The Gender Violence - Implicit Association Test to measure attitudes toward intimate partner violence against women

Attitudes play a central role in intimate partner violence against women and are related to its origin, to the responses of women who suffer violence, and to the settings where it occurs. In fact, these attitudes are recognized as one of the risk factors linked to violent perpetration and to public, professional, and victim responses to this type of violence. However, even though available research generally shows a broad rejection of this violence, it remains a serious social and health problem that has reached epidemic proportions. This suggests that the information available about these attitudes (obtained through explicit and direct measures, i.e., self-reports) may be distorted or influenced by factors such as social desirability. In this context, the overall objective of our research project is to provide multi-method measures (explicit and implicit) of attitudes toward intimate partner violence against women, and the main goal of this paper is to propose an instrument for the implicit measurement of these attitudes. In this regard, the Implicit Association Test (IAT) is the most common procedure used, providing a superior predictive validity compared to explicit measures for socially sensitive topics. We will present an exploratory study that describes its adaptation for our purposes, and the development of the Gender Violence - Implicit Association Test (GV-IAT) to use among Spanish-speaking populations, and discuss the strengths and limitations of this proposal.

Association of sleep quality and internet addiction among the medical students

Background: The side effects of Internet overuse have been emerging progressively causing the emergence of a problem that is defined as internet addiction or problematic internet use. It also disrupts the sleep wake cycle so adversely affecting quality of sleep. This study is a preliminary step toward understanding the effect of internet addiction on sleep quality among medical college students in India.Methods: This was an observational, cross-sectional, single-centred, and self-assessable. Questionnaire based study administrated among 525 consenting medical students. The participants were assessed by proforma containing demographic details, variables related with internet use, questionnaires of IAT (Internet Addiction Test for Internet Use) and PSQI (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index for Sleep quality. Statistical data were analysed by Graph Pad InStat version 3.06 using Chi–square test and Mann-Whitney test.Results: There were 9.3% of all participants were considered problematic internet users with frequency of internet addiction 0.9%. Participants with problematic internet use are likely to have poor sleep quality (p<0.0001). 23.8% of all participants had poor sleep quality and 76.2% of the students had good quality of sleep. Participants with poor quality of sleep were having high IAT scores in comparison to participants with good quality of sleep. Severity of poor sleep quality is positively correlated with internet addiction (r2=0.233, p<0.0001).Conclusions: Participants with problematic internet use were more likely to have poor quality of sleep and vice a versa.

Whether Syndrome Differentiation Affects Treatment Result: Study Protocol of MaZiRenWan () for Functional Constipation in A Randomized Controlled Trial / 中国结合医学杂志

BACKGROUND@#Syndrome is one of the most important concepts in Chinese medicine (CM) theory. However, it was not well accounted in most of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).@*OBJECTIVES@#To determine whether CM syndrome differentiation affects the treatment results, functional constipation (FC) was selected as a target disease, and MaZiRenWan (, MZRW), a classic CM formula commonly used for constipation with excessive heat syndrome, was selected for study.@*METHODS@#It is an 18-week prospective double-blinded, doubledummy RCT, including 2-week run-in, 8-week treatment and 8-week post treatment follow-up. A total of 120 FC patients diagnosed as excessive heat syndrome will be recruited from the First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine and the Baokang Affiliated Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Patients will be randomly allocated into fixed MZRW (f_MZRW) granule group, modified MZRW (m_MZRW) granule group or bisacodyl group. For m_MZRW group, no more than two herbal granules can be added according to the syndrome differentiation for individual participants. The primary end point is the mean of complete spontaneous bowel movements (CSBMs) per week during the treatment period. Secondary end points include mean of CSBMs per week during follow-up, stool form, global symptom improvement, constipation and constipation-related symptoms assessment, CM syndrome change, and reported adverse events.@*DISCUSSION@#This trial is designed to evaluate the effectiveness of these three interventions for FC patients with the CM syndrome of excessive heat, and to determine the change of CM syndrome and the progress of disease during the treatment course. The results are important to explore whether syndrome differentiation is important for the therapeutic effect of a formula on a disease. [Trial registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (Reg No. ChiCTR-TRC-13003742); protocol version: MZRW/NSFC-81173363 (2015.05.04)].

Contextual information about the Peruvian national ingroup and its effect on attitudes towards a novel brand / Información contextual sobre el endogrupo nacional peruano y su efecto en las actitudes hacia una marca novedosa

The effect of contextual information about the national ingroup on explicit and implicit attitudes towards a novel brand was studied on a sample of university students from the Lima Metropolitan area (n = 59). The results show that the negative information about the ingroup exerts more influence on explicit attitudes towards a novel brand than the positive information. This effect is understood as a habituation of Peruvians towards the positive contextual information about their group, and an ingroup bias that acts when their national identity is threatened by the negative input. This bias guides them towards explicitly favoring a product they consider related to their social identity. On the other hand, the lack of visible results on the implicit attitudes is explained by the order effect of the Implicit Attitudes Test (IAT). These findings are relevant for advertising and marketing industries in Peru, which constantly develop campaigns that extol Peru and the Peruvian identity.

El efecto de la información contextual sobre el endogrupo nacional en las actitudes explícitas e implícitas hacia una marca novedosa fue estudiado en una muestra de estudiantes de la ciudad de Lima (n = 59). Los resultados muestran que la información negativa sobre el endogrupo ejerce mayor influencia que la información positiva en las actitudes explícitas hacia una marca novedosa. Este efecto es entendido como una habituación de los peruanos hacia la información contextual positiva acerca del endogrupo, y a un sesgo endogrupal que actúa cuando la identidad nacional se ve amenazada por información negativa. Este sesgo guía a los participantes a favorecer explícitamente aquel producto que consideran está relacionado con su identidad social. Por otra parte, la falta de resultados visibles en las actitudes implícitas es explicada por el efecto del orden del Test de Actitudes Implícitas (IAT). Estos hallazgos son relevantes para las industrias de marketing y publicidad en el Perú, las cuales constantemente desarrollan campañas que exaltan el Perú y la identidad peruana.

Relationships between implicit and explicit attitude toward death in college students / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To explore the implicit attitude and explicit attitude toward death of college students,and the relationship between the two kinds of attitude.Methods:Totally 65 college studems participated in this study.The Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT,including cognition,affection and behavior) was used to exam the implicit attitude toward death of undergraduate students.The Death Attitude Profile-Revised (DAP-R,including five dimensions,i.e.,fear of death,death avoidance,death acceptance,escape acceptance,and neutral acceptance) was used to measure the explicit attitude.Results:Data of the SC-IAT indicated that the differences between the mean reaction time of the incompatible task and compatible in all three dimensions and the total SC-IAT were significant (Ps ＜0.01),and both the D scores of the total SC-IAT and three dimensions were larger than zero.The mean score of neutral acceptance was the highest in the five factors of SC-IAT.Relationships between the implicit effect of SC-IAT and the Mean scores of the DAP-R's five factors were not significant(Ps ＞ 0.05).Conclusion:The implicit attitude toward death of college students is negative,the explicit attitude toward death of college students is neutral.The implicit and explicit attitude toward death of college students is incongruent,and they are relatively independent.

Medindo associação implícita com o freeIAT em Português: um exemplo com atitudes implícitas frente ao poliamor / Measuring implicit association with the freeIAT in Portuguese: an example with implicit attitudes toward polyamory

O Teste de Associação Implícita (TAI) tem se mostrado relevante na medição de diversos construtos psicológicos. Entretanto, são escassos os estudos que o consideram no Brasil. Este artigo objetivou introduzir um programa gratuito (FreeIAT) para sua realização, exemplificando com uma medida de atitudes frente ao poliamor. Participaram da pesquisa 50 estudantes universitários com idade média de 22 anos (62% mulheres), que responderam a uma escala de atitudes explícitas frente ao poliamor e ao TAI Monogamia-Poliamor. Os resultados mostraram correlação negativa entre a medida implícita (bloco de latência incongruente) e a explícita de atitudes frente ao poliamor, indicando que quanto maior a aceitação do poliamor, menor o tempo de associação entre os estímulos (palavras positivas e poliamor). Não se observou correlação entre o Escore D e as atitudes explícitas frente ao poliamor, sugerindo que pessoas favoráveis ao poliamor não necessariamente são contrárias à monogamia. Concluiu-se que o FreeIAT possui uma interface simplificada, atendendo às variações do TAI clássico e permitindo aplicação coletiva. Além disso, o fato de ser um programa com código aberto e gratuito tem o potencial de incentivar pesquisas com medidas implícitas em culturas lusófonas. (AU)

Even the Implicit Association Test (IAT) has been shown to be relevant in measuring various psychological constructs there are few studies considering it in Brazil. This paper aims to introduce a free program (FreeIAT) to perform IAT, illustrating it with a measure of attitudes toward polyamory. Participants were 50 undergraduate students with mean age of 22 years (62% women) who answered an explicit scale attitude toward polyamory and the Monogamy-Polyamory IAT. Results showed a negative correlation between implicit (latency of incongruent block) and explicit attitudes measures toward polyamory, indicating that the greater the acceptance of polyamory, the lesser time to association between the stimuli (positive words and polyamory). There was no correlation between the D Score and the explicit attitudes toward polyamory, suggesting that people in favor of polyamory are not necessarily opposed to monogamy. In conclusion, the FreeIAT shows a streamlined interface, following the variations of the classic IAT and allowing collective application. Moreover, the fact of being a free program with open source it has the potential to encourage research on implicit measures in Lusophone cultures. (AU)

An experimental research on implicit and explicit suicide attitude of college students / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To investigate the relationship of college students'explicit and implicit attitudes to suicide and the feasibility of applying B-IAT to measure their suicide attitude.Methods Explicit suicide attitude was primarily investigated by suicide attitude questionnaire (SAQ),and implicit attitudes experimental study was carried out by suicide brief implicit association test (B-IAT).The subjects of this study included 50 college students,and it was used within-subject design.Results ①Each dimension values of explicit suicide attitude was from 2.5 to 3.5,indicating that the subject~ explicit suicide attitude dominated by neutral or contradictory.②The mean of B-IAT was 0.43,indicating that the subjects' implicit suicide attitude was prone to negative.③College students' suicide explicit and implicit attitudes were statistically no significant correlation,indicating that students implicit suicide attitudes was independent of explicit attitudes.Conclusion It is feasible to measure explicit suicide attitudes by B-IAT.College students' implicit suicide attitudes is independent of explicit attitudes.The results from simple IAT may be more accurately reflects the subjects' true attitudes towards suicide.

Asociaciones implícitas como método para la detección de violencia y psicopatía / Implicit associations as a method for detection of violence and psychopathy

La psicopatía es un trastorno de la personalidad que caracterizado por rasgos interpersonales, afectivos, conductuales y de estilo de vida. Está asociada con conducta violenta, existen pocos estudios que evalúen la tendencia hacia la violencia en psicópatas mediante técnicas de asociaciones implícitas como el Test de Asociaciones Implícitas (IAT). Se desarrolló el IAT-violencia, para evaluar las distorsiones cognitivas acerca de la violencia en 195 reos de acuerdo al nivel de psicopatía y al tipo de delito, se exploró el desempeño en la prueba de acuerdo a los niveles de los factores 1 y 2 de psicopatía. Los resultados indican que los sujetos violentos con alta psicopatía presentan distorsiones cognitivas acerca de la violencia. Aquellos con alto factor 2 de psicopatía presentan distorsiones cognitivas acerca de la violencia. Se discute la relación entre los factores 1 y 2 con la conducta violenta y la importancia de contar con instrumentos breves, confiables y objetivos. Las entrevistas semi-estructuradas requieren 1.5-3.5 horas, un entrenamiento especializado para evaluar el grado de psicopatía. Se discute el potencial para detectar sujetos que estén en riesgo de cometer alguna ofensa violenta mediante el IAT-violencia que toma 15 minutos y cuya calificación es automatizada.

Psychopathy is a personality disorder characterized by interpersonal, affective, behavioral and life-style traits. There is a relationship between psychopathy and violent behavior but few studies assess the tendency toward violence in psychopaths by implicit association methods like the Implicit Association Test (IAT). The violent-IAT was developed to assess the cognitive distortions about violence of 195 male inmates according to their psychopathy level and the offense committed, in addition, the performance in the test according to the factor level 1 and 2 of psychopathy was assessed. The results showed that psychopath-violent inmates had cognitive distortions about violence; and those with high factor 2 of psychopathy level inmates had a tendency toward violence. The discussion focused in the relationship between both psychopathy factors and violent behavior; and the importance to have reliable, objective and brief instruments like violent-IAT to measure the tendency toward violent behavior. The semi-structured interviews need a long time and a specialized training to assess the psychopathy level. The potential to detect subjects in high risk of committing extreme violent offenses by violent-IAT, that only need 15 minutes and gives an automatic-scored, is also discussed.

Implicit Attitude-difference Towards Parents and Gender Dissociation in College Students / 中国临床心理学杂志

Objective: Using the implicit association test to examine the implicit attitude-difference of Chinese students towards their father and mother.Methods: The experiment followed the standard paradigm of IAT.77 college students(43 women,34 men) participated the research.Results: The results indicated that there were implicit attitude-differences held by Chinese students towards their father and mother.Besides,gender dissociation existed.Conclusion: There is implicit attitude-difference in Chinese students towards their father and mother.

Morphological changes in rat testes after Hindlimb Unloading model / 항공우주의학회지

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to examine histological changes of testes induced by hindlimb unloading & position change of testis in mature adult male rats. METHOD: Eight month old (390~410g) 36 male Sprague-Dawley rats were weight-matched assigned to Ground Control (GC), Hindlimb Unloading (HU), Hindlimb Unloading & Testis Tie(HUT), Intra-abdominal Testis(IAT) for 24 days. Daily body weight was watched for status of animal. Testis weight, Seminiferous Tubule Diameter(STD), Seminiferous Tubule Perimeter(STP), Serminiferous Tubule Area(STA), Sertori Cell Height(SCH) were examined in each group. RESULTS: The 24-day hindlimb unloading of HU, HUT and IAT showed no significant change of body weight compared to GC. HUT maintained the weights, STD, STP, STA, SCH of their testes as GC while HU, IAT had significantly decreased the weights, STD, STP, STA of their testes. CONCLUSION: These results support that hindlimb unloading experiment induces serious morphological changes of testes. Therefore, on the hindlimb unloading experiment, IAT should be avoid or the effect of IAT should be correct. It will be necessary to study the pure effect of hindlimb unloading without IAT on the musculoskeltal system and so on which are associated with testosterone.

Evaluation of Implicit Emotion of Alcohol-Related Cues in Alcohol Dependence / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: To study the mechanism of alcohol craving is difficult because it involves both cognitive and emotional processes, which are discordamtly influenced by patients' avoidance and denial. The objective of this study is to examine the mechanism of craving by evaluating responses of emotional component of alcohol-related stimuli, explicitly and implicitly. METHODS: The subject group was composed of 19 patients with alcohol dependence, 25 heavy drinkers, and 20 social drinkers. An implicit association test (IAT) measuring differential association of 2 target concepts (alcohol versus beverage) with 2 attribute dimensions (positive versus negative) was completed. Explicit evaluation of emotional valence and arousal for alcohol-related and control stimuli was also completed. RESULTS: The patient group reported alcohol-related stimuli more negatively on both implicit and explicit evaluation. In explicit arousal evaluation, they evaluated alcohol-related stimuli more arousing than control stimuli, whereos control groups did not. While the strength of alcohol-negativity association was not related to any clinical variables, the strength of alcohol-positivity association was related to the arousal level of alcohol related stimuli, the severity of alcohol dependence, and the mean drinking amount per occasion. CONCLUSION: Alcohol craving can be regarded as negative emotion on both explicit and implicit levels in alcoholics. It seems that craving induced by alcohol-related stimuli may not be recognized by the patients but related to increased arousal or positive implicit evaluation of alcohol.

Explicit Self-esteem, Implicit Self-esteem and Depression / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective: To explore the relationship between self-esteem (explicit and implicit) and depression. Method: 70 depressive subjects were sampled from 3067 freshmen according to the results of SDS (self-rating depression scale),45 normal persons were collected as control. Both groups received IAT(implicit association test), which was designed to measure implicit self-esteem and explicit self-esteem. Result: The explicit self-esteem of the depressive subjects was significantly lower than that of normal control. For implicit self-esteem, the two groups had no difference. In depressive subjects, their score of implicit self-esteem was higher than that of explicit, while in normal control the relation was reverse. Conclusion: Depression lowers the explicit self-esteem, but not the implicit one. The discrepancy between implicit and explicit self-esteem was different between depressive subject and normal control.