Monitoring and analysis of use of non-national immunization program vaccines in Fujian Province from 2014 to 2020 / 中国生物制品学杂志

@#Objective To monitor and analyze the use of non-national immunization program(nNIP) vaccines in Fujian Province from 2014 to 2020,and provide a reference for improving the management of nNIP vaccination service.Methods The nNIP vaccination data from 2014 to 2020 were extracted from the National Immunization Program Information System(NIPIS),and analyzed by descriptive epidemiological method.Results From 2014 to 2020,a total of 28 835 834 doses of nNIP vaccines were administered in Fujian Province,with an average of 1 015 doses per 10 000 population,and the varieties used increased from 22 to 28.The annual administered doses of nNIP vaccine,the proportion in total doses of all vaccines and the number of vaccinations per capita basically increased year by year.The most widely used varieties mainly include varicella attenuated live vaccine(VarV),hepatitis B(HepB) vaccine,rabies vaccine(RabV) for human use,haemophilus influenza type b(Hib) polysaccharide conjugate vaccine,influenza vaccine(InfV) and enterovirus 71(EV71)inactivated vaccine.The three vaccines with the highest replacement rates were hepatitis A vaccine,group A meningococcal vaccine and group A and C meningococcal vaccine,with the replacement rates of 22.42%,10.32% and 9.89%respectively.Conclusion There are more and more types and doses of nNIP vaccines used in Fujian Province,so it is necessary to further strengthen monitoring and management and improve vaccination service.

Impact of inclusion of varicella vaccine into the immunization program on the incidence of varicella / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo analyze the epidemiological characteristics of varicella in Minhang District， Shanghai from 2013 to 2022， and to evaluate the impact of adjusting the varicella vaccination program to a two-dose regimen and its inclusion in the Shanghai immunization program on the incidence of varicella. MethodsData on reported varicella cases from 2013 to 2022 in Minhang District were collected. Interrupted time series analysis and segmented regression models were used to analyze the changes in varicella incidence before and after the adjustment of varicella immunization strategies. ResultsFrom 2013 to 2022， the average annual incidence of varicella was 76.58/100 000， with the highest incidence in 2017 （119.21/100 000） and the lowest in 2022 （27.02/100 000）. The varicella incidence exhibited seasonal patterns with peaks occurring from March to June and October to January of the following year. Prior to the adjustment of varicella immunization strategies （2013‒2017）， the varicella incidence showed an upward trend （z=2.20， P=0.03）， while after the adjustment （2018‒2022）， a adownward trend was observed （2018‒2022） （z=-2.25， P=0.02）. Interrupted time series analysis showed that following the adjustment of varicella immunization strategies， an immediate change of -33.91/100 000 （t=-4.35， P<0.001） in varicella incidence was observed， and the incidence slope was -17.59/100 000 with a decline of 28.61/100 000 （t=-12.16， P<0.001） compared to before inclusion. ConclusionThe incidence of varicella in Minhang District， Shanghai from 2013 to 2022 exhibits distinct seasonal patterns. After adjusting the varicella vaccination program to a two-dose regimen and incorporating it into the immunization program， the second dose of varicella vaccine administration substantially increases. As a result， the rising trend of varicella incidence is effectively controlled， and the incidence level decreases significantly， showing a sustained downward trend.

Supplementary immunization among children attending kindergarten and primary school in Pudong New Area of Shanghai from 2018 to 2021 / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo determine the situation of vaccination certificate inspection and supplementary immunization among children attending kindergarten and primary school in Pudong New Area. MethodsThe study was conducted based on the annual report form“vaccination record inspection summary” of all community health service centers in Pudong New Area， Shanghai. Data related to vaccination certificate inspection and supplementary immunization among children attending kindergarten and primary school were retrieved in Pudong New Area from 2018 to 2021 and statistically analyzed. ResultsFrom 2018 to 2021， a total of 1 850 kindergartens and 887 primary schools in Pudong New Area inspected the vaccination certificates of children attending kindergarten and school，with a coverage rate of 100.00%. There were 375 407 children enrolled in kindergarten and primary school.A total of 373 820 children were inspected with an examination rate of 99.58%. The average certificate holding rate among children was 99.48%．The full-course immunization rate of eight national immunization programs vaccines was 94.95%. Furthermore， a total of 73 407 doses of eight national immunization vaccines were supplemented，with an average supplementary rate of 92.95%. The supplement rate increased annually．In terms of supplemented doses，the top three vaccines were meningococcal vaccine， measles vaccine and polio vaccine. As a vaccine of local immunization program in Shanghai， a total of 14 143 doses of varicella vaccine were supplemented with a supplementary rate of 86.99%. ConclusionIn Pudong New Area， vaccination certificate inspection of children attending kindergarten and primary school has been strictly performed . Inspection rate in the kindergartens and primary schools， children's certificate holding rate， full-course immunization rate and supplementary immunization rate remain high.

Epidemiological characteristics of varicella and vaccination status in the cases in Jing’an District， Shanghai from 2017 to 2019 / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo analyze the epidemiological characteristics and the vaccination status of the cases in Jing’an District from 2017 to 2019， so as to provide reference basis for the strategy of prevention and control of varicella epidemic. MethodsDescriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the epidemiological characteristics of varicella in Jing’an District. The differences between the vaccinated group and the unvaccinated group were compared by statistical methods. ResultsA total of 2 508 cases of varicella were reported with an average annual incidence of 78.7/105 from 2017 to 2019. There was no significant difference in the incidence among the three years（χ2=5.535，P=0.063）. There were 1 308 males and 1 200 females， and sex ratio was 1.1∶1. The highest incidence occurred in the age group from 5 to 9 years old （562 cases， 479.3/105）. Two annual peaks occured in May and November. The incidence in the aged 18 and below decreased year by year. There was significant difference in the proportion among the three years（χ2=78.129， P<0.001）. The median interval from vaccination to onset was 5 years among the vaccinated cases. There was significant difference in the cases who received two doses of vaccine in three years（χ2=90.902， P<0.001）. ConclusionWe should strengthen the monitoring system and pay more attention to the epidemiological characteristics of varicella. The protective efficacy of two-doses vaccine needs to be systematically evaluated.

Estratégias cooperativas para melhorar a cobertura vacinal em crianças no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil / Cooperative strategies to improve vaccination coverage in children in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil / Estrategias cooperativas para mejorar la cobertura de vacunación infantil en el estado de Minas Gerais (Brasil)

Objetivo: relatar a experiência das oficinas de uma pesquisa-ação do tipo intervenção elaborada para aumento da cobertura vacinal de crianças em municípios do estado de Minas Gerais. Método: relato de experiência sobre a metodologia empregada nas oficinas organizadas com objetivo de aumentar a cobertura vacinal no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. As oficinas foram compostas em quatro etapas: momento motivacional, núcleo contextual, núcleo integrador/planejamento e núcleo integrador/resultados. Resultados: As oficinas mostraram-se potentes na sensibilização e na indução da discussão dos indicadores de cobertura vacinal, evidenciando, inconsistências entre o Sistema de Informação do Programa Nacional de Imunizações e os registros internos dos municípios. Para além dos indicadores, as oficinas, permitiram troca de experiências entre os representantes municipais, discussão de recursos financeiros, estruturação de salas de vacina, aquisição de veículos, contratação de profissionais, entre outros. Considerações Finais: As oficinas mostram-se capaz de evidenciar a realidade dos municípios, para além do reconhecimento das necessidades para melhoria dos processos de imunização, mas também no desenvolvimento de estratégias, capazes de promover aumento das coberturas vacinais.

Objective: to report the experience of workshops of an action research designed to increase vaccination coverage of children in municipalities of the state of Minas Gerais. Method: experience report on the methodology used in the workshops organized to increase vaccination coverage in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The workshops were composed in four stages: motivational moment, contextual core, integrative core/planning and integrative core/results. Results: The workshops proved powerful in raising awareness and inducing discussion of vaccination coverage indicators, evidencing, inconsistencies between the National Immunization Program Information System and the internal records of the municipalities. In addition to the indicators, the workshops allowed the exchange of experiences among municipal representatives, discussion of financial resources, structuring of vaccine rooms, acquisition of vehicles, hiring of professionals, among others. Final Considerations: The workshops are able to highlight the reality of the municipalities, in addition to recognizing the needs for improvement of immunization processes, but also in developing strategies to promote increased vaccination coverage.

Objetivo: relatar la experiencia de los talleres de una investigación-acción diseñada para aumentar la cobertura de vacunación infantil en municipios del estado de Minas Gerais. Método: informe de experiencia sobre la metodología utilizada en los talleres organizados para aumentar la cobertura de vacunación en el estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Los talleres constaron de cuatro etapas: momento motivacional, núcleo contextual, núcleo integrador/planificación y núcleo integrador/resultados. Resultados: Los talleres demostraron ser potentes para sensibilizar e inducir la discusión de los indicadores de cobertura de vacunación, evidenciando, inconsistencias entre el Sistema de Información del Programa Nacional de Inmunizaciones y los registros internos de los municipios. Además de los indicadores, los talleres permitieron el intercambio de experiencias entre representantes municipales, discusión de recursos financieros, estructuración de salas de vacunas, adquisición de vehículos, contratación de profesionales, entre otros. Consideraciones Finales: Los talleres se mostraron capaces de evidenciar la realidad de los municipios, más allá del reconocimiento de las necesidades de mejora de los procesos de inmunización, pero también en el desarrollo de estrategias, capaces de promover el aumento de la cobertura de vacunación.

Indicadores do Programa Nacional de Imunizações em menores de um ano: tendência temporal no Maranhão, Brasil, 2010 a 2021 / Indicators of the National Immunization Program for children under one year old: time trend in Maranhão, Brazil, 2010 to 2021

Resumo Objetivou-se analisar a tendência dos indicadores do Programa Nacional de Imunizações (PNI) em menores de um ano e classificar os municípios quanto ao risco de transmissão de doenças imunopreveníveis (RTDIp) no Maranhão de 2010 a 2021. Estudo ecológico de série temporal, baseado em dados secundários de cobertura vacinal (CV), homogeneidade de cobertura vacinal (HCV), proporção de abandono (PA) e RTDIp, com abrangência estadual, para vacinas do calendário nacional infantil. Regressão de Prais-Winstein estimou tendência (α = 5%) e variação percentual anual (VPA) dos indicadores. Houve CV flutuantes e discrepantes entre as vacinas, com tendência decrescente (p < 0,01), exceto contra hepatite B (p = 0,709) e rotavírus (p = 0,143). As quedas mais acentuadas foram para as vacinas contra febre amarela e BCG. Todas as taxas de HCV estavam abaixo do esperado, com a diminuição a partir de 2014 e VPA de 5,75% a 14,02%. Houve tendência crescente da PA para pentavalente e poliomielite. No período de 2015 e 2021 houve incremento de 52,54% na proporção dos municípios maranhenses com RTDIp muito alto (p = 0,025) e alto (p = 0,028). Ao longo de 12 anos, houve piora dos indicadores do PNI em menores de um ano, reafirmando a suscetibilidade para o surgimento de doenças imunopreveníveis.

Abstract We aimed to analyze the trend of indicators of the National Immunization Program (acronym in Portuguese. PNI) in children under one-year-old and classify municipalities regarding the risk of transmission of vaccine-preventable diseases (RTVPD) in Maranhão from 2010 to 2021. This ecological time series study was based on secondary data on vaccination coverage (VC). vaccination coverage homogeneity (VCH). proportion of abandonment (PA). and RTVPD. with state coverage for vaccines in the national children's calendar. Prais-Winsten regression estimated trends (α=5%) and the indicators' annual percentage change (APC). We identified fluctuating and discrepant VC between vaccines. with a decreasing trend (p < 0.01). except those against Hepatitis B (p = 0.709) and oral human rotavirus (p = 0.143). The sharpest falls were for Yellow Fever (APC = 12.24%) and BCG (APC = 12.25%) vaccines. All VCH rates were lower than expected. with a drop from 2014 and APC between 5.75% (Pneumococcal 10; p = 0.033) and 14.02% (Poliomyelitis; p < 0.01). We observed an increasing trend in PA for Pentavalent (APC = 4.91%; p < 0.01) and Poliomyelitis (APC = 3.55%; p < 0.01). We identified an increase of 52.54% in the proportion of municipalities in Maranhão from 2015 to 2021. with extremely high (p = 0.025) and high (p = 0.028) RTVPD. The PNI indicators deteriorated. reaffirming the susceptibility to the emergence of vaccine-preventable diseases.

Child vaccination in animated infographic: technology for permanent education about the nursing process / Vacunación infantil en infografía animada: tecnología para educación permanente sobre el proceso de enfermería / Vacinação infantil em infográfico animado: tecnologia para a educação permanente sobre o processo de enfermagem

ABSTRACT Objective: To develop and validate an animated infographic about the nursing process in childhood vaccination. Method: Methodological study for the development and validation of educational technology, an animated infographic, on childhood vaccination. First, contents from the Ministry of Health that should compose the infographic were selected. Then, a script was prepared and a storyboard used to guide the production of the animated infographic. Once finalized, the technology went through the content and appearance validation process with nursing experts in the study area. Results: Sixty-nine screens of storyboard were done and the infographic lasted five minutes and 52 seconds. Forty-five nurses were selected and, of these, 21 agreed to participate in the study. The infographic was evaluated according to its objectives, structure, presentation, and relevance, resulting in an overall CVI of 97%. Conclusion: The animated infographic produced was validated by experts and, once adapted following the judges' suggestions, it became a valid educational tool to be used by students and nursing professionals.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Desarrollar y validar una infografía animada sobre el proceso de enfermería en la vacunación infantil. Método: Estudio metodológico para el desarrollo y validación de una tecnología educativa, del tipo infografía animada, sobre vacunación infantil. En primer lugar, se seleccionaron los contenidos del Ministerio de Salud que debían componer la infografía. Luego, se construyó un guion y se utilizó un storyboard para guiar la producción de la infografía animada. Una vez finalizada, la tecnología pasó por el proceso de validación de contenido y apariencia con enfermeros expertos en el área de estudio. Resultados: Sesenta y nueve pantallas de storyboard fueron elaboradas y la infografía duró cinco minutos y 52 segundos. Fueron seleccionados 45 enfermeros y de estos, 21 aceptaron participar del estudio. La infografía fue evaluada de acuerdo a sus objetivos, estructura, presentación y relevancia, resultando en un IVC global del 97%. Conclusión: La infografía animada producida fue validada por expertos y, al adaptarse a las sugerencias de los jueces, se convirtió en una herramienta educativa válida para ser utilizada por estudiantes y profesionales de enfermería.

RESUMO Objetivo: Desenvolver e validar um infográfico animado sobre o processo de enfermagem na vacinação infantil. Método: Estudo metodológico para desenvolvimento e validação de uma tecnologia educacional, do tipo infográfico animado, sobre vacinação infantil. Primeiramente, foram selecionados conteúdos do Ministério da Saúde que deveriam compor o infográfico. Em seguida, foi construído um roteiro e utilizado um storyboard para nortear a produção do infográfico animado. Após finalizada, a tecnologia passou pelo processo de validação de conteúdo e aparência junto a enfermeiros experts na área de estudo. Resultados: Foram elaboradas 69 telas de storyboard e o infográfico apresentou duração de cinco minutos e 52 segundos. Foram selecionados 45 enfermeiros e destes, 21 aceitaram participar do estudo. O infográfico foi avaliado segundo os objetivos, estrutura, apresentação e relevância, resultando em um IVC global de 97%. Conclusão: O infográfico animado produzido foi validado pelos experts e, ao adequar-se às sugestões dos juízes, tornou-se uma ferramenta educativa válida a ser utilizada por estudantes e profissionais de enfermagem.

Cobertura vacinal em crianças menores de um ano no estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil / Vaccination coverage in children under one year of age in Minas Gerais state, Brazil

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é analisar as taxas de coberturas vacinais em crianças menores de um ano durante o período de 2015 a 2020 no estado de Minas Gerais (MG). Estudo ecológico, de série temporal, sobre as coberturas vacinais em crianças menores de 1 ano, considerando-se como unidade de análise as 28 Gerências/Superintendências Regionais de Saúde (GRS/SRS) de MG. Analisaram-se as coberturas vacinais dos seguintes imunobiológicos vacinas: contra o Bacilo de Calmette e Guérin (BCG), contra rotavírus humano, contra pneumococo 10, pentavalente, contra meningococo C, contra febre amarela e contra a poliomielite. Empregou-se o modelo autorregressivo de Prais-Winsten para análise de tendência. Destaca-se o ano de 2020, que apresentou a menor proporção de GRS e SRS que alcançaram as metas preconizadas de cobertura vacinal para os imunobiológicos analisados. Quanto à análise de tendência da cobertura, 8 das 28 GRS/SRS apresentaram tendência decrescente de, pelo menos, 5 dos 7 imunobiológicos avaliados. Observou-se tendência decrescente na cobertura vacinal de pelo menos cinco imunobiológicos em oito das GRS /SRS, com destaque para a vacina Pentavalente, que apresentou tendência decrescente de cobertura vacinal em 60,71% das GRS e SRS.

Abstract The scope of this article is to analyze vaccination coverage rates in children under one year of age during the period from 2015 to 2020 in the state of Minas Gerais (MG). It involved an ecological, time-series study on vaccination coverage in children under 1 year of age, considering the 28 Regional Health Management/Superintendencies (GRS/SRS) of MG as the unit of analysis. The following immunobiological vaccine coverage was analyzed: Bacillus Calmette and Guérin, human rotavirus, pneumococcal 10, pentavalent, meningococcus C, yellow fever, and polio vaccines. The Prais-Winsten autoregressive model was employed for trend analysis. The year 2020 stands out, as it presented the lowest proportion of GRS and SRS that reached the recommended vaccine coverage goals for the immunobiologicals analyzed. Regarding the analysis of the coverage trend, 8 of the 28 GRS/SRS showed a decreasing trend for at least 5 of the 7 immunobiologicals evaluated. We observed a downward trend in the vaccination coverage of at least five immunobiologicals in eight of the GRS/SRS, with emphasis on the Pentavalent vaccine, which showed a downward trend in vaccination coverage in 60.71% of the GRS and SRS.

Process Evaluation of the Universal Immunization Program in Imphal-East District of Manipur: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Various strategies have been made to make vaccines universally available including to most hard-to-reach and vulnerable population. However, change in coverage level never reached upto expected level in spite of giving so much effort by the Govt. of India and World bodies. Therefore, there is the need to look beyond. Hence, the process evaluation of Universal Immunization Program (UIP) was conducted to evaluate the process of UIP using selected variables. Methods: A cross-sectional observation was done during the period from May 2017 to April 2020 among the 14 health?care facilities and 36 selected session sites, and interview was done to 48 health?care providers working at different levels, located in Imphal East district of Manipur. Both checklist and pretested semi-structured questioners were used for collection of data. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, proportion, and percentage were used. Results: Ice-lined refrigerator and Deep-freezer were found to be present in working condition in 11 (100%) centers. The use of vaccine carrier was found in all 36 (100%) centers. Way of vaccine administration was found to be correct in 26 (72.2%) centers. Availability of up?to?date microplan was found in 18 (78.3%) centers. Conclusions: Barriers in the UIP were not uniform throughout the villages and districts. Hence, area?specific measures need to be taken up for overcoming the barriers and challenges.

Assessment of Vaccination Status Among Pediatrics in a Tertiary Care Setting.

Purpose: Vaccination is one of the best cost-effective methods for preventing childhood morbidity and mortality. The objective of this study was to identify children with missed and delayed vaccinations along with factors associated with incomplete vaccinations. Methodology: A prospective observational study was conducted for 7 months. Relevant data was collected through a face-to-face interview and immunization status was evaluated based on their vaccination card which was compared against UIP. Result: Out of 347 subjects, 93.94% of them were completely immunized and majority of the missed vaccines were measles 1st dose (58.82%), Japanese Encephalitis vaccine 1st dose (29.41%). Lack of access to health care, less contact of adolescents to physicians, missed opportunities for vaccination, resistance towards immunization and poor birth weight were the reasons identified for incomplete vaccination. Conclusion: Immunization is one of the biggest health accomplishments saving millions of lives. Our study concluded that most of the participants were completely immunized indicating a positive attitude towards immunization. However, further exploration is required to assess and improve the vaccination coverage among rural population.

COVID-19 y coberturas de vacunación del calendario regular del Paraguay, efecto de la pandemia

RESUMEN Introducción: La pandemia de COVID-19 produjo una crisis sanitaria afectando las coberturas de vacunación de los países. Objetivo : Describir la cobertura de vacunación de los biológicos trazadores durante el periodo prepandémico (2015- 2019) y pandémico (2020-2021) en Paraguay. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo observacional de corte transverso, que comprendió a niños de 0 a 5 años de edad, de las 18 Regiones Sanitarias del País. Se analizaron las coberturas de vacunación del Programa Ampliado de Inmunización, periodo prepandémico (2015-2019) y pandémico (2020-201). Se incluyeron los biológicos trazadores: BCG, DPT1, DPT3, IPV1 y bOPV3, SPR1, SPR2 y vacuna antiamarílica (AA), el cálculo de cobertura de vacunación a nivel país se realizó por medio del análisis del reporte electrónico semanal de dosis de vacunas administradas por Región Sanitaria. Se estableció la comparación de las coberturas de vacunación por biológico trazador, por periodos y rango de edad. Resultados: Durante la pandemia se constató un descenso de cobertura de vacunación de los biológicos trazadores, para BCG: 4 % (2020), 15% (2021);DPT1: 5 % (2020), 13 % (2021); DPT3: 9 % (2020), 22 %(2021); IPV1: 5 % (2020),16 % (2021); bOPV3: 7% (2020),19 % (2021); SPR1: 9 %, SPR2: 13 % (2020),SPR1:17%, SPR2:16 % (2021) y AA: 7% (2020), 15% (2021). Conclusión: Durante la pandemia de Covid-19 disminuyeron las coberturas de vacunación de todos los biológicos trazadores, similar descenso se constató en otros países de América, existe el riesgo de aparición de brotes de enfermedades prevenibles por vacunación por el acúmulo de susceptibles.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic produced a health crisis affecting countries' vaccination coverage statistics. Objective: To describe the coverage of recommended vaccines during the pre-pandemic (2015-2019) and pandemic (2020-2021) periods in Paraguay. Materials and Methods: This was a descriptive, observational cross-sectional study, comprising children from 0 to 5 years of age, from the Country's 18 Health Regions. The vaccination coverage of the National Expanded Immunization Program, pre-pandemic (2015-2019) and pandemic (2020-201) periods were analyzed. The recommended vaccinations included were: BCG, DTP1, DTP3, IPV1 and bOPV3, MMR1, MMR2 and yellow fever vaccine (AA), the calculation of vaccination coverage at the country level was carried out through the analysis of the weekly electronic report of doses of vaccines administered by Health Region. The comparison of vaccination coverage by recommended vaccine was established, by periods and age range. Results: During the pandemic, a decrease in vaccination coverage of the recommended vaccines was observed, for BCG: 4% (2020), 15% (2021); DTP1: 5% (2020), 13% (2021); DTP3: 9% (2020), 22% (2021); IPV1: 5% (2020), 16% (2021); bOPV3: 7% (2020), 19% (2021); MMR1: 9%, MMR2: 13% (2020), MMR1: 17%, MMR2: 16% (2021) and AA: 7% (2020), 15% (2021). Conclusion: During the Covid-19 pandemic, vaccination coverage of all recommended vaccines decreased, a similar decrease was found in other countries in the Americas, there is a risk of outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases due to the accumulation of susceptible populations.

Caracterización clínica y de costos de la hospitalización asociada a varicela en niños de la Región Metropolitana y de Valparaíso, Chile / Clinical and cost characterization of hospitalization associated with varicella in children from the Metropolitan Region and Valparaíso, Chile

INTRODUCCIÓN: La varicela es una infección relevante en la salud pública de Chile, pudiendo causar en algunas ocasiones complicaciones graves e incluso la muerte, lo que se asocia a un significativo gasto en salud. En Chile sólo se realiza vigilancia centinela a nivel ambulatorio, sin conocerse el impacto de la varicela en casos más graves que determinan hospitalización. OBJETIVOS: Realizar una descripción clínica y de los costos asociados a la atención de niños hospitalizados con diagnóstico de varicela, en años previos a la introducción de la vacuna en el Programa Nacional de Inmunización en Chile. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio multicéntrico, observacional y retrospectivo, en todos los casos de niños hospitalizados (0-15 años) con diagnóstico de varicela, entre enero de 2011 y diciembre de 2015 en cinco hospitales de Chile. Se realizó revisión de fichas para evaluar características clínicas de la enfermedad y los costos asociados a la hospitalización por varicela. RESULTADOS: Un total de 685 hospitalizaciones por varicela fueron incluidas en el estudio. La mediana de edad fue de 3 años (RIC:1-5), siendo la mayoría de los niños con edades comprendidas entre los 1 y 4 años (52% del total de casos). El 56% fueron hombres y sólo 7 niño s (1%) tuvieron antecedente de vacuna varicela. La mediana de días de hospitalización fue de 3 días en cada episodio (RIC: 2-5). El 13% de los casos requirió hospitalización en unidades de mayor complejidad, 7% de los niños ingresó a Unidad de Tratamiento Intensivo y 6% ingresó a Intermedio, ambos con una mediana de 3 días de hospitalización. Las principales complicaciones fueron: infección de piel y tejidos blandos (42%), alteraciones neurológicas (8%) y shock séptico/tóxico (4%). La letalidad fue de 0,4%. El costo de un caso de varicela considerando los costos directos fue de US$417, el costo indirecto fue de US$224 y los costos proporcionales de una muerte de US$3.575. Se estima que el costo total de un caso de varicela hospitalizado en Chile, considerando todos los factores anteriores, fue de US$4.216. CONCLUSIONES: La varicela es una enfermedad inmunoprevenible frecuente. Se observaron casos con una mediana de 3 días de hospitalización por complicaciones, con 13% de los casos requiriendo hospitalización en unidades de mayor complejidad, con un alto costo asociado, que se estima podría disminuir significativamente con la reciente incorporación de la vacuna al Programa Nacional de Inmunizaciones.

BACKGROUND: Varicella is a relevant infection in Chile and may cause serious complications and death, which could be associated with significant health care resource utilization and associated costs. In Chile, sentinel surveillance is carried out only on an outpatient basis, without knowing the impact of varicella in serious cases who need to be hospitalized. AIM: To describe the clinical characteristics and the costs associated with hospitalized children with diagnosis of varicella prior to the vaccine introduction in the National Immunization Program in Chile. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A multicenter, observational, and retrospective study in hospitalized children (0-15 years) with a diagnosis of varicella, were conducted in five hospitals in Chile between January 2011 and December 2015. A review of the clinical records was performed to evaluate the clinical characteristics of the disease and costs associated with hospitalization episodes for varicella. RESULTS: A total of 685 hospitalized children for varicella were included in this study. The median age was 3 years (IQR: 1-5), most children were between 1 and 4 years of age (52% of total cases). 56% were male, and only 7 patients (1%) had a history of previous varicella vaccination. The median lenght of days of hospitalization was 3 days (IQR: 2-5). 13% of the cases required hospitalization in a more complex care unit, 6% in the intermediate unit and 7% in the pediatric intensive treatment unit, both with a median stay of 3 days. The main complications were: skin and soft tissue infections (42%), neurologic (8%) and septic or toxic shock (4%). There were 3 cases of death (0.4%). The direct cost of a varicella case was US $ 417, the indirect cost was US $ 224 and the proportional cost of a case of death was US $ 3,575. It is estimated that the total cost of a hospitalized varicella case in Chile was US $ 4,216. CONCLUSIONS: Varicella is associated with a significant burden of disease in Chile. The median hospital stay was three days with 13% of cases requiring medical care in a complex unit, with high associated costs which could be significantly reduced with the recently incorporation of the varicella vaccine into the National Immunization Program.

Checklist para avaliação do desempenho do Sistema de Informação de Imunização: desenvolvimento e validação / Lista de verificación para evaluar el desempeño del Sistema de Información sobre Inmunizaciones: desarrollo y validación / Checklist for evaluation of the Immunization Information System: development and validation

O estudo teve por objetivo desenvolver e validar conteúdo e aparência de um checklist para avaliação do desempenho do Sistema de Informação de Imunização brasileiro nas salas de vacinação. Trata-se de um estudo metodológico com abordagem quantitativa, que conduziu a validação de conteúdo e aparência dos itens de um checklist, estruturado em duas dimensões, estrutura e processo. A técnica Delphi foi utilizada para a validação dos itens segundo os critérios de relevância, objetividade e clareza. Foi calculado o índice de validação de conteúdo e o coeficiente alfa de Cronbach para analisar a consistência interna do checklist. O checklist é composto por 7 itens na dimensão estrutura e 17 na dimensão processo, este subdividido em 3 componentes: gestão do sistema de informação de imunização; registro do vacinado; movimento dos imunobiológicos. Considerando as duas dimensões, o índice de validação de conteúdo total do checklist foi 89,6 por cento. Obteve-se na dimensão estrutura um índice de validade de conteúdo médio de 89,9 por cento e 89,2 por cento na dimensão processo, sendo obtido no componente gestão do Sistema de Informação de Imunização um índice de validade de conteúdo médio de 86,2 por cento 2,6 por cento no Registro do vacinado e 88,9 por cento no movimento dos imunobiológicos. O checklist mostrou-se consistente internamente, apresentado um valor para o alfa de Cronbach total de 0,97 e valores de 0,86 e 0,97 para as dimensões estrutura e processo, respectivamente. Quanto à validação de aparência, o instrumento foi considerado inteligível. O estudo fornece um checklist com conteúdo e aparência válidos para avaliar o desempenho do Sistema de Informação de Imunização brasileiro e subsidia a supervisão e o monitoramento das funcionalidades deste sistema nas salas de vacinação(AU)

El estudio tuvo como objetivo desarrollar y validar el contenido y la apariencia de una lista de verificación para evaluar el desempeño del Sistema de Información de Inmunización del Brasil en las salas de vacunación. Se trata de un estudio metodológico con enfoque cuantitativo, que condujo a la validación de contenido y apariencia de los ítems en una lista de verificación, estructurada en dos dimensiones: estructura y proceso. Se utilizó la técnica Delphi para validar los ítems según los criterios de relevancia, objetividad y claridad. Se calcularon el índice de validación de contenido y el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach para analizar la consistencia interna de la lista de verificación, la cual consta de 7 ítems en la dimensión estructura y 17 en la dimensión proceso, y se subdivide en 3 componentes: gestión del sistema de información de inmunización; registro del vacunado y movimiento de inmunobiológicos. Considerando las dos dimensiones, el índice de validación de contenido total de la lista de verificación fue del 89,6 por ciento. En la dimensión estructura se obtuvo un índice de validación de contenido promedio de 89,9 y 89,2 por ciento en la dimensión de procesos, y de 86,2 por ciento en el componente de gestión del Sistema de Información de Inmunización; 92,6 por ciento en el registro de vacunados y 88,9 por ciento en el movimiento de inmunobiológicos. La lista de verificación demostró ser consistente internamente, con un valor para el alfa de Cronbach total de 0,97 y valores de 0,86 y 0,97 para las dimensiones de estructura y proceso, respectivamente. En cuanto a la validación de la apariencia, el instrumento se consideró inteligible. El estudio proporciona una lista de verificación con contenido y apariencia válidos para evaluar el desempeño del Sistema de Información de Inmunización brasileño y apoya la supervisión y el seguimiento de las funcionalidades de este sistema en las salas de vacunación(AU)

The study aimed to develop and validate the content and appearance of a checklist to evaluate the performance of the Brazilian Immunization Information System in vaccination rooms. It is a methodological study with a quantitative approach, which led to the validation of the content and appearance of the items in a checklist, structured in two dimensions: structure and process. The Delphi technique was used to validate the items according to the criteria of relevance, objectivity and clarity. The content validation index and Cronbach's alpha coefficient were calculated to analyze the internal consistency of the checklist, which consists of 7 items in the structure dimension and 17 in the process dimension, and is subdivided into 3 components: management the immunization information system; registry of the vaccinated and movement of immunobiologicals. Considering the two dimensions, the total content validation rate of the checklist was 89.6 percent. In the structure dimension, an average content validation index was 89.9; 89.2 percent was obtained in the processes dimension, and 86.2 percent in the management component of the Immunization Information System; 92.6 percent in the registry of vaccinated and 88.9 percent in the immunobiological movement. The checklist proved to be internally consistent, with a total Cronbach's alpha value of 0.97 and values ​​of 0.86 and 0.97 for the structure and process dimensions, respectively. Regarding the validation of the appearance, the instrument was considered intelligible. The study provides a checklist with valid content and appearance to evaluate the performance of the Brazilian Immunization Information System and supports the supervision and monitoring of the functionalities of this system in the vaccination rooms(AU)

Analysis on the utilization rate of immunization program vaccine and the consumption coefficient of multi-dose vaccine in Liaoning / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To understand the use of the annual immunization program vaccine in Liaoning Province, and to objectively grasp the consumption coefficient of multi-dose immunization program vaccine, to provide the basis for the annual immunization program vaccine demand. Methods The amount of vaccine used in theimmunization plan of Liaoning Province in 2019 and the actual number of vaccine inoculations were summarized, and the utilization rate of vaccine and the consumption coefficient of vaccine in multiple doses were calculated. Results In 2019, the utilization rate of different varieties of immunization program vaccine was more than 65%, and there was significant difference in the utilization rate among cities (P<0.01). The consumption coefficients of multi-dose vaccination vaccine were 2.33 for DT, 2.26 for BOPV and 2.20 for MPSV-A, respectively. Compared with DT, BOPV and MPSV-A, MPSV-A had the highest scrap rate of 2.87%, followed by BOPV and DT with 1.82% and 0.32%, respectively. Conclusion Vaccine consumption in the multi-dose immunization program is the main factor affecting the accuracy of the annual requirement budget, and vaccine management should be strengthened to achieve reasonable allocation, reduce consumption and avoid waste.

Discussion on integrated development of immunization program in Yangtze River Delta under the new situation / 上海预防医学

As one of China’s most economically active， open and innovative regions， the Yangtze River Delta boasts strategic significance in the country’s modernization. Immunization program has always been an important area of national and public concern， especially since the implementation of Law of the People's Republic of China on Vaccine Administration on December 1， 2019， with higher requirements for immunization program. With the support of state， governments and health administration departments of Shanghai， Jiangsu， Zhejiang and Anhui， the integration of immunization program in the Yangtze River Delta is imperative. Centers for disease control and prevention in Shanghai， Jiangsu， Zhejiang and Anhui provinces are closely linked， actively and steadily promoting rapid development of the integration of immunization program in the Yangtze River Delta， with Shanghai playing a leading role and Jiangsu， Zhejiang and Anhui playing their own strengths respectively. It is expected to establish a scientific， standardized and warm immunization program service system， and build a nationally leading and globally outstanding model area in integrated development of regional immunization program.

Avaliação do Sistema de Vigilância do Programa Nacional de Imunizações - Módulo Registro do Vacinado, Brasil, 2017 / Evaluación del Sistema de Vigilancia del Programa Nacional de Inmunizaciones - Módulo Registro del Vacunado, Brasil, 2017 / Evaluation of the National Immunization Program Surveillance System - Vaccination Record Module, Brazil, 2017

Objetivo: Avaliar o Sistema de Vigilância em Imunizações considerando-se o módulo Registro do Vacinado, do Sistema de Informações do Programa Nacional de Imunizações, Brasil, 2017. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, utilizando-se do Guidelines for Evaluating Public Health Surveillance Systems, publicado pelo Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC/Atlanta/GA/United States), para avaliar os atributos de simplicidade, flexibilidade, qualidade dos dados, sensibilidade, oportunidade e utilidade do sistema para seis vacinas do calendário de vacinação da criança. Resultados: O Sistema de Vigilância em Imunizações foi considerado complexo em sua descrição, flexível às mudanças no calendário vacinal, de baixa qualidade dos dados para as vacinas DTP e rotavírus, de aceitabilidade regular, com alta sensibilidade para a vacina BCG, inoportuno para a vacina contra hepatite B e útil às finalidades do Programa Nacional de Imunizações. Conclusão: Qualidade dos dados, aceitabilidade e oportunidade não apresentaram resultados satisfatórios, sendo necessárias ações pelo aprimoramento do sistema de informações.

Objetivo: Comparar estructura y proceso de trabajo en atención primaria para implementar la teleconsulta médica en municipios de diferentes regiones y tamaños (mil habitantes: <25; 25-100; >100). Métodos

Objetivo: To evaluate the National Immunization Program Immunization Surveillance System, based on its Vaccination Record module, for Brazil in 2017. Methods: This was a descriptive study using the Guidelines for Evaluating Public Health Surveillance Systems, published by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC/Atlanta/GA/United States) to evaluate the attributes of simplicity, flexibility, data quality, sensitivity, timeliness and usefulness of the system for six vaccines on the child immunization schedule. Results: The Immunization Surveillance System was considered complex in its description; flexible to changes in the immunization schedule; of poor data quality for the DTP and rotavirus vaccines; regular acceptability; high sensitivity for the BCG vaccine; untimely for the hepatitis B vaccine and useful for the purposes of the National Immunization Program. Conclusion:The data quality, acceptability and timeliness results were not satisfactory, so that actions are needed to enhance the information system.

Organizational aspects and a schedule for access to vaccination from users' perspective / Aspectos organizativos y una agenda para el acceso a la vacunación desde la perspectiva del usuario / Aspectos organizacionais e uma agenda para o acesso à vacinação sob a ótica do usuário

ABSTRACT Objective to understand access to vaccination and its organizational aspects in the daily routine of Primary Health Care from users's point of view. Method a holistic-qualitative multiple case study based on Comprehensive Sociology of Everyday Life, with 74 users from four sanitary microregions of the West Minas Gerais Extended Health Region, Brazil. As evidence data sources, we used the open and intensive individual interview, guided by a semi-structured script and technical visit to the vaccine rooms. Data were collected between June 2016 and April 2017. Data analysis was based on thematic content analysis. Results proved to be obstacles that compromise access to immunization services such as: the establishment of specific days for the performance of certain vaccines; the opening hours of vaccine rooms; lack of immunobiological; lack of guidance on the part of health professionals. It was evidenced that direct contact and insertion of users in other actions and services of the unit favor access to vaccination. A schedule for better access was suggested by users, who recommended: the reorganization of the days and times available for vaccination; vaccine card computerization; implementation of dissemination strategies to expand search for immunization; vaccination room structural adequacy; expansion of human resources in health units. Conclusion it is emphasized the importance of services identifying their weaknesses and adopting strategies that enable user-centered care, promoting access to health services and, consequently, immunization.

RESUMEN Objetivo comprender el acceso a la vacunación y sus aspectos organizativos en la rutina de la Atención Primaria de Salud desde la perspectiva del usuario. Método estudio de caso múltiple holístico-cualitativo, basado en Sociología Integral de la Vida Cotidiana, con 74 usuarios de cuatro microrregiones de salud en la Región Occidental Expandida de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Como fuente de evidencia de los datos se utilizó una entrevista individual abierta e intensiva, guiada por un guión semiestructurado y una visita técnica a las salas de vacunas. La recolección se llevó a cabo entre junio de 2016 y abril de 2017. El análisis de datos se basó en el análisis de contenido temático. Resultados se revelaron barreras que comprometen el acceso a los servicios de inmunización, tales como: el establecimiento de días específicos para la realización de determinadas vacunas; el horario de apertura de las salas de vacunación; la falta de inmunobiológicos; la falta de orientación por parte de los profesionales de la salud. Se evidenció que el contacto directo y la inserción del usuario en otras acciones y servicios de la unidad favorecen el acceso a la vacunación. Los usuarios sugirieron una agenda para un mejor acceso, quienes recomendaron: reorganizar los días y horarios disponibles para la vacunación; informatización de la cartilla de vacunas; la implementación de estrategias de difusión para ampliar la búsqueda de inmunización; la adecuación estructural de la sala de vacunación; la expansión de los recursos humanos en las unidades de salud. Conclusión se destaca la importancia de que los servicios identifiquen sus debilidades y adopten estrategias que permitan una atención centrada en el usuario, promoviendo el acceso a los servicios de salud y, en consecuencia, la inmunización.

RESUMO Objetivo compreender o acesso à vacinação e os seus aspectos organizacionais no cotidiano da Atenção Primária à Saúde sob a ótica do usuário. Método estudo de casos múltiplos holístico-qualitativo, fundamentado na Sociologia Compreensiva do Cotidiano, com 74 usuários de quatro microrregiões sanitárias da Região Ampliada Oeste de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Como fontes de evidências dos dados, utilizou-se a entrevista individual aberta e intensiva, guiada por roteiro semiestruturado e visita técnica às salas de vacina. A coleta ocorreu entre junho de 2016 e abril de 2017. A análise dos dados foi fundamentada na Análise de Conteúdo Temática. Resultados revelaram-se entraves que comprometem o acesso aos serviços de imunização como: o estabelecimento de dias específicos para a realização de determinadas vacinas; o horário de funcionamento das salas de vacinas; a falta do imunobiológico; a falta de orientações por parte dos profissionais de saúde. Evidenciou-se que o contato direto e a inserção do usuário em outras ações e serviços da unidade favorecem o acesso à vacinação. Uma agenda para o melhor acesso foi sugerida pelos usuários, que recomendaram: a reorganização dos dias e horários disponíveis para a vacinação; a informatização do cartão de vacina; a implementação de estratégias de divulgação para ampliar a busca pela imunização; a adequação estrutural da sala de vacinação; a ampliação de recursos humanos nas unidades de saúde. Conclusão ressalta-se a importância de os serviços identificarem suas fragilidades e adotarem estratégias que viabilizem uma atenção centrada no usuário, promovendo o acesso aos serviços de saúde e, consequentemente, à imunização.

Desenvolvimento de um software para controle nominal do calendário de vacinação pela rede pública de saúde / Development of software for nominal control of the vaccination schedule by the public health system / Desarrollo de un software para control nominal del calendario de vacunación por la red pública de salud

Objetivo: Desenvolver um instrumento eletrônico capaz de fazer o controle nominal do calendário vacinal da população, alertando tanto o cidadão que sua vacina está para vencer quanto o agente de saúde que atua na área de sua residência, atualizando o modo como é feito o controle atualmente. Método: A criação do software com uma interface minimalista seguiu a metodologia tradicional. Resultado: O instrumento desenvolvido alerta, por e-mail, tanto o cidadão quanto o agente de saúde, mas também emite na tela, ao ser acionado, um aviso sobre a existência de pessoas necessitando ser imunizadas, funcionando, dessa forma, tanto online como offline. Conclusão: Desenvolveu-se um instrumento simples capaz de funcionar até mesmo em localidades desprovidas de internet, que ainda precisa ser implantado em uma unidade de saúde para ter sua eficácia testada.

Objective: To develop an electronic instrument capable of making the nominal control of the population's vaccination calendar, alerting both the citizen that his vaccine is about to expire and the health agent who works in the area of his residence, updating the way the control is currently carried out. Method: The creation of the software with a minimalist interface followed the traditional methodology. Result: The developed instrument alerts both the citizen and the health agent by e-mail, but also emits a warning on the screen, when triggered, about the existence of people needing to be immunized, thus working both online and offline. Conclusion: A simple instrument has been developed capable of working even in locations without internet, which still needs to be implemented in a health unit to have its effectiveness tested.

Objetivo: Desarrollar un instrumento electrónico capaz de realizar el control nominal del calendario de vacunación de la población, alertando tanto al ciudadano que su vacuna está por expirar como al agente de salud que trabaja en el área de su residencia, actualizando la forma en que se lleva a cabo el control actualmente. Método: La creación del software con una interfaz minimalista siguió la metodología tradicional. Resultado: el instrumento desarrollado alerta tanto al ciudadano como al agente de salud por correo electrónico, pero también emite una advertencia en la pantalla, cuando se activa, sobre la existencia de personas que necesitan inmunizarse, por lo que funcionan tanto en línea como fuera de línea. sin conexión. Conclusión: Se ha desarrollado un instrumento simple capaz de funcionar incluso en lugares sin internet, que aún debe implementarse en una unidad de salud para que se pruebe su efectividad.

Estrategias de enfermería para la prevención de errores programáticos en vacunatorio / Nursing strategies for the prevention of programmatic errors in vaccination

El Programa Nacional de Inmunizaciones (PNI) nace el año 1978 en Chile, considerando dentro de sus objetivos la prevención de la morbilidad, discapacidad y muertes secundarias a enfermedades inmunoprevenibles a lo largo de todo el ciclo vital. Dentro de los eventos asociados al proceso de inmunización y que el PNI contempla desde sus inicios, se encuentran los "Errores Programáticos en vacunación" (EPRO), definidos como eventos relacionados con los aspectos operativos de la vacunación, evitables, que no cumplen con las normas establecidas y que no causaron daño en el paciente. La gestión y prevención de los EPRO son vitales para asegurar la calidad y seguridad en la atención de pacientes durante todo su ciclo vital, debido a que a partir de estos se efectúan medidas correctivas y se puede realizar una evaluación de las razones de su ocurrencia pudiendo así evitar su futura aparición, a través de la elaboración de lineamientos para su prevención. Esta tarea ha sido liderada por los equipos de enfermería desde los inicios del proceso de inmunización en nuestro país y la cual se ha demostrado mediante estrategias como la estandarización de procesos, implementación de pautas de seguridad durante todo el proceso de vacunación, realización de reportes de errores con información detallada y veraz, programas de mejoras continua, evaluación de pautas de calidad de procesos, sistemas de gestión de control de stock, trabajo en equipo y metodologías de comunicación efectivas.

The Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) in Chile, was born in 1978, considering within its objectives the prevention of morbidity, disability and deaths secondary to immunoprevenible diseases throughout the entire life cycle. Among the risks associated with the immunization process and that the EPI contemplates since its inception, there are the "Programmatic Errors in Vaccination" (EPRO), defined as attitudes or procedures that do not comply with the established norms of vaccination and that alone or in together they can generate serious and fatal adverse events. The management and prevention of events such as EPROs are vital for the assurance of quality and safety in patient care throughout their life cycle, a task that the Nursing team has been responsible for leading since the beginning of the immunization process in our country and which has been demonstrated through strategies such as process standardization, implementation of safety guidelines throughout the vaccination process, reporting of errors with detailed and truthful information, continuous improvement programs, evaluation of quality guidelines of processes, stock control management systems, teamwork and effective communication methodologies.

Private sector vaccine share in overall immunization coverage in India: Evidence from private sector vaccine utilization data (2012-2015)

The objective of this research was to generate the evidence on the private sector's contribution to overall immunization coverage for selected pediatric vaccines in India. Using IMS Health's (now IQVIA) vaccine sales audit data and innovative methodological approach we estimated private-sector vaccine share in the total immunization coverage across selected pediatric vaccines in India. Our estimates suggest that private sector remains an important contributor to immunization services in India not only for Universal Immunization Program vaccines (Bacillus Calmette朑u閞in [19.23%], HiB pentavalent [11.09%], hepatitis B [5.75%], oral poliovirus vaccine [5.48%], Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus [2.66%], and measles [2.17%]) but also for newer vaccines (hepatitis A [4.2%], rotavirus [3.4%], typhoid [3.3%], and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine [2.5%]). As the private sector continues to remain an important access point for immunization services in the country, avenues for potential synergy between public and private sectors should be explored to improve the coverage and quality of immunization services.