The Distinguishing Factor in Soccer Players is Aerobic Performance, not the ACTN3 Gene / El Factor Distintivo en los Jugadores de Fútbol es el Rendimiento Aeróbico y no el gen ACTN3

SUMMARY: The purpose of this study was to reveal the differences between ACTN3 genotype (RR, RX, XX) and aerobic performance [Yo-Yo IRT1 (m), VO2 max (ml/kg/min)] in professional and regional amateur league soccer players and to reveal which of these parameters was a distinctive factor in these athletes.71 professional soccer players (age: 23.66 ± 4.11 years; body height: 1.79 ± 6.99 m; body weight: 76.02 ± 6.76 kg; body fat: 11.59±3.11 %) and 62 regional amateur soccer players (age: 23.63 ±3.77 years; body height: 1.81 ± 5.77 m; body weight: 76.36 ± 7.53 kg; body fat: 15.60±4.65 %) volunteered for the study. After DNA extraction from buccal epithelial cells via a commercial kit was performed for the genetic background of the athletes, Real-Time PCR was carried out for genotyping. Furthermore, Yo-Yo IRT1 test was performed to determine the aerobic performance of the soccer players. SPSS 23 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) package program was used for the statistical analysis of the data obtained in the tests. Shapiro-Wilk test for normality and Levene's test for homogeneity of variance were performed. Chi-Square, Independent Sample T Test and One Way ANOVA test were used in the analysis of the parameters. Statistical significance was set as p0.05); however, there was a statistical significance in favor of professional soccer players in terms of aerobic parameters (p<0.05). Consequently, it can be said that aerobic performance is the distinguishing factor, not the ACTN3 gene, in soccer players.

El objetivo de este estudio fue revelar las diferencias entre el genotipo ACTN3 (RR, RX, XX) y el rendimiento aeróbico [Yo-Yo IRT1 (m), VO2 max (ml/kg/min)] en jugadores de fútbol de ligas profesionales y amateurs regionales y determinar cuál de estos parámetros es un factor distintivo en estos deportistas. 71 futbolistas profesionales (edad: 23,66 ±4,11 años; altura corporal: 1,79 ± 6,99 m; peso corporal: 76,02 ± 6,76 kg; grasa corporal: 11,59±3,11 %) y 62 jugadores de fútbol amateur regionales (edad: 23,63 ± 3,77 años; altura corporal: 1,81 ± 5,77 m; peso corporal: 76,36 ± 7,53 kg; grasa corporal: 15,60 ± 4,65 %) se ofrecieron como voluntarios para el estudio. Después de realizar la extracción de ADN de las células epiteliales orales mediante un kit comercial para obtener los antecedentes genéticos de los atletas, se llevó a cabo una PCR en tiempo real para el genotipado. Además, se realizó la prueba Yo-Yo IRT1 para determinar el rendimiento aeróbico de los futbolistas. Para el análisis estadístico de los datos obtenidos en las pruebas se utilizó el programa SPSS 23 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, EE. UU.). Se realizó la prueba de normalidad de Shapiro- Wilk y la prueba de homogeneidad de la varianza de Levene. En el análisis de los parámetros se utilizaron Chi-cuadrado, prueba T para muestra independiente y prueba ANOVA unidireccional. La significancia estadística se estableció en p0,05); sin embargo, hubo significación estadística a favor de los futbolistas profesionales en cuanto a los parámetros aeróbicos (p<0,05). En consecuencia, se puede decir que el rendimiento aeróbico es el factor distintivo, no el gen ACTN3, en los jugadores de fútbol.

Newborn Screening Program for Cystic Fibrosis in Cuba: Three Years' Experience

ABSTRACT In Cuba, newborn screening (NBS) for cystic fibrosis (CF) was introduced in January 2019. The results from the first three years of the CF NBS program are presented. An IRT/IRT protocol was followed using a cut-off value of 50 ng/mL. In this period 281,717 neonates were screened, 2,197 samples had increased IRT values, and a second sample was necessary (recall rate=0.78%). In 686 (0.24%) neonates, IRT was still elevated, and they were referred for clinical evaluation. Twenty-one children were confirmed by sweat test and molecular biology. Eighteen newborns presented variant F508del. A false negative case was reported. Demographic data of 32,764 neonates were collected. The average age of sampling was six days with results available at 11 days of life, but 1.7% of the samples were collected 20 days after birth. The mean IRT value was 12.7±11.7 ng/mL (ranging 0-283 ng/mL) with a calculated 98.5 percentile value of 42.4 ng/mL. On average, the samples were processed five days after collection and two days after they were received at the laboratory. Although CF NBS program in Cuba is just beginning, it can be predicted that CF will be one of the most frequent inherited-metabolic diseases in the Cuban population.

Propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Dependencia Específica del Cónyuge para Mujeres (EDEC-M) / Propriedades Psicométricas da Escala de Dependência Específica do Cônjuge para mulheres (EDEC-M) / Psychometric Properties of the Spouse Specific Dependency Scale for Women (SSDS-W)

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación fue adaptar y validar la Escala de Dependencia Específica del Cónyuge para Mujeres (EDEC-M) para su uso en el contexto brasileño, que consta de 30 ítems. En el estudio 1, participaron 347 mujeres. Se obtuvo una estructura de tres dimensiones: apego ansioso (α = .88), dependencia emocional (α = .80) y dependencia exclusiva (α = .72), con consistencia interna satisfactoria. En el segundo estudio, participaron 325 mujeres, se probaron tres modelos de ecuaciones estructurales. Los resultados indicaron que el EDEC-M presentó mejores índices de ajuste en el modelo jerárquico de segundo orden: χ2 /df = 1.89; CFI = .95; TLI = .95; GFI = .95; RMSEA .05 y SRMR = 0.07. Este modelo fue apoyado por el Teoria de Respuesta al Item (TRI), que analizó una variación satisfactoria de la dificultad del ítem y permitió la construcción de un Mapa de ítems para la medición. Por lo tanto, el EDEC-M presentó propiedades psicométricas de validez de constructo para el contexto brasileño en mujeres.

Resumo O objetivo desta pesquisa foi adaptar e validar Escala de Dependência Específica do Cônjuge para Mulheres (EDEC-M) para utilização no contexto brasileiro, composto por 30 itens. No Estudo 1, contou-se com 347 mulheres. Obteve-se uma estrutura tri-dimensional: apego ansioso (α = 0,88), dependência emocional (α = 0,80) e dependência exclusiva (α = 0,72), com consistências internas satisfatórias. No segundo estudo, participaram 325 mulheres, foram testados três modelos de equações estruturais. Os resultados indicaram que a EDEC-M apresentou melhores índices de ajuste no modelo hierárquico de segunda ordem: χ2 /df = 1,89; CFI = 0,95; TLI = 0,95; GFI = 0,95; RMSEA 0,05 e SRMR = 0,07. Esse modelo foi suportado pela Teoria de Resposta ao Item (TRI), que analisou uma variação satisfatória de dificuldade dos itens e possibilitou a construção de um Mapa de Itens para a medida. Logo, a EDEC-M apresentou propriedades psicométricas de validade de construto para o contexto brasileiro em mulheres.

Abstract The aim of this research was to adapt and validate the Spouse Specific Dependency Scale for Women (SSDS-W) for use in the Brazilian context, which consists of 30 items. In study 1, 347 women participated. It was obtained a three- dimensional structure: anxiety attachment (α = .88), emotional dependence (α = .80) and exclusive dependence (α = .72), with satisfactory internal consistencies. In the second study, 325 women participated, and three structural equation models were tested. The results indicated that the EDEC-M presented better index adjustment in the second-order hierarchical model: χ2 /df = 1.89; CFI = .95; TLI = .95; GFI = .95; RMSEA .05 and SRMR = .07. This model was supported by Item Response Theory (IRT), which analyzed a satisfactory variation of the item difficulty and allowed the construction of an Item Map for the measure. Therefore, the EDEC-M presented satisfactory psychometric properties evidence of construct validity for the Brazilian context in women.

Differences in Newborn Screening Results Among Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Abstract Multiple studies undertaken on cord blood demonstrate analyte perturbations in infants exposed to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Cord blood as a sample is influenced by maternal and placental metabolism. Newborn screening (NBS), performed after the first 24 hours of life reflects early neonatal metabolism. We compared NBS analytes between women with and without GDM with different management approaches in the Treatment of Booking of Gestational Diabetes (TOBOGM) pilot randomised controlled trial. Pregnant women with GDM risk factors were randomised to early or deferred GDM treatment following an oral glucose tolerance test (<20 weeks gestation). Women without GDM served as "decoys". From the decoy group 11 developed GDM (screened at 26-28 weeks), were analysed separately; their results were compared with the other groups. De-identified controls were chosen from NBS results from the same analytic run matched for sex, birthweight and gestational age. Results were available for 73/78 women participating in the pilot and 358 de-identified controls. Tyrosine levels (μmol/l; whole blood)were higher in the late GDM group vs early, deferred treatment, and decoy groups (medians:106.28; IQR: 96.73-151.11) (76.33; 64.64-97.90) (75.68; 66.59-110.88)(73.74; 58.32-90.36) (p=0.009) and remained elevated when compared to normal, age-matched controls (106.28; 96.73-151.11) (87.26; 68.55-111.26) (p value=0.01) Immunoreactive trypsinogen (μgm/l; whole blood)was highest in the early treatment group when compared with group-specific controls (22.30; 13.90-29.90 vs 14.00, 10.60-21.10) (p=0.02). These results provide evidence of biochemical perturbations detectable on NBS of in-utero exposure to hyperglycemia and treatment and provide data for hypothesis building.

Propriedades Psicométricas de uma Medida de Abuso Psicológico na Parceira / Propiedades Psicométricas de una Medida de Abuso Psicológico en la Pareja / Psychometric Properties of a Measurement of Psychological Abuse in Couples

Resumo 0 abuso psicológico é caracterizado pela degradação e pelo controle do parceiro que levam ao desrespeito entre eles. Objetivou-se reunir evidências de validade da Escala de Abuso Psicológico na Parceira (eap-p) em mulheres brasileiras. 0 estudo foi dividido em dois. Do Estudo 1, participaram 303 mulheres e realizaram-se análise fatorial exploratória e consistência interna. Os achados corroboraram para uma estrutura bifatorial: estratégias diretas do abuso psicológico e estratégias indiretas do abuso psicológico, com alfas iguais a .92 e .89, respectivamente. Do Estudo 2, participaram 380 mulheres, com a realização de análise confirmatória, e avaliaram-se os parâmetros dos itens mediante a Teoria de Resposta ao Item (TRI). Os resultados apontaram que o modelo bifactor apresentou melhores índices de ajuste, além de bons índices de confiabilidade composta de .90 e variância média extraída (.51 e .50), e indicaram, através da TRI, boa capacidade de avaliar a porção central do contínuo de abuso psicológico. A EAP-P se apresentou como um instrumento válido e consistente para detectar e medir a violência psicológica em mulheres.

Resumen El maltrato psicológico se caracteriza por la degradación y el control de la pareja que conllevan al irrespeto entre ambos. El propósito fue reunir evidencias de la validez de la Escala de Abuso Psicológico en la Pareja (EAP-P, en portugués) en mujeres brasileñas. El estudio se dividió en dos. En el Estudio 1 participaron 303 mujeres, con cuya muestra se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio y de consistencia interna. Los hallazgos corroboran una estructura bifactorial: estrategias directas del abuso psicológico y estrategias indirectas del abuso psicológico, con alfas iguales a .92 y .89, respectivamente. En el Estudio 2 participaron 380 mujeres, muestra con la que se realizó un análisis confirmatorio, y se validaron los parámetros de los ítems mediante la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem (TRI). Los resultados señalan que el modelo bifactor presentó mejores índices de ajuste, además de buenos índices de fiabilidad compuesta de .90 y varianza promedia extraída (.51 e .50), e indicaron, por medio de la tri, alta capacidad de evaluar la porción central del continuo de abuso psicológico. La EAP-P se mostró como un instrumento válido y consistente para detectar y medir la violencia psicológica en mujeres.

Abstract Psychological abuse is characterized by the degradation and control of the partner, which leads to mutual disrespect. The purpose of the study was to collect evidence regarding the validity of the Scale of Psychological Abuse in Couples (EAP-P, in Spanish) in Brazilian women. The study was divided into two parts. A sample of 303 women participated in Study 1, and exploratory factor and internal consistency analyses were carried out on that sample. Findings corroborate a bifactor structure: direct strategies of psychological abuse and indirect strategies of psychological abuse, with alphas equal to .92 and .89, respectively. A sample of 380 women participated in Study 2, a confirmatory analysis was carried out, and the parameters of the items were validated using Item Response Theory (IRT). The results show that the bifactor model featured better adjustment indexes, in addition to good composite reliability indexes of .90 and average variance extracted (.51 and .50). Through IRT, they also showed a high capacity to assess the central portion of the psychological abuse continuum. EAP-P proved to be a valid and consistent instrument to detect and measure psychological violence in women.

Análise de estrutura interna do Inventário de Depressão Maior (MDI) / Internal structure analysis of the Major Depression Inventory (MDI) / Análisis de estructura interna del Inventario de Depresión Mayor (MDI)

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar as qualidades psicométricas do Inventário de Depressão Maior (MDI). O MDI foi aplicado em 714 estudantes universitários e em 12 pessoas com diagnóstico de depressão. Realizaram-se análises de estrutura interna via TCT e TRI, bem como confiabilidade, sensibilidade e especificidade. A solução unidimensional foi a mais coerente teoricamente e os parâmetros via TCT adequados, com confiabilidade de 0,89. Já, via TRI, nem todos os parâmetros adequados foram respeitados, tais como índices de infit e outfit, além de categorias de respostas não discriminativas. Os índices de acurácia também demonstraram limitações, principalmente com relação aos falsos negativos (especificidade de 63,9). Assim, sugere-se a realização de novos estudos analisando-se os dados via TRI, bem como um grupo clínico maior, diagnosticados com entrevista estruturada padrão.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the psychometric qualities of the Major Depression Inventory (MDI). The MDI was applied to 714 university students and 12 people diagnosed with depression. Internal structure analyses were performed using TCT and IRT, as well as reliability, sensitivity, and specificity. The one-dimensional solution was the most coherent theoretically and the parameters via suitable TCT, with a reliability of 0.89. Already, via IRT, not all appropriate parameters were respected, such as infit and outfit indexes, as well as categories of non-discriminative responses. Accuracy indexes also showed limitations, especially concerning false negatives (specificity of 63.9). Thus, it is suggested to perform new studies analyzing the data via IRT, as well as a larger clinical group, diagnosed with a standard structured interview.

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar las calidades psicométricas del Inventario de Depresión Mayor (MDI). El MDI fue aplicado en 714 estudiantes universitarios y en 12 personas con diagnóstico de depresión. Se realizaron análisis de estructura interna vía TCT y TRI, así como confiabilidad, sensibilidad y especificidad. La solución unidimensional fue la más coherente teóricamente y los parámetros vía TCT adecuados, con confiabilidad de 0,89. En cambio, a través de TRI, no se respetaron todos los parámetros adecuados, tales como índices de infit y outfit, además de categorías de respuestas no discriminatorias. Los índices de exactitud también demostraron limitaciones, principalmente con relación a los falsos negativos (especificidad de 63,9). Así, se sugiere la realización de nuevos estudios analizando los datos vía TRI, así como un grupo clínico mayor, diagnosticados con entrevista estructurada estándar.

An instrument calibrated by Item Response Theory to assess knowledge about head and neck cancer

Introduction: Head and neck tumors are in the 9º place among the most frequent cancers in the world, being the incidence of 700,000 new cases per year. To suspect and to diagnose early the cancer implies to know well the subject. The questionnaire is a good instrument for measuring knowledge. Objective: To provide an item bank, calibrated by the Item Response Theory (IRT), to evaluate the "knowledge about head and neck cancer", in any respondent, in order to benefit the studies on this construct, in the area of health education. Methods: To evaluate the "knowledge about head and neck cancer", we started with a scale already calibrated by the IRT, with 24 items for schoolchildren (n = 2,006). A further 29 items of equal difficulty were created (n = 994 schoolchildren). Then, 60 new items, of equal construct and greater difficulty (n = 883 dentistry professionals) were incorporated into this scale. Results: The analysis of 2,847 responses resulted in a bank with 113 items on head and neck cancer calibrated by IRT and arranged on a skill scale. Conclusion: From this collection of items, different questionnaires can be set up according to the skill level of the respondent. The results of the evaluations, in single or distinct moments, can be compared since the items are on the same scale of ability.

SARS and its treatment strategies

This paper briefly review severe acute respiratory syndrome, a devastating disease which broke out 15 years ago, and its treatment strategies. With the newly discovered SARSr-CoV strain in Yunnan, China, and the help of new technologies such as RNA interference, DNA vaccines, CRISPR technology and base editing, and intervention of RT-ABCDEF (iRT-ABCDEF), a standardized comprehensive program, people can better fight severe acute respiratory syndrome and other major virus-communicable diseases like highly pathogenic avian influenza and dengue fever with these powerful tools in the future.

SARS and its treatment strategies

This paper briefly review severe acute respiratory syndrome, a devastating disease which broke out 15 years ago, and its treatment strategies. With the newly discovered SARSr-CoV strain in Yunnan, China, and the help of new technologies such as RNA interference, DNA vaccines, CRISPR technology and base editing, and intervention of RT-ABCDEF (iRT-ABCDEF), a standardized comprehensive program, people can better fight severe acute respiratory syndrome and other major virus-communicable diseases like highly pathogenic avian influenza and dengue fever with these powerful tools in the future.

Questionário de Fusão Cognitiva (CFQ): novas evidências de validade e invariância transcultural / Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire (CFQ): new validity evidences and cross-cultural invariance / Cuestionario de Fusión Cognitiva (Cfq): nuevas evidéncias de Validez e invarianza transcultural

A fusão cognitiva é um conceito chave na Terapia de Aceitação e Compromisso, mecanismo em que a pessoa se funde com seus pensamentos e os toma como se fossem fatos reais. Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram de estimar novas evidências de validade do Questionário de Fusão Cognitiva (CFQ) e de testar a invariância dos itens entre amostra brasileira e franco-canadense. Participaram desta pesquisa 578 adultos brasileiros e 676 adultos franco-canadenses. A Análise Fatorial Exploratória revelou adequação da estrutura unidimensional, conforme hipótese teórica. O Rating Scale Model demostrou índices de dificuldade entre -0,42 e 0,69 e índices ajustes adequados (Infit/Outfit) entre 0,79 e 1,45 para os itens de ambas as versões e descrição sumarizada dos níveis de theta dos participantes. A Análise de DIF apontou dois itens que não suportavam invariância no parâmetro dificuldade em função das diferenças culturais. Contudo, observou-se invariância destes parâmetros quando avaliados em função do gênero dos participantes de cada amostra.

The cognitive fusion is a key concept in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy-ACT. It is a mechanism in which the person merges with his/hers thoughts as if they were real. The objectives of this study were to estimate new validity evidences of the Brazilian version of the Cognitive Fusion Questionnaire (CFQ) and to test the items invariance among Brazilian and French-Canadian sample. The sample comprised 578 Brazilian adults and 676 French-Canadian adults. The Exploratory Factor Analysis showed adjustment of the one-dimensional structure, confirming the theoretical hypothesis. The Rating Scale Model showed difficulty indexes between -0, 42 e 0, 69, god fit indexes (Infit/Outfit) between 0,79 e 1,45 to both items versions, as well as summarized description of participants' theta levels. The DIF analysis showed that two items violated the invariance of the difficulty parameter due to cultural clashes. However, it was observed invariance of these parameters when the participants'gender was considered in the analysis.

La fusión cognitiva es un concepto clave en la Terapia de Aceptación y Compromiso, mecanismo en que la persona se funde con sus pensamientos, como si estos son reales. Los objectivos de esta investigación fueran evaluar nuevas evidéncias de validez de la versión brasileña del Cuestionario de Fusión Cognitiva (CFQ) y testar la invarianza de los ítems entre muestra brasileña y francocanadiense. Análisis Factorial exploratorio reveló adecuación de la estructura unidimensional, según la hipótesis teórica. El Rating Scale Model mostró índice de dificultad entre -0,42 e 0,69, índices de ajustes adecuados (Infit/Outfit), entre 0,79 e 1,45, para los ítems de las dos versiones, así como análisis descritivo de los niveles theta de los participantes. Análisis del DIF mostró dos ítems que no suportavan invarianza del parámetro dificultad en función de las diferencias culturales. Sin embargo, se observó invarianza de estos parámetros cuando evaluados en función de lo género de los participantes de cada muestra.

Constructing a Common Scale Between Tests of Depression: The use of Item Response Theory for Transferring of Norms from the BDI to EBADEP-A / Construcción de una escala común entre pruebas de la depresión: el uso de la teoría de respuesta al ítem para la transferencia de normas del BDI al EBADEP-A

Abstract This study of depression assessment aims to demonstrate the process of joint calibration and transfer standards between the internationally recognized BDI and EBADEP-A, a new instrument recently validated in Brazil. In addition to the illustration of methodological procedures, our study is intended to contribute to the elaboration of normative references for the latter instrument as an assessment of depression symptoms. We included 1666 participants divided into subgroups of patients and non-patients. The respondents answered the EBADEP-A and the Brazilian version of BDI. Data were analyzed using the Rasch-Andrich Rating Scale Model. We performed concurrent calibration of items of both instruments. Next, for each instrument we performed calibration with item parameters fixed based on prior analysis. Based on that, norms of the BDI were transfered to EBADEP-A. This procedure can be applied to any test that measures the same construct. This procedure produces a scale on the same metric.

Resumen Este estudio de evaluación de la depresión tiene como objetivo demostrar el proceso de calibración y transferencia conjunta entre el BDI y el EBADEP-A, un nuevo instrumento validado en Brasil. Además de la ilustración de los procedimientos metodológicos, este estudio pretende contribuir a la elaboración de referencias normativas para este último instrumento como una evaluación de los síntomas de depresión. Se incluyeron 1666 participantes divididos en subgrupos de pacientes y no pacientes. Los encuestados respondieron al EBADEP-A y a la versión brasileña del BDI. Los datos se analizaron utilizando el Rasch-Andrich Rating Scale Model. Se realizó la calibración simultánea de los ítems de ambos instrumentos. A continuación, para cada instrumento realizamos la calibración con parámetros de ítem fijados basados ​​en análisis previos. Basándose en eso, las normas del BDI fueron transferidas al EBADEP-A. Este procedimiento se puede aplicar a cualquier prueba que mida el mismo constructo, además produce una escala en la misma métrica.

Evaluation of the Genetic Screening Processor for the Performance of Newborn Screening Tests

Abstract The collection of dried blood spots (DBSs) on filter paper has been a powerful tool in newborn screening (NBS) programs and in other fields. However, filter paper has been associated with some level of imprecision due to the filter paper matrix effect. In order to minimize measurement variations, these interferences should be evaluated by NBS assays. The aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of genetic screening processor (GSP) equipment in comparison with a widely used AutoDELFIA and to discuss the limitations and advantages of this new technology in NBS. We evaluated the performance of 3 NBS assays in DBS using GSP in comparison with AutoDELFIA. To determine the inaccuracy and the intra-assay precision, a comparative study and a replication experiment were performed. In the comparative study, human thyroid-stimulating hormone (hTSH) assay showed the highest correlation coefficient, followed by 17α-OH-progesterone and immunoreactive trypsinogen (IRT) assays. The results of the present study suggest that the GSP equipment and kits are suitable for implementation and have acceptable performance for NBS routine. Genetic screening processor assay tends to underestimate hTSH and IRT concentrations in the clinically relevant range when compared to AutoDELFIA assays. More studies are necessary to reevaluate cutoff values. Furthermore, the equipment has advantages when compared with AutoDELFIA, such as methodology with more specificity, reduction in the processing time, and randomized routine. This helps promoting faster dynamic technical processes and faster report generation.

A short version of the questionnaire of metamemory in adulthood (MIA) in portuguese

The aim of this study was to develop a short version of the Metamemory in Adulthood Questionnaire (MIA) in Brazilian Portuguese. The original MIA is an instrument in english composed by 108 items, divided into seven dimensions of metamemory (Strategy, Task, Capacity, Change, Anxiety, Achievement and Locus). Despite of being widely used, the extension of the instrument makes its application impractical in many contexts, reinforcing the need for a short version. A total of 472 participants answered the original full version of the MIA. First, Item Response Theory (IRT) analyses revealed that nine items of the instrument could be excluded due to poor infit and outfit values. After exploratory factor analyses, the 99 items left were judged by five experts that chose the most appropriate items following previously established criteria (factor loading, repetitiveness, bad writing, and temporal/cultural inadequacy). A 39-items version (MIAr) was obtained, with the same factorial structure of the original MIA. The MIAr demonstrated satisfactory internal consistency indexes, as well as evidences of convergent validity and validity based on the response process. The results revealed that the MIAr achieved good psychometric properties, serving as a more parsimonious and practical option for metamemory assessment. (AU)

Funcionamento Diferencial do Item no Inventário de Depressão Beck / Differential Item Functioning in the Beck Depression Inventory

INTRODUÇÃO: Diversos estudos mostram o Funcionamento Diferencial do Item (DIF) em itens do Inventário de Depressão Beck (BDI), ao compararem homens e mulheres. A presença de um grande número de itens com DIF no BDI é uma severa ameaça à validade da medida da intensidade de sintomas depressivos obtida pela Teoria da Resposta ao Item (TRI) e às conclusões baseadas nos escores derivados dos itens com e sem DIF. OBJETIVO: Os objetivos deste estudo foram identificar esses itens do BDI, ajustar o modelo de TRI para itens constrangedores (modelo 2), o qual acomoda itens com a presença de DIF, e comparar esses resultados com os do ajuste do modelo logístico de dois parâmetros tradicional da TRI (modelo 1). MÉTODOS: Os resultados obtidos com ambos os modelos foram comparados. RESULTADOS: Os itens que apresentaram DIF foram: tristeza, sentimento de fracasso, insatisfações, culpa, punição, choro, fatigabilidade e perda da libido. Os resultados do ajuste dos dois modelos são similares quanto à discriminação, gravidade (à exceção dos itens com DIF) e no cálculo de escores para os indivíduos. Apesar disso, o modelo 2 é vantajoso, pois mostra as diferenças em gravidade do sintoma depressivo para os grupos avaliados, trazendo, dessa forma, mais informação ao pesquisador sobre a população estudada. CONCLUSÃO: Esse modelo, que tem um alcance mais amplo em termos de população-alvo, pode ser uma ótima alternativa na identificação e acompanhamento de indivíduos com potencial depressivo. .

INTRODUCTION: There are several studies showing the presence of Differential Item Functioning (DIF) in some items of the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), when comparing men and women. The presence of a large number of items with DIF in BDI is a severe threat to the validity of measurement of the intensity of depressive symptoms obtained by Item Response Theory (IRT) and to the conclusions based on the scores derived from the items with or without DIF. OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this study were to identify these items from the BDI, adjust the IRT model for embarrassing items (model 2), which accommodates items with the presence of DIF, and compare these results with the fit of the traditional two-parameter logistic IRT model (model 1). METHODS: The results obtained with the both models were compared. RESULTS: Items with DIF were: sadness, feeling of failure, dissatisfaction, guilty, punishment, crying, fatigability and loss of libido. The results of the adjustment of the two models are similar in discrimination, gravity (except for items with DIF), and in the calculation of scores for individuals. Nevertheless, model 2 is beneficial because it shows the differences in gravity of depressive symptoms for groups evaluated, thus providing more information to the researcher on the study population. CONCLUSION: This model, which has a broader scope in terms of target population, may be a good alternative to the identification and follow-up of individuals with potential depression. .

Evaluation of the Computer-based Battery for Oral Language (BILOv3) through the Rasch model for a Brazilian Sample / Evaluación de la batería computarizada para lenguaje oral (BILOv3) a través del modelo de Rasch para una muestra brasileña

There are few tests in Brazil to assess the comprehension of oral language, especially the ones that are computer-based. Thus, this study aimed at investigating psychometric characteristics for a computer-based battery for Oral Language, Bilov3 using the Rasch Model. 569 children collectively answered BILOv3, which consists of 6 tests ok. A general analysis of the battery indicated that the test Completing Sentences was the one with the highest index of difficulty, whereas the test Completing Stories was the lowest. However, in the latter, there are difficult items regarding Morpho-syntactic Comprehension, Logical-Verbal Organization and Story Interpretation. As far as precision was concerned, the Kuder-Richardson coefficient varied from 0.80 to 0.97, which shows that the test is consistent. These results are evidences of validity and precision for BILOv3.

En Brasil, existen pocas pruebas para evaluar la comprensión del lenguaje oral, en particular de las informatizadas. Por lo tanto, este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar las características psicométricas de una batería computarizada, constituida por seis pruebas, para evaluar lenguaje oral, Bilov3, utilizando el modelo de Rasch. En forma colectiva, 569 niños respondieron BILOv3. Un análisis general de la batería indica que la prueba para completar oraciones fue la de mayor índice de dificultad, mientras que las pruebas de completar historias obtuvo el más bajo, si bien, en esta última, se encuentran dificultades en cuanto a comprensión morfosintáctica, organización lógico-verbal e interpretación. En lo que se refiere a precisión, el coeficiente de Kuder-Richardson varió desde 0.8 hasta 0.97, demostrándose así la consistencia de la prueba. Estos resultados son evidencias de validez y precisión para BILOv3.

Diseño y análisis psicométrico de un instrumento que evalúa competencias básicas en Economía y Finanzas: una contribución a la educación para el consumo / Design and Psychometric Analysis of an Instrument Evaluating Basic Skills in Economics and Finance: A Contribution to the Consumer Education

En Colombia, se evidencia la falta de instrumentos válidos y confiables para realizar diagnósticos y mediciones que contribuyan a la definición de los contenidos de programas en educación económica y financiera y su efectividad en los objetivos que persiguen. El propósito del presente estudio fue diseñar y realizar el análisis psicométrico de un instrumento para evaluar competencias básicas en educación financiera y económica en estudiantes universitarios mayores de 15 años; se contó con la participación de 410 estudiantes. El instrumento se elaboró en concordancia con el plan de prueba, y la validación de contenido se realizó con ocho expertos. El estudio fue de tipo instrumental. Los datos se analizaron en el marco de la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem (TRI). La consistencia interna establecida mediante el alfa de Cronbach arrojó un valor de 0.98. Los valores Infit y Outfit encontrados indicaron buen ajuste al modelo de Rasch. Los resultados permiten concluir que la prueba cumple con los requerimientos psicométricos exigidos para este tipo de instrumentos, constituyéndose en una herramienta útil para la medición de competencias básicas en economía y finanzas.

In Colombia the lack of valid and reliable instruments that allow diagnostics and measurements that contribute to the definition of the content of programs in economic and financial education and their effectiveness in their objectives is evident. The purpose of this study was to design and conduct a psychometric analysis of an instrument to assess basic skills in financial and economic education in 410 university students older than 15. The instrument was developed according to the test plan and content validation was performed with 8 experts. The study was instrumental. Data were analyzed from the context of item response theory (IRT). Internal consistency was established by a Cronbach's alpha value of 0.98. The values found for Outfit and Infit indicated good fit to the Rasch model. The results show that the test meets the psychometric requirements required for this type of instrument, becoming a useful tool for measuring basic skills in economics and finance.

Criação de um banco de itens para avaliar o conhecimento do câncer de cabeça e pescoço / Creating an item bank for assessing knowledge of head and neck cancer

Introdução - O câncer é responsável por mais de 12% de todas as causas de óbito no mundo, chegando a matar mais de 7 milhões de pessoas por ano. Suspeitar e diagnosticar precocemente o câncer implica em conhecimento relativamente básico sobre o assunto. O questionário é um bom instrumento para medição do conhecimento, e pode ser validado pela Teoria da Resposta ao Item - TRI. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a criação de um instrumento para avaliar o conhecimento sobre o câncer de cabeça e pescoço em diferentes níveis de habilidade. Metodologia: Neste trabalho, inicialmente, foram criados 32 itens para avaliar o conhecimento sobre o câncer de cabeça e pescoço, os quais, antes de serem aplicados a escolares do 3º. Ano do Ensino Médio (n=994), foram incorporados a 24 outros itens, sobre o mesmo construto e população alvo semelhante (n= 1012). Esses itens haviam sido calibrados pela TRI, pelo modelo logístico unidimensional de 3 parâmetros, gerando uma escala (0,1), pela função de informação do item. Durante o processo de incorporação, três itens foram eliminados, restando 53 itens, para esta população. Posteriormente, ainda neste trabalho, 68 novos itens foram criados, sob o mesmo construto, e aplicados aos graduandos dos últimos anos do Curso de Odontologia (n=95) e a cirurgiões dentistas (n=284), totalizando 379 respondentes. Esses 68 itens também foram calibrados naquela mesma escala (0,1), com 2385 respondentes. Resultados: Após a análise, 60, daqueles 68 itens foram mantidos, que somados aos 53 itens iniciais, formaram um questionário com 113 itens sobre câncer de cabeça e pescoço calibrados pela TRI. Também está apresentada a sequência metodológica do processo de incorporação dos itens em uma mesma escala de habilidade. Conclusão: Ainda que um construto não possa ser explorado em sua plenitude semântica, a elaboração desse instrumento, para medir o conhecimento sobre o câncer de cabeça e pescoço, foi fruto de exaustiva análise, por isso, acreditamos que esse...

Introduction - Cancer is responsible for over 12% of all causes of death in the world, killing more than 7 million people a year. Early detection and early diagnose cancer implies in basic knowledge on the subject. The questionnaire is a good tool for measuring knowledge, and can be validated by the Item Response Theory - IRT. The aim of this study was to build a tool to assess the knowledge of head and in different level of ability. Methodology: At the beginning 32 items were designed to assess knowledge of head and neck cancer. Before being applied to 3rd High School Students (n=994) these items were joint to 24 others items over the same construct and the same population(n=1012). The previous items had being calibrated by IRT, by parameters of one-dimensional logistic model, getting a scale (0,1) by information function of the item. Over the incorporation process three items were eliminated, coming 53 items for the same population. Further, still in the same study 68 new items, over the same construct and applied to undergraduates of the last years of the Dental School (n-95) and to dental Surgeon (n-284) with a total of 379 respondents. The 68 items were also designed and calibrated in the same scale (o,1), now with a total of 2385 respondents. Results: After the analysis, 60 of the 68 items were kept and added to the previous 53 items and they comprise a questionnaire with 113 items on head and neck cancer calibrated by IRT. This study also presents the methodological sequence of the incorporation process of items in the same scale of ability. Conclusion: Although a construct cannot be totally exploited, the elaboration of this tool to assess the knowledge of head and neck cancer was the result of through analysis. We believe that this bank of items will be eventually useful, as same items might be used to design several different questionnaires allowing different evaluations not only at the same time, but also at different times, such as the case of...

Criação de um banco de itens para avaliar o conhecimento do câncer de cabeça e pescoço / Creating an item bank for assessing knowledge of head and neck cancer

O câncer é responsável por mais de 12% de todas as causas de óbito no mundo, chegando a matar mais de 7 milhões de pessoas por ano. Suspeitar e diagnosticar precocemente o câncer implica em conhecimento relativamente básico sobre o assunto. O questionário é um bom instrumento para medição do conhecimento, e pode ser validado pela Teoria da Resposta ao Item - TRI. O objetivo deste trabalho foi a criação de um instrumento para avaliar o conhecimento sobre o câncer de cabeça e pescoço em diferentes níveis de habilidade. Metodologia: Neste trabalho, inicialmente, foram criados 32 itens para avaliar o conhecimento sobre o câncer de cabeça e pescoço, os quais, antes de serem aplicados a escolares do 3º. Ano do Ensino Médio (n=994), foram incorporados a 24 outros itens, sobre o mesmo construto e população alvo semelhante (n= 1012). Esses itens haviam sido calibrados pela TRI, pelo modelo logístico unidimensional de 3 parâmetros, gerando uma escala (0,1), pela função de informação do item. Durante o processo de incorporação, três itens foram eliminados, restando 53 itens, para esta população. Posteriormente, ainda neste trabalho, 68 novos itens foram criados, sob o mesmo construto, e aplicados aos graduandos dos últimos anos do Curso de Odontologia (n=95) e a cirurgiões dentistas (n=284), totalizando 379 respondentes. Esses 68 itens também foram calibrados naquela mesma escala (0,1), com 2385 respondentes. Resultados: Após a análise, 60, daqueles 68 itens foram mantidos, que somados aos 53 itens iniciais, formaram um questionário com 113 itens sobre câncer de cabeça e pescoço calibrados pela TRI. Também está apresentada a sequência metodológica do processo de incorporação dos itens em uma mesma escala de habilidade. Conclusão: Ainda que um construto não possa ser explorado em sua plenitude semântica, a elaboração desse instrumento, para medir o conhecimento sobre o câncer de cabeça e pescoço, foi fruto de exaustiva análise, por isso, acreditamos que esse...

Cancer is responsible for over 12% of all causes of death in the world, killing more than 7 million people a year. Early detection and early diagnose cancer implies in basic knowledge on the subject. The questionnaire is a good tool for measuring knowledge, and can be validated by the Item Response Theory - IRT. The aim of this study was to build a tool to assess the knowledge of head and in different level of ability. Methodology: At the beginning 32 items were designed to assess knowledge of head and neck cancer. Before being applied to 3rd High School Students (n=994) these items were joint to 24 others items over the same construct and the same population(n=1012). The previous items had being calibrated by IRT, by parameters of one-dimensional logistic model, getting a scale (0,1) by information function of the item. Over the incorporation process three items were eliminated, coming 53 items for the same population. Further, still in the same study 68 new items, over the same construct and applied to undergraduates of the last years of the Dental School (n-95) and to dental Surgeon (n-284) with a total of 379 respondents. The 68 items were also designed and calibrated in the same scale (o,1), now with a total of 2385 respondents. Results: After the analysis, 60 of the 68 items were kept and added to the previous 53 items and they comprise a questionnaire with 113 items on head and neck cancer calibrated by IRT. This study also presents the methodological sequence of the incorporation process of items in the same scale of ability. Conclusion: Although a construct cannot be totally exploited, the elaboration of this tool to assess the knowledge of head and neck cancer was the result of through analysis. We believe that this bank of items will be eventually useful, as same items might be used to design several different questionnaires allowing different evaluations not only at the same time, but also at different times...

Comparação de modelos da Teoria de Resposta ao Item (TRI) na validação de uma prova de dependência-independênciade de campo / Comparison of Item Response Theory (IRT) models in the validation of afield dependence-independence test

O presente estudo analisa itens de uma prova que avalia o construto dependência-independência de campo – Testes“Padrão” – à luz dos modelos de um, dois e três parâmetros da Teoria de Resposta ao Item (TRI). Utilizou-se umaamostra de 1.918 candidatos ao Curso de Pilotagem Aeronáutica da Academia da Força Aérea Portuguesa. Efetuou-seuma análise fatorial por informação completa com o intuito de verificar as pré-condições da TRI, a qual indicou aexistência de dois fatores. Posteriormente, analisou-se cada um dos fatores à luz dos modelos unidimensionais da TRI,revelando-se que a divisão dos dois fatores está relacionada com a dificuldade dos itens, e que os itens mais fáceis sãoaqueles nos quais a figura-alvo não se encontra em nenhuma das figuras padrão. Concluiu-se que o Subteste 2 se revelouo mais indicado para avaliar o construto, e sugere-se que sejam acrescentados itens fáceis, para que o teste seja maisadequado a sujeitos com baixos níveis de aptidão.

This study analyzes the items of the test Patterns which assess the construct of field dependence-independence - Test.Data were analyzed in the light of one, two and three parameters of Item Response Theory (IRT). We used a sample of1918 candidates for the instruction at the Portuguese Air Force Pilot Academy. We conducted a full information factoranalysis in order to verify the preconditions of IRT that indicated the existence of two factors. Then we examined eachfactor in light of unidimensional IRT models that revealed that the division of the two factors is related to the itemdifficulty and that the easiest items are those in which the target figure is not in any of the standard figures. It wasconcluded that the subtest 2 proved to be the most suitable for assessing the construct, and it is suggested the addition ofeasier items so that the test is more suitable for individuals with low ability levels.

Tradução e validação para a língua portuguesa das escalas de presentismo WLQ-8 e SPS-6 / Validation into portuguese language of presenteeism scales WLQ-8 and SPS-6

Este estudo teve como objectivo a validação para a língua Portuguesa de duas escalas de presentismo e apresentar as características métricas das versões reduzidas do Work Limitations Questionnaire (WLQ) e da Stanford Presenteeism Scale (SPS-6). Tratando-se de instrumentos desenvolvidos para avaliar o presentismo: um fenômeno frequente nas organizações que consiste no facto de as pessoas estarem presentes no local de trabalho mas, devido a problemas físicos ou psicológicos, não conseguirem cumprir as suas funções na totalidade. Participaram no nosso estudo trabalhadores Portugueses pertencentes aos sectores da saúde, ensino e banca (n = 305). Através da realização de análises de componentes principais com rotação varimax, análises factoriais confirmatórias, estudos de concomitância e teoria de resposta ao item, foram demonstradas as boas qualidades métricas de ambas as escalas. Desta forma, sugere-se a aplicação destes instrumentos em contexto organizacional, com vista a detectar padrões de inactividade dos recursos humanos associados ao presentismo.

This study aimed to validate two presenteeism scales to the Portuguese language and present the metrical properties of the short versions, in Portuguese, of the Work Limitations Questionnaire (WLQ) and the Stanford Presenteeism Scale (SPS-6). These instruments were designed to measure presenteeism: an emerging concept in organizations that consists of workers being on the job but, due to physical or psychological disorders, not be fully functioning. Portuguese workers from health, education and bank sectors (n = 305) participated in our study. By conducting principal component analysis with varimax rotation, confirmatory factor analysis, concomitance studies and item response theory, the appropriate metrical qualities of both scales were demonstrated. Thus, we suggest the application of these instruments in organizational context, in order to detect patterns of inactivity related to presenteeism.