participants reported preferences for self-sampling in the next screening round. CONCLUSIONS: Korean women were more likely to report satisfaction with alternative modalities (self-sampling and urine sampling) for CCS in comparison to the Pap test. This suggests that self-collected modalities may help with improving CCS uptake rates by eliminating burden related with the Pap test. However, further studies for test accuracy and cost-effective analysis of the alternative modalities should be conducted in order to apply CCS.

Current Status of and Perspectives on Cervical Cancer Screening in Korea

Since the introduction of the Papanicolaou (Pap) smear system in 1943, cervicovaginal cytology has been used as a standard screening test for cervical cancer. The dissemination of this test contributed to reductions of the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer worldwide. In Korea, regular health check-ups for industrial workers and their family members were introduced in 1988 and were performed as part of the National Cancer Screening Program in 1999. As a result, the incidence of cervical cancer in Korea has been steadily decreasing. However, about 800 cases of cervical cancer-related deaths are reported each year due to false-negative test results. Hence, new screening methods have been proposed. Liquid-based cytology (LBC) was introduced in 1996 to overcome the limitations of conventional Pap smears. Since then, other LBC methods have been developed and utilized, including the human papilloma virus test—a method with higher sensitivity that requires fewer screenings. In this study, we review current issues and future perspectives related to cervical cancer screening in Korea.

Detección del virus del papiloma humano en muestras obtenidas mediante técnica de autotoma en un grupo de universitarias peruanas / Detection of the human papillomavirus in samples obtained by self-collection technique in a group of peruvian college students

RESUMEN Estudio transversal que determinó la frecuencia y genotipos del virus del papiloma humano de alto riesgo (VPH-AR) a través de la técnica de autotoma en un grupo de universitarias de Lima. Participaron 221 estudiantes y se detectó el ADN del VPH-AR con el método de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR). La frecuencia del VPH-AR en las participantes fue de 43,4%; de este grupo se encontraron los genotipos VPH 16 en el 15,6% y VPH 18 en el 4,2% y otros VPH-AR en el 80,2%. Se concluye que la frecuencia del VPH-AR es mayor en el grupo de universitarias de este estudio en comparación a investigaciones nacionales previas.

ABSTRACT Cross-sectional study that determined the frequency and the genotypes of the (HR-HPV) high-risk human papillomavirus through the self-collection technique in a group of college students of Lima. Two hundred twenty-one (221) students participated and the DNA of the HR-HPV was detected with polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The frequency of HR-HPV in participants was 43.4%; of this group, genotype HPV 16 was present in 15.6%, HPV 18 in 4.2%, and another HR-HPV in 80.2%. We can conclude that the frequency of HR-HPV is greater in the group of college students of this study in comparison with previous national investigations.

Genotipificación del Virus de Papiloma Humano en mujeres de la comuna norte de Bucaramanga / Genotypification of Human Papilloma Virus in women of the comuna Norte de Bucaramanga

Resumen Introducción: La infección persistente con Virus de Papiloma Humano de alto riesgo es causa necesaria para la aparición de cáncer de cérvix. Objetivo: Caracterizar molecularmente los genotipos circulantes de Virus de Papiloma Humano en población de la zona Norte de Bucaramanga. Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal en mujeres de 35 a 65 años con riesgo ≥3 puntos para desarrollar cáncer de cérvix determinado por una encuesta estandarizada. En una muestra cervico-vaginal por autotoma se realizaron pruebas moleculares por tecnología HPV Direct Flow CHIP. Resultados: Se encuestaron 810 mujeres, de éstas 435 (53,7%) se realizaron auto-toma por el riesgo presentado. La mediana de edad fue de 47,3 años (RIQ 41-53 años). Casi la totalidad de la población reside en estrato 1 y 2 (98,8%) y en su mayoría son del régimen subsidiado (87,2%). La prevalencia de infección fue de 10,6% (IC 95%: 7,8 - 13,8), para genotipos de alto riesgo fue de 3,9% (IC 95%: 2,3 - 6,2), de bajo riesgo de 3,5% (IC 95%: 1,4 - 5,6) y para genotipo indeterminado de 1,9%. El genotipo de alto riesgo más común fue VPH-59 y de bajo riesgo fue VPH-62/81. Hubo coinfección con genotipos alto/bajo riesgo en cinco mujeres y coinfección con dos genotipos de bajo riesgo en una mujer. Conclusión: la prevalencia de infección por Virus de Papiloma Humano en mujeres que habitan en zonas vulnerables de Bucaramanga es menor a la reportada en Bogotá y Cali (14,9% y 13%, respectivamente). No se encontró predominio de ningún genotipo de alto riesgo en particular.

Abstract Introduction: Persistent infection with high-risk Human Papilloma Virus is a necessary cause for the appearance of cervical cancer. Objective: Molecularly characterize circulating genotypes of Human Papilloma Virus in population of the north of Bucaramanga. Methods: Cross-sectional study in women aged from 35 to 65 years with risk ≥3 points for develop cervical cancer determined by a standardized survey. In a cervico-vaginal self-sampling probe a molecular test was performed by HPV Direct Flow CHIP technology. Results: 810 women were interviewed, of these 435 (53.7%) performed self-sampling due to the risk calculated. The median age was 47.3 years (RIQ 41-53 years). Almost the entire population resides in poor conditions (stratum1 and 2) (98.8%) and most of them are from the Colombian subsidized social security system (87.2%). The prevalence was 10.6% (CI 95%: 7.8 - 13.8), for high risk genotypes it was 3.9% (CI 95%: 2.3 - 6.2), low risk of 3.5% (CI 95%: 1.4 - 5.6) and for indeterminate genotype of 1.9%. HPV-59 was the most common high-risk genotype and HPV-62/81 was a low-risk genotype. There was coinfection with high risk / low risk genotypes in five women and coinfection with two low risk genotypes in a woman. Conclusion: The prevalence of infection by Human Papilloma Virus in women living in vulnerable areas of Bucaramanga is lower than that reported in Bogotá and Cali (14.9% and 13%, respectively). No predominance of any particular high-risk genotype was found.

Clinicopathological significance of atypical squamous epithelium cells which cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions in cervical cytology / 肿瘤研究与临床

Objective To investigate clinicopathological significance of atypical squamous epithelium cells which cannot exclude high grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (ASC-H) in the diagnosis of cervical diseases. Methods The results of age, high-risk human papillomavirus DNA (hrHPV DNA) and cervical biopsy in 496 patients with ASC-H from March 2012 to December 2015 in Shanxi Dayi Hospital were analyzed. Results Among 496 ASC-H cases, the proportion of the patients between 40 and 49 years old was the highest [30.8 ％ (153/496)]. HrHPV DNA was detected in 154 cases, and the positive rate was 79.2 ％(122/154), and the positive rate of patients at the age of 18 to 29 years old was the highest [84.2 ％ (16/19)]. The detection rate of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) Ⅱand above lesions in 124 cases with cervical biopsy was 66.9 ％ (83/124), including 100 cases with hrHPV DNA positive (80.6 ％) and 24 cases with hrHPV DNA negative (19.4 ％). There were 71 cases (71.0 ％) of CINⅡ, CIN Ⅲ, early squamous carcinoma and squamous cell carcinomas in 100 hrHPV DNA positive patients with cervical biopsy. There were 12 cases (50.0 ％) of CINⅡ/Ⅲ changes in 24 hrHPV DNA negative patients with cervical biopsy, but none in early squamous carcinoma and squamous cell carcinomas was detected, and there was a significant difference between hrHPV DNA positive and negative patients (χ2=3.857, P< 0.05). The positive predictive value, negative predictive value, sensitivity and specificity of hrHPV DNA detection for diagnosis of CINⅡand above lesions were 85.5 ％, 29.3 ％, 71.0 ％ and 50.0 ％, respectively. Conclusions ASC-H strongly predicts CINⅡand above lesions in cervical cytology. The detection of hrHPV DNA has a high positive predictive value for CINⅡand above lesions.

Preferencias y satisfacción hacia un programa de tamizaje con pruebas autoadministradas de detección del virus de papiloma humano / Preferences and satisfaction towards a screening program with self-administered human papilloma virus detection tests

Estudio transversal que describe preferencias y satisfacción hacia un programa de tamizaje de cáncer cervical con pruebas rápidas autoadministradas, para la detección del virus de papiloma humano (VPH). De las 2090 usuarias captadas por el programa en Ventanilla Callao-Perú, se seleccionó aleatoriamente a 97 para ser encuestadas. Asimismo, se realizaron entrevistas a mujeres líderes de la comunidad, encargadas de ofrecer las pruebas. El 74,2% de las usuarias se sintió, cuanto menos, satisfecha con el programa. El 68% de las mujeres prefiere la autotoma de la prueba, principalmente por demandar menos tiempo. De las mujeres que prefieren la toma en el centro de salud, el 90,3% lo hace por la seguridad de que la prueba sea realizada correctamente. La inclusión de líderes comunitarias en el programa permitió una buena difusión de la prueba y de los pasos para realizarla.

Cross-sectional study describing preferences and satisfaction towards a cervical cancer screening program with selfadministered rapid tests for the detection of human papillomavirus (HPV). Of 2 090 users picked by the program in Ventanilla Callao - Peru, 97 were randomly selected to be surveyed. In addition, interviews were conducted with women leaders of the community, in charge of providing the evidence. 74.2% of the users felt, at least, satisfied with the program. 68% of women prefer to take the test, mainly by demanding less time. Of women who prefer to take the test at the Health Center, 90.3% do so for the safety of the test being done correctly. The inclusion of community leaders in the program allowed a good diffusion of the test and the steps to carry it out.

Study of value of TCT, human papillomavirus DNA and colposcopy in the early screening of cervical cancer / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To study the value of TCT, human papillomavirus DNA combined with colposcopy in the early screening of cervical cancer. Methods The clinical data of 80 cases of patients with cervical lesions in our hospital from January 2011 to January 2017 were retrospectively analyzed. Results Among the 80 cases of patients, ASCUS was detected by TCT 8 cases, LSIL6 cases, HSIL4 cases, SCC2 cases, the detection rate of cervical lesions was 25.0% (20/80); Normal and inflammatory 60 cases, accounting for 75.0% (60/80) of the total. HPV-DNA positive 28 cases, negative 52 cases, the positive rate was 35.0% (28/80); The detection rate of TCT (+) HPV (+) was significantly higher than TCT (+) HPV (-), TCT (-) HPV (+), TCT (-) HPV (-) (P<0.05), the detection rate of SCC reached 100.0%; The detection rate of CIN I, CIN II, CIN III of TCT examination, HPV-DNA examination combined with colposcopy were significantly higher than TCT+HPV-DNA examination (P<0.05), but the difference of detection rates of SCC between the two was not significant. Conclusion The value of TCT, human papillomavirus DNA and colposcopy in the early screening of cervical cancer is higher, so is worthy of promotion and use in the clinical.

Can human papillomavirus (HPV) genotyping classify non-16/18 high-risk HPV infection by risk stratification? / 부인종양

OBJECTIVE: Infection with high-risk genotypes of human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) is the major cause of invasive cervical cancers. HPV-16 and HPV-18 are known to be responsible for two-thirds of all invasive cervical carcinomas, followed by HPV-45, -31, and -33. Current guidelines only differentiate HPV-16/18 (+) by recommending direct colposcopy for treatment. We tried to evaluate whether there are differences in risk among 12 non-16/18 HR-HPV genotypes in this study. METHODS: The pathology archive database records of 1,102 consecutive gynecologic patients, who had results for cervical cytology and histology and for HPV testing, as determined by HPV 9G DNA chip, were reviewed. RESULTS: Among the 1,102 patients, 346 were non-16/18 HR-HPV (+) and 231 were HPV-16/18 (+). We calculated the odds ratios for ≥cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 (CIN 2) of 14 groups of each HR-HPV genotype compared with a group of HR-HPV (–) patients. Based on the odds ratio of each genotype, we divided patients with non-16/18 HR-HPV genotypes (+) into two groups: HPV-31/33/35/45/52/58 (+) and HPV-39/51/56/59/66/68 (+). The age-adjusted odds ratios for ≥CIN 2 of the HPV-31/33/35/45/52/58 (+) and HPV-39/51/56/59/66/68 (+) groups compared with a HR-HPV (–) group were 11.9 (95% CI, 7.6 to 18.8; p<0.001) and 2.4 (95% CI, 1.4 to 4.3; p<0.001), respectively, while that of the HPV-16/18 (+) group was 18.1 (95% CI, 11.6 to 28.3; p=0.003). CONCLUSION: The 12 non-16/18 HR-HPV genotypes can be further categorized (HPV-31/33/35/45/52/58 vs. HPV-39/51/56/59/66/68) by risk stratification. The HPV-31/33/35/45/52/58 genotypes might need more aggressive action. Large scale clinical trials or cohort studies are necessary to confirm our suggestion.

Comparative study between biopsy and brushing sampling methods for detection of human papillomavirus in oral and oropharyngeal cavity lesions, / Estudo comparativo entre biópsia e escovado na pesquisa do papilomavírus humano em lesões de cavidade oral e de orofaringe

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: Many epidemiological studies have suggested that human papillomavirus (HPV), especially type 16, is involved in the genesis of squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity and oropharynx, especially in young, non-smoking patients; thus, its detection in lesions in this region is important. OBJECTIVE: To clarify the capacity of the brushing sampling method to detect the presence of HPV in oral or oropharyngeal lesions through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing, and to compare the results with those obtained by biopsy. METHODS: Prospective study of adult patients with oral or oropharyngeal lesions assessed by PCR, comparing biopsy specimens with samples obtained by the brushing method. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the institution. RESULTS: A total of 35 sample pairs were analyzed, but 45.7% of the brushing samples were inadequate (16/35) and, thus, only 19 pairs could be compared. There was agreement of results in 94.7% (18/19) of the pairs, with HPV identified in 16 of them. HPV DNA was detected in 8.6% (3/35) of biopsy and 5.7% (2/35) of brushing samples. CONCLUSION: There was no statistically significant difference between the two methods, but the brushing sampling method showed a higher number of inadequate samples, suggesting that it is an unreliable method for surveillance.

Resumo INTRODUÇÃO: Muitos estudos epidemiológicos indicam a participação do papilomavírus humano, especialmente o tipo 16, na carcinogênese dos tumores espinocelulares das cavidade oral e oro-faríngea, principalmente em jovens e não fumantes, sendo portanto importante sua detecção nas lesões desta região. OBJETIVO: Elucidar a habilidade do escovado em detectar o papilomavírus humano, pela reação em cadeia da polimerase, nas lesões orais e orofaríngeas, comparando os resultados com os obtidos por biópsia. MÉTODO: Estudo prospectivo de pacientes com lesões orais e orofaríngeas, pela reação em cadeia da polimerase, no qual foram pareados os resultados de amostras obtidas por escovado e por biópsia. A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da instituição. RESULTADO: Foram analisados 35 pares de amostras, porém estavam inapropriadas para análise 45,7% (16/35) das amostras obtidas por escovado, e portanto, somente 19 pares puderam ser comparados. Em 94,7% dos pares houve concordância dos resultados, sendo encontrado o papilomavírus humano − 16 em um destes pares. O ácido desoxirribonucleico do papilomavírus humano foi detectado em 8,6% (3/35) das biópsias e em 5,7% (2/35) dos escovados. CONCLUSÃO: Não houve diferença estatística entre os métodos, mas como houve um grande número de amostras obtidas por escovado inapropriadas, este parece não ser confiável para o rastreamento.

Impact of age on the false negative rate of human papillomavirus DNA test in patients with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance

OBJECTIVE: Human papillomavirus (HPV) test was incorporated into the triage of lesser abnormal cervical cytologies: atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) or low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL). This study aimed to evaluate the impact of age on the efficacy of HPV testing in patients with lesser abnormal cervical cytologies. METHODS: A total of 439 patients with ASCUS or LSIL were included. The association between age groups and the diagnostic performances of HPV test for high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2+) was evaluated. RESULTS: Median age was 44 years (range, 17 to 75 years). ASCUS was more frequently observed in older patients while LSIL was more common in younger patients (P=0.002). CIN2+ was found in 11.3% (32/284) of the ASCUS patients and 12.9% (20/155) of patients with LSIL. Older patients with ASCUS showed lower HPV infection rates (P=0.025), but not LSIL (P=0.114). However, the prevalence of CIN2+ was similar between the age groups with ASCUS or LSIL. In patients with ASCUS, the false negative rate of HPV test for CIN2+ was 6.2%. The false negative rate of the HPV test became higher with increasing of the age after the age of 50 (P=0.034). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that false negative rate of the HPV test for CIN2+ in ASCUS patients older than 50 years might become higher with increasing of the age. Negative HPV results in patients of the age >50 years with ASCUS should be carefully interpreted.

Low initial human papillomavirus viral load may indicate worse prognosis in patients with cervical carcinoma treated with surgery / 부인종양

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prognostic implication of human papillomavirus (HPV) viral load in cervical cancer patients who underwent radical hysterectomy. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective review of patients with stage IA2 through stage IIIA cervical carcinoma who underwent radical hysterectomy at Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center between January 2005 and December 2009. Patients who had undergone preoperative hybrid capture 2 testing to detect HPV DNA were included. A total of 346 patients positive for HPV DNA were enrolled and stratified into two groups according to the median HPV viral load. RESULTS: HPV viral load was significantly correlated with lymphovascular space invasion (p=0.026) and deep stromal invasion (p=0.024). However, other factors, such as age, stage, histologic grade, histologic type, lymph node metastasis, and tumor size, were not significantly associated with viral load. Low HPV viral load was correlated with poor disease-free survival in univariate analysis (p=0.037) and multivariate analysis (p=0.027). There was no significant difference in overall survival with regard to initial HPV viral load. CONCLUSION: Low initial HPV viral load may be a poor prognostic factor for cervical cancer patients who have undergone radical hysterectomy.