Identificación molecular de Dípteros de importancia forense con el gen (COI Barcode), La Paz Bolivia / Molecular identification of Diptera of forensic importance with the gene (COI Barcode), La Paz Bolivia

Resumen Una de las dificultades encontradas es la correcta identificación de insectos asociados a la descomposición cadavérica, por la cual ha llevado a buscar y generar nuevas herramientas en biología molecular que facilitan la determinación de especímenes para la estimación del Intervalo Post-Mortem de una forma efectiva y certera a partir de estadios inmaduros; la colecta y taxonomía morfológica de Dípteros se realizaron en primera instancia y posteriormente se utilizó el sistema de Códigos de Barras (COI Barcode) para la identificación molecular de insectos problema por medio del gen mitocondrial COI en cualquier fase del ciclo biológico. Identificando tres especies de adultos con una probabilidad de correspondencia del 100%; los especímenes: Sarconesia versicolor de la Familia Calliphoridae y Fannia sp., no fueron hallados en las bases de datos mundiales del GenBank y del Boldsystems, siendo necesario su actualización realizando patrones de sucesión cronológica de fauna cadavérica en diferentes zonas geográficas, cuya práctica se aplicaría en las investigaciones criminales.

Abstract One of the difficulties encountered is the correct identification of insects associated with cadaveric decomposition, which has led to the search and generation of new tools in molecular biology that facilitate the determination of specificities for the modification of the Post-Mortem Interval in an effective and accurate from immature stages; the collection and morphological taxonomy of Diptera were made in the first instance and then the Bar Code System (COI Barcode) was used for the molecular identification of problem insects by means of the mitochondrial COI gene in any phase of the biological cycle. Identifying three species of adults with a probability of 100% correspondence; the specimens: Sarconesia versicolor of the Calliphoridae Family and Fannia sp., were not found in the world databases of the GenBank and the Boldsystems, being necessary to update them by chronological succession patterns of cadaveric fauna in different geographical areas, whose practice would be applied in criminal investigations.

Coledocolitiasis insospechada en pacientes con litiasis vesicular / Unsuspected choledocholithiasis in patients with gallbladder stones

Antecedentes: actualmente un punto discutido de la colecistectomía laparoscópica (CL) es la realización sistemática de la colangiografía intraoperatoria (CIO); sin embargo, esta permite el diagnóstico de litiasis coledociana insospechada (LCI). Objetivo: establecer el porcentaje de CIO realizadas, el número de LCI diagnosticadas, describir qué terapéutica se utilizó para resolverlas y establecer si existe relación entre el tamaño de las litiasis diagnosticadas y su tratamiento transcístico. Resultados: de las 1077 CL electivas, la CIO pudo realizarse en el 89,14% de los pacientes. En 2014, el porcentaje de CIO fue el más alto de la serie (95,38%). Se encontraron 38 LCI. El tratamiento realizado incluyó el abordaje transcístico y la colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) intraoperatoria. La morbilidad global fue del 7,9 % sin mortalidad. Discusión: nuestro porcentaje de CIO se encuentra por debajo del enunciado en otras publicaciones, pero el porcentaje aumentó con los años. La incidencia de LCI en nuestro caso fue del 3,96%. En nuestro servicio primeramente se intenta la resolución transcística (tasa de éxito del 77,42% sin complicaciones). Otra opción es la CPRE intraoperatoria, que se utilizó en 4 casos con una eficacia del 100% sin complicaciones. Conclusión: el tratamiento de la LCI continúa siendo un reto para los cirujanos, debido sobre todo a la imprevisibilidad del cuadro; resulta un factor muy importante para la resolución transcística el tamaño de la litiasis encontrada (más o menos de 6 mm). Consideramos la CPRE intraoperatoria como una herramienta importante en la resolución de esta patología.

Background: currently a discussed point of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is the systematic implementation of intraoperative cholangiography (IOC); however, it allows the diagnosis of unsuspected common bile duct stones (UBDS). Objective: to establish the percentage of IOC performed, the number of UBDS diagnosed, to describe what therapeutic was used to solve them and to establish if there is a relationship between the size of the diagnostic lithiasis and the transcystic treatment of the same. Results: of the 1077 elective LC, IOC could be performed in 89.14% of patients. In 2014 the percentage of IOC was the highest in the series (95.38%). 38 UBDS were found. The treatment included the transcritical approach and intraoperative ERCP. Overall morbidity was 7.9% without mortality. Discussion: our IOC percentage is below the utterance in other publications, but the percentage has increased over the years. The incidence of UBDS in our case was 3.96%. In our service we first try the transcritical resolution (success rate of 77.42% without complications). Another option is intraoperative ERCP that was used in 4 cases with 100% efficacy without complications. Conclusion: the treatment of the UBDS continues being a challenge for the surgeons, mainly due to the unpredictability of the picture; a very important factor for transcystic resolution is the size of the stone found (more or less than 6 mm). We consider intraoperative ERCP as an important tool in the resolution of this pathology.

Legados de megaeventos esportivos: considerações a partir de uma perspectiva crítica / Legacies of sport mega-events: considerations from a critical perspective

Resumo Um dos principais argumentos em prol da realização de megaeventos esportivos é que os mesmos geram desenvolvimento econômico, social, político e esportivo para as cidades/países sede. O objetivo deste trabalho é o de fazer alguns apontamentos sobre a noção de desenvolvimento em pauta, tomando como base autores que vêm discutindo a temática. Constatamos que o tipo de desenvolvimento facilitado por estes eventos tem beneficiado prioritariamente agentes bem posicionados com acesso privilegiado à instâncias de decisão, em detrimento de um tipo de desenvolvimento que favoreça a população como um todo. A promoção de desenvolvimento em prol do bem comum só é possível na medida em que a decisão para se sediar, ou não, megaeventos esportivos, esteja alinhada com as metas de desenvolvimento de longo prazo das cidades e países sede. Esta decisão deve também ser condizente com a realidade sociocultural e com a capacidade de se fornecer a infraestrutura e os recursos os necessários para se hospedar o evento. A realização de megaeventos esportivos não produz resultados positivos automaticamente. Para que isto ocorra, faz-se necessário um planejamento minucioso. Por exemplo, ao se pensar a construção e estruturas esportivas para o evento e como elas serão utilizadas depois do mesmo deve se considerar questões tais como: Quem será responsável pela manutenção destas estruturas e que recursos serão disponibilizados para isto? Quem utilizará estas estruturas? Que tipo de suporte o púbico alvo necessita para que possa otimizar esta utilização? Tanto o processo de planejamento de legados bem como a execução e avaliação de ações para a construção dos mesmos devem envolver a participação da população que será diretamente afetada com a realização dos eventos.

Abstract One of the main arguments for the realization of sport mega-events is that they generate economic, social, political and sport legacies for the hosting cities / countries. The goal of this paper is to discuss the notion of development on the agenda of these events, based on authors who have been discussing this issue. We verified that the type of development facilitated by these events has been primarily benefiting well positioned agents with privileged access to decision makers at the expense of a type of development that could favor the population in general. The promotion of development for the common good is possible only to the extent that the decision to host - or not host - sport mega-events is aligned with the long-term development goals of the cities and the host countries. This decision should also be consistent with the host´s socio-cultural reality and its ability to provide the infrastructure and resources necessary to host the event. The realization of sport mega-events does not produce positive results automatically. For this to happen, it is necessary careful planning. For example, when considering the construction of sports venues and how they will be used after the event, people in charge should consider questions such as: Who will be responsible for maintaining them and which resources will be made available for this goal? Who will use these venues? What kind of support does the targeted pubic needs so that it can optimize their use? Both the process of legacy planning and the implementation and evaluation of actions to build this legacy should involve the participation of people who will be directly affected with the realization of the event.

Anti-doping Policy Development Process in the Sports World (1968~1999): Focusing on IOC Activities and Passive Response from Korea / 의사학

This study investigated the anti-doping policy promoted by the IOC historical sociologically focusing on the period from 1968 to 1999. Public opinion surrounding doping control has emerged as a large amount of drug possession by athletes who had participated in the 1952 Olympics was caught, as well as following the acident where an athlete had died during the competition as a result of doping. From 1960, as many doping cases in sports games were exposed, several international organizations proclaimed fight against doping in order to seek a preventive measure. In 1961, the IOC newly established a medical commission within the organization. It was decided to implement doping control and female sex testing at the same time for all athletes who participated in the 1967 Olympics, and they were implemented from 1968 winter and summer Olympic Games. In 1971, the provisions for the tests were prescribed as mandatory on the IOC charter. From 1989, the OCT system was introduced as a measure to overcome limitations of the detection during competition period. As political problems and limitations emerged, WADA (World Anti-Doping Agency) was established in 1999 to professionally manage and push for doping control. Female sex testing policy contributed to preventing males from participating in female competition by deceiving their gender to some extent. However, it was abolished due to strong public condemnation such as women's rights issues, social stigma and pain, and gender discrimination debate. In 1984, a doping control center was established in Korea, which enabled drug use or doping in the sports world to emerge to the surface in our society. Korea Sports Council and KOC articles of association that supervise doping related matters of Korean athletes were revised in 1990. The action of inserting doping related issue in the articles of association was taken 20 years after the start of IOC doping policy. Beginning with two international competitions in the 1980s, Korean athletes experienced doping test directly, yet education about doping was limited. However, some national team level athletes tested positive on the doping test and underwent disciplinary action. In addition, athletic federation or leaders acquiesced athletes doping made secretly; this indicated that South Korea was also not free from doping. It was found that Korea world of sports showed very passive countermeasures and development process.

The significance of intraoperative cholangiography in laparoscopic cholecystectomy / 重庆医科大学学报

Objective:To evaluate the value of intraoperative transcystic cholangiography(IOC) during laparoscopic cholecystectomy(LC).Methods:IOC was conducted in 56 patients who underwent LC because of cholelithiasis with chronic or acute cholecystitis and biliary pancreatitis.The results were analyzed.Results:Cannulation was successfully completed in 54 out of 56 patients,and the success rate was 96.4%.All 54 patients underwent satisfactory visualization.The common bile duct stones were detected in 5 patients by IOC,and 2 of them were converted to common bile duct exploration and T-tube drainage by open cholecystectomy;3 of them were converted to common bile duct exploration and T-tube drainage by laparoscopic cholecystectomy.2 cases were found to have abnormal cystic duct by IOC,and 4 cases were detected for the biliary anatomy by IOC.The average time of IOC was about(15.5?3.7)minutes.No complication occurred.Conclusion:IOC is a safe and convenient procedure with a high success rate,and it can provide clear films of biliary tree.The benefit of IOC is the detection of common bile duct and cystic duct stones and abnormal biliary anatomy.It can reduce the rate of retained common bile duct stones and bile duct injuries,and increase the early identification of bile duct injuries.Therefore IOC can improve quality and security of LC.

PROJECTIONS OF THE RED NUCLEUS AND THE GRISEUM CENTRALE MESENCEPHALI TO THE INFERIOR OLIVARY COMPLEX IN THE CAT. A STUDY USING THE WGA-HRP ANTEROGRADE TRACING TECHNIQUE / 解剖学报

In the present study the projections were traced from the red nucleus and the region of the griseum centrale mesencephali to the inferior olivary complex (IOC) by using the method of anterograde transport of the WGA-HRP in the cat. The results has led to the following conclusions: 1.Both injected regions have positive projections to the ipsilateral IOC. No labeled cells were found in the IOC. 2. The projections from the red nucleus to the IOC terminated in the dorsal lamina of the principal olive and the dorsal end of the caudal half of the medial accessory olive. The projections from the region of the griseum centrale mesencephali to the IOC terminated in the whole medial accessory olive, ventral lamina of the principal olive and the connecting part between the ventrolateral end of ventral lamina and dorsal lamina of the principal olive. The most heavily labeled regions were the dorsal lamina of the principal olive among the regions receiving projection from the red nucleus and the medial accessory olive among those receiving fibers from the griseum centrale mesencephali region, the other regions were more lightly labeled.3. Some labeled regions of the IOC in the present study overlapped with those regions receiving fibers from the spinal cord reported by others. In the present study the labeled area is more extensive than those reported in the literature.