Efecto del germinado sobre las características nutricionales, propiedades bioactivas y funcionales de basul (Erythrina edulis) / Effect of sprouting on the nutritional characteristics, bioactive and functional properties of basul (Erythrina edulis)

El basul es el fruto de la planta Erythrina edulis que posee un alto contenido de proteínas, fibra dietética y antioxidantes, pero también con contenido de antinutrientes. Objetivo. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el efecto del germinado sobre las características nutricionales, propiedades bioactivas y funcionales de las semillas de basul. Materiales y métodos. Mediante un diseño aleatorizado con arreglo factorial de 2x2x2 (tiempo de remojo, tiempo de germinado, presencia o ausencia de luz), las semillas de basul fueron germinadas y convertidas en harina (HBG) para determinar la composición proximal y la digestibilidad in vitro de la proteína. Además, se ha determinado los fenoles totales (CFT), la capacidad antioxidante (métodos ABTS y DPPH) y las propiedades de hidratación y adsorción de aceite. Resultados. Las diferentes condiciones de germinado no han modificado la composición proximal de la HBG; sin embargo, la digestibilidad in vitro de la proteína incrementó hasta en 6,25% en uno de los tratamientos respecto a la muestra no germinada. El CFT, también ha incrementado de 241,49 mg AGE/100g (sin germinar) a 267,15 mg AGE/100g (germinado); al igual que la capacidad antioxidante (ABTS) de 173,04 µmolTE/g (sin germinar) a 195,67 µmolTE/g (germinado). También se tuvo incrementos en la solubilidad, la capacidad de absorción de agua y la capacidad de hinchamiento. Conclusión. La calidad de la proteína, el contenido de fenoles totales, la capacidad antioxidante y propiedades funcionales de interacción con el agua de la semilla de basul mejora con el germinado(AU)

Basul is the fruit of the Erythrina edulis plant. It has a high content of proteins, dietary fiber, and antioxidants, but it also contains antinutrients. Objective. The study objective was to evaluate the effect of sprouting on the nutritional characteristics, bioactive and functional properties of basul seeds. Materials and methods. Basul seeds were germinated to produce flour (HBG) and determine its proximal composition and in vitro digestibility of the protein through a randomized design with a 2x2x2 factorial arrangement (soaking time, germination time, and presence or absence of light). Total phenols (CFT), antioxidant capacity (ABTS and DPPH methods), and hydration and oil adsorption properties were also determined. Results. The different germination conditions did not modify the proximal composition of HBG. However, the in vitro digestibility of the protein increased up to 6.25% in one of the treatments compared to the non-germinated sample. The CFT also increased from 241.49 mg AGE/100g (without germination) to 267.15 mg AGE/100g (germinated) and the antioxidant capacity (ABTS) from 173.04 µmolTE/g (without germination) to 195.67 µmolTE/g (germinated). Solubility, water absorption capacity, and swelling capacity also increased. Conclusion. The quality of the protein, the content of total phenols, the antioxidant capacity, and the functional properties of interaction with the water of the basul seed improved with germination(AU)

Caracterización química, degradabilidad ruminal y aceptabilidad por bovinos, de un subproducto de la industria del papel / Chemical characterization, ruminal degradability and bovine acceptability of a byproduct of the paper industry

RESUMEN Las variaciones climáticas pueden limitar la disponibilidad y la calidad de los forrajes. Se estudió un subproducto del papel (SIP) como alternativa a los forrajes en la ración de los bovinos. Se analizaron 12 muestras de SIP, para determinar su composición nutricional y degradabilidad ruminal. La aceptabilidad (1,07kg MS) por los bovinos de los SIP solo o en mezcla, se evaluó en 12 novillas Holstein, asignadas a dos cuadrados latinos, cada uno con tres tratamientos y dos réplicas. En el primer cuadrado, los tratamientos fueron SIP solo (T1); SIP+glicerol (T2) y SIP+melaza (T3). En el segundo, los tratamientos fueron SIP+suplemento comercial (SC) (T4); SIP+SC+glicerol (T5) y SIP+SC+melaza (T6). Los SIP presentaron bajos contenidos de PC (1,5±0,14%) y altos niveles de FDN (56,9±6,17%) y cenizas (53,3±1,98%) y una DIVMO (47,7±5,8%) media. Las concentraciones de P (0,045±0,006%) y K (0,023±0,03%) fueron bajas, mientras que las de Ca (13,5±0,8%), Cu (63,9±11,5%) y Fe (1365±189ppm) fueron altas. La tasa de desaparición de la MS del SIP fue de 11,8%*h-1; la fracción soluble ( a ), 14% y la fracción potencialmente degradable y no soluble ( b ), 46,6%. La aceptabilidad del SIP fue mayor, cuando se ofreció en mezclas (T1 vs T2-T3; p<0,05) y con concentrado y melaza (T4-T5 vs T6; p<0,05). La variación en la calidad composicional del SIP fue menor para la mayoría de nutrientes y su calidad baja, debido a una digestibilidad media, una baja PC y altas cenizas. Además, su aceptabilidad fue pobre cuando se suministró sola, pero mejoró con el uso de palatabilizantes o SC.

ABSTRACT Climatic variations can limit the availability and quality forages. The use of byproducts of the paper industry (BPI) was studied as part of cattle rations. Twelve samples of BPI were analyzed to determine the nutritional composition and ruminal degradability. The acceptability (1.07kg DM) of the BPI was evaluated in 12 Holstein heifers, assigned to two Latin squares with two replicates and three treatments each. The first square, the treatments were BPI alone (T1), BPI +glycerol (T2) and BPI +molasses (T3). In the second square, treatments were BPI +commercial supplement (CS) (T4), BPI +CS +glycerol (T5) and BPI + CS + molasses (T6). The BPI presented low CP (1.5±0.14%), high levels of NDF (59.6±6.17%) and ash (53.3±1.98%) and médium IVODM (47.7±5.8%). Concentrations of P (0.045±0.06%) and K (0.023±0.03%) were low while Ca (13.5±0.8%), Cu (63.9±11.5ppm) and Fe (1365±189ppm) high. Rate of DM disappearance for BPI was 11.8%*h-1, soluble fraction ( a ) 14% and a potentially degradable fraction but not soluble ( b ) 46.6%. The acceptability of BPI was higher when fed in mix (T1 vs T2-T3; p<0.05) and with concentrate and molasses (T4-T5 vs T6; p<0.05). Variation in nutritional composition of BPI was low for most and its nutritional quality low due to a moderate digestibility, a low CP and high ash. In addition, its acceptability was low but improved when supplied with the use of palatability agents and CS.

Nutritional value, total dry matter losses, effluent production and pollutant potential in Brachiaria brizantha cv. Paiaguás grass / [Valor nutricional, perdas totais de matéria seca, produção e potencial poluidor de efluentes em silagem de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Paiaguás]

The objective of the present study was to evaluate losses, production and polluting potential of the effluent, nutritional value and aerobic stability of silages of Brachiaria brizantha cv. Paiaguás grass, in different particle sizes and compaction density in silage. Three theoretical particle sizes (TTP 5; 8 and 12mm) and three compaction densities (DC 550; 600 and 650kg/m3) were evaluated, distributed in a factorial design (3 x 3), with four repetitions. The highest volume of effluent was found in silages with higher compaction densities (600 and 650kg/m3) and lower TTP (5 and 8mm). The highest chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand were registered in the treatment with TTP of 5mm and higher DC (600 and 650kg/m3). Greater in vitro digestibility of DM was verified in the silage chopped at 5 and 8mm. There was no break in aerobic stability for 216 hours. Silage with a low compaction density 550kg/m3 and processing with a theoretical particle size of 12mm reduces effluent losses. In general, the nutritional value of Paiaguás grass was not influenced by the treatments. Different particle sizes and compaction density did not change the aerobic stability of silages.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar perdas, produção e potencial poluidor do efluente, valor nutricional e estabilidade aeróbia de silagens do capim Brachiaria brizantha cv. Paiaguás, em diferentes tamanhos de partícula e densidade de compactação na ensilagem. Foram avaliados três tamanhos teóricos de partícula (TTP 5; 8 e 12mm) e três densidades de compactação (DC 550; 600 e 650kg/m3), distribuídos em arranjo fatorial (3 x 3), com quatro repetições. O maior volume de efluente foi verificado nas silagens com maiores densidades de compactação (600 e 650kg/m3) e menores TTP (5 e 8mm). As maiores demanda química de oxigênio e demanda bioquímica de oxigênio foram registradas no tratamento com TTP de 5mm e nas maiores DC (600 e 650kg/m3). Maior digestibilidade in vitro da MS (média de 57,2%) foi verificada na silagem picada a 5 e 8mm. Não houve quebra da estabilidade aeróbia durante 216 horas. A ensilagem com baixa densidade de compactação (550kg/m3) e o processamento com tamanho teórico de partículas 12mm reduzem as perdas por efluente. O valor nutricional da silagem de capim-paiaguás, em geral, não foi influenciado pelos tratamentos. Diferentes tamanhos de partícula e densidade de compactação não alteraram a estabilidade aeróbia das silagens.(AU)

Phosphorylated protein concentrate pumpkin seed (Cucurbita moschata): optimization by response surface methodology and nutritional characterization / Concentrado proteico fosforilado de semente de abóbora (Cucurbita moschata): otimização pela metodologia de superfície resposta e caracterização nutricional

ABSTRACT: Response surface methodology was used to determine optimum conditions for extraction of protein from pumpkin seed meal. A central composite rotational design (CCRD) including independent variables such, pH and sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) content was used. Maximum yield was obtained at a central point of CCRD, with STMP content and pH of 4% and 4.5, respectively. These conditions resulted in protein yield of 50.04 g of soluble protein from extract/100 g pumpkin seed. The optimization of pH and STMP content allowed obtaining a product with a high protein concentration (62.56 g 100 g-1), digestibility (62.03 g 100 g-1) and concentration of essential amino acids (27.26 g 100 g-1). Regarding the polyphenols concentration, phosphorylated protein concentrate from pumpkin seed and the pumpkin seed meal presented 13.11 g 100 g-1 and 23.19 g 100 g-1, respectively. The adequacy of the model was confirmed by extracting the protein under optimum values. These results help in designing the process of optimal protein extraction from pumpkin seeds.

RESUMO: A metodologia de superfície resposta foi utilizada para determinar condições ideais para a extração de proteína da farinha de semente de abóbora. Foi utilizado um delineamento composto central rotacional (DCCR), incluindo vários níveis independentes, tais como pH e trimetafosfato de sódio (TMPS). O rendimento máximo foi obtido em um ponto central de DCCR, com conteúdo de TMPS e pH de 4% e 4,5, respectivamente. Essas condições resultaram em rendimento proteico de 50,04 g de proteína solúvel no extrato/100 g de semente de abóbora. A otimização de pH e conteúdo de TMS permitiu a obtenção de um produto com alta concentração de proteína (62,56 g 100 g-1), digestibilidade proteica (62,03 g 100 g-1) e concentração de aminoácidos essenciais (27,26 g 100 g-1). Em relação à concentração de polifenois, o concentrado proteico fosforilado de semente de abóbora e a farinha de semente de abóbora apresentaram 13,11 g 100 g-1 e 23,19 g 100 g-1, respectivamente. A adequação do modelo foi confirmada pela extração da proteína sobvalores ótimos. Estes resultados auxiliam na concepção do processo de extração ótimo da proteína de semente de abóbora.

Caracterización organoléptica, nutricional, microbiológica y digestibilidad in vitro de ensilados con diferentes niveles de inclusión de desperdicios de alimentos / Organoleptic, nutritional, microbiological characterization and in vitro digestibility of silage with different levels of inclusion of food waste

RESUMEN Objetivo: caracterización organoléptica, nutricional, microbiológica y digestibilidad in vitro de ensilados de desperdicios de alimentos recolectados en un restaurante de un centro de estudios técnicos y tecnológicos con subproductos de cosecha. Metodología: se realizó un análisis organoléptico, microbiológico, proximal de la composición y digestibilidad in vitro de ensilajes con diferentes niveles de inclusión de desperdicios de alimentos. Resultados: se evidencian características de olor, color y textura óptimas para su palatabilidad, valores nutricionales favorables para el 30, 35 y 40% de inclusión de desperdicios, bajos promedios de proteína, pero con niveles de energía superiores a los del maíz, sorgo y soya. La digestibilidad in vitro de la materia seca (DIVMS) fue mejor para el 35% de inclusión. Así mismo, la Unidad Formadora de Colonias UFC/g para el día 21 fue 1 x10 (Escherichia coli), que se ajusta a las normas para alimentos de animales. Conclusiones: la utilización de ensilados con un 35% de inclusión de desperdicios de alimento puede ser una importante herramienta de suplementación para la alimentación porcina.

ABSTRACT Aim: characterize organoleptic, nutritional, microbiological and in vitro digestibility of food waste silage collected in a restaurant of a technical and technological studies center with harvest by-products. Metodology: it has been make organoleptic analysis, microbiologic, proximal composition, in vitro digestibility of silages with different levels of inclusion of food waste. Results: it is evidenced characteristics of smell, color and texture optimal so as to palatability, favorable nutritional values for 30, 35 and 40% inclusion of waste, low protein levels, but with hight energy levels superior to corn, sorghum and soybeans. The dry mater in vitro digestibility in vitro de la materia seca (DIVMS) was better for 35% inclusión. Moreover, In addition, the UFC/g colony forming units for 21th day was 1 X101 (Escherichia coli), that conforms to the standards for animal feed. Conclusions: to use silages with 35% inclusion of food waste may be one important tool of supplementation for swine feeding.

Utilization of a novel feedstuff: effects of additives on the fermentation characteristics, chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of tetraploid black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) silage / Utilização de um novo alimento: efeitos de aditivos nas características de fermentação, composição química e digestibilidade in vitro da silagem de gafanhoto negro tetraplóide (Robinia pseudoacacia)

ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of additives on the fermentation characteristics, chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of tetraploid black locust (TBL). The TBL leaves silage was either untreated (control) or treated with 1 × 106 cfu/g FM Lactobacillus plantarum (L), 1% glucose (G), 3% molasses (M), a combination of 1% glucose and Lactobacillus plantarum (L+G), or a combination of 3% molasses and Lactobacillus plantarum (L+M). Fermentation quality, chemical composition and nutrient digestibility were then analyzed. Ethanol and acetic acid concentrations were the dominant fermentation products in all silages except L+M silage. The L, G and L+G treatments failed to influence the fermentation. The M treatment increased (P<0.05) the lactic acid concentration and lowered (P<0.05) the pH when compared with control silage. The best fermentation properties were observed in L+M silage, as indicated by the dominance of lactic acid over ethanol in fermentation products. The M and L+M silages exhibited higher (P<0.05) dry matter, and M silage showed higher residual water-soluble carbohydrates than the control. Ensiling increased (P<0.05) the in vitro dry matter, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber degradability of TBL. Among the silages, M silage had the highest levels of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber degradability. The obtained results suggested that application of lactic acid bacteria together with 3% molasses could be an effective strategy to prevent the occurrence of ethanol fermentation and improve fermentation quality of TBL silage; addition of fermentable sugars to TBL improves nutrient availability to ruminants.

RESUMO: Este estudo foi conduzido para avaliar os efeitos de aditivos nas características de fermentação, composição química e digestibilidade in vitro do gafanhoto preto tetraplóide (TBL). A silagem de folhas TBL não foi tratada (controle) ou foi tratada com 1 × 106 ufc / g FM Lactobacillus plantarum (L), 1% glicose (G), 3% melaço (M), uma combinação de 1% glicose e Lactobacillus plantarum ( L + G), ou uma combinação de 3% de melaço e Lactobacillus plantarum (L + M). A qualidade da fermentação, a composição química e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes foram analisadas. As concentrações de etanol e ácido acético foram os produtos de fermentação dominantes em todas as silagens, com exceção da silagem L + M. Os tratamentos L, G e L + G não influenciaram na fermentação. O tratamento com M aumentou (P<0,05) a concentração de ácido láctico e diminuiu (P<0,05) o pH, quando comparado com a silagem controle. As melhores propriedades de fermentação foram observadas na silagem L + M, como indicado pela dominância do ácido lático sobre o etanol nos produtos de fermentação. As silagens M e L + M apresentaram maior teor de matéria seca (P<0,05), e a silagem M apresentou maior carboidrato solúvel em água residual que o controle. A ensilagem aumentou (P<0,05) a matéria seca in vitro, a fibra em detergente neutro e a degradabilidade da fibra em detergente ácido de TBL. Entre as silagens, a silagem M apresentou os maiores teores de matéria seca, fibra em detergente neutro e degradabilidade da fibra em detergente ácido. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que a aplicação de bactérias lácticas em conjunto com 3% de melaço pode ser uma estratégia eficaz para evitar a ocorrência de fermentação alcoólica e melhorar a qualidade da fermentação da silagem TBL. A adição de açúcares fermentáveis à TBL aumenta a disponibilidade de nutrientes para ruminantes.

In vitro production of gas methane by tropical grasses / Produccion in vitro de gas metano por gramineas forrajeras tropicales

ABSTRACT Objective. Estimate the production of methane (CH4) by tropical grasses fermented in vitro. Materials and methods. A sample of 20 g dry matter of Cynodon nlemfuensis, Hyparrhenia rufa, Megathyrsus maximus and Digitaria swazilandensis plus 200 ml of culture medium were plated in triplicate flasks sterile stainless steel with CO2 flux, inoculated with 20 ml of ruminal fluid bovine, incubated at 38 °C for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Total production of gas, CH4, volatile fatty acids, and pH were evaluated in a completely randomized design with three replicates per treatment and comparison of means with Tukey; the concentration of total and cellulolytic bacteria were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis, and the GLM procedure independent data Wilcoxon rank. Results. H. rufa and D. swazilandensis both had the lowest total gas production (p<0.05), while D. swazilandensis had lower production of CH4, increased production of propionic acid (p<0.05) and lower pH 96 hours of incubation (p<0.05). D. swazilandensis showed greater efficiency in energy production due to reduced production of CH4 and increased propionate production. The concentration of total bacteria was similar between treatments (p>0.05), while the concentration of cellulolytic bacteria was lower in C. nlemfuensis y D. swazilandensis when 96 of incubation (p<0.05). Conclusions. The Digitaria swazilandensis, showed favorable conditions to have lower total methane and total gas production.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Estimar la producción de metano (CH4) por gramíneas tropicales fermentadas in vitro. Materiales y métodos. Una muestra de 20 g de materia seca de Cynodon nlemfuensis, Hyparrhenia rufa, Megathyrsus maximus y Digitaria swazilandensis más 200 ml de medio de cultivo se depositaron por triplicado en frascos de acero inoxidable estériles con flujo de CO2, se inocularon con 20 ml de líquido ruminal de bovino e incubaron a 38 °C por 24, 48, 72 y 96 h. Se evaluó producción total de gas, CH4, ácidos grasos volátiles, y pH en un diseño completamente al azar con tres repeticiones por tratamiento y la comparación de medias con Tukey; la concentración de bacterias totales y celulolíticas, se analizaron con la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis, y el procedimiento GLM con datos de rangos independientes de Wilcoxon. Resultados. H. rufa y D. swazilandensis tuvieron la menor producción total de gases (p<0.05), mientras que D. swazilandensis tuvo menor producción de CH4, mayor producción de ácido propónico (p<0.05) y menor pH a las 96 horas de incubación (p<0.05). D. swazilandensis mostró mayor eficiencia en la producción de energía por la menor producción de CH4 y mayor producción de propionato. La concentración de bacterias totales fue similar entre tratamientos (p>0.05), mientras que la concentración de bacterias celulolíticas fue menor en C. nlemfuensis y D. swazilandensis a la hora 96 de incubación (p<0.05). Conclusiones. La Digitaria swazilandensis, mostró condiciones favorables para tener menor producción total de metano y gases totales.

Anti-nutritional factors and digestibility of protein in Cayocar brasiliense seeds

Abstract The Brazilian Cerrado presents a wide variety of natural products, including the Pequi (Caryocar brasiliense). The important factor that determines the dietary and nutritional ideality of protein is degestitibility. This work aims to evaluate the protein digestibility of Pequi seeds and the presence of anti-nutritional factors. The protein Pequi almonds were extracted, toasted and untoasted. Evaluation digestibility was structurally characterized by SDS-PAGE 15%, which can be used to analyze simulated gastric fluid (SFG) and digestion in intestinal fluid (SFI) in the presence of pepsin and trypsin/chymotrypsin. The extract from Pequi almonds showed inhibitory activity and was not detected hemagglutination. The intensity of the bands according to 2S albumins, after heat treatment, did not decrease in comparison to the condition native, significantly. In the crisp crude extract, which was incubated under SGF and SIF, the intensity of the corresponding bands at 8 and 3 kDa was resistant to SGF and indigestible after 4 hours under SIF. The characterization of Pequi almonds demonstrated that the product of the crude extract has anti-nutritional factors, which were confirmed by evaluating digestibility.

Valor nutritivo e cinética de degradação in vitro de genótipos de capim-elefante (Penissetum purpureum Schumach) sob dois intervalos de desfolhação e duas alturas de resíduo pós-pastejo / Nutritive value and in vitro kinetics degradation of elephant grass genotypes (Penissetum purpureum Schumach) under two intervals of defoliation and two post-grazing heights

O experimento foi conduzido na Embrapa Gado de Leite, em Coronel Pacheco, MG, com o objetivo de avaliar o valor nutritivo e a cinética de degradação in vitro de genótipos de capim-elefante submetidos ao pastejo, usando-se a técnica de mob-grazing. Utilizou-se a combinação fatorial (2x2x2), sendo dois genótipos de capim-elefante (BRS Kurumi e CNPGL 00-1-3), duas interceptações luminosas (IL) à entrada dos animais nos piquetes (90 e 95%) e duas alturas de resíduo pós-pastejo (30 e 50cm), dispostos num delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com três repetições. Para o pastejo, foram usadas 24 novilhas mestiças Holandês x Zebu, com 190kg. O genótipo BRS Kurumi apresentou maior teor de PB (15,65%), menor teor de FDN (60,35%), maior coeficiente de digestibilidade (70,04%) e mais alta taxa de degradação (2,62% h1) em relação ao outro genótipo, quando manejados a 90% IL. O manejo a 95% de IL e resíduo de 30cm favoreceu mais altos teores de PB (14,04%) e coeficientes de DIVMS (69,81%) e mais baixos teores de FDN (60,61%), independentemente do genótipo. Assim, recomenda-se a utilização do genótipo Kurumi, manejado a 90% de IL e resíduo de 30cm, quando se leva em consideração o valor nutritivo da forragem.(AU)

The experiment was conducted at Embrapa Gado de Leite, Coronel Pacheco, MG, to evaluate the nutritive value and the in vitro kinetics of degradation of elephant grass genotypes under rotational grazing. The treatments consisted of a factorial combination (2x2x2), two genotypes of elephant grass (BRS Kurumi and CNPGL 00-1-3), two light interceptions (LI) at initiation of grazing (90 and 95%) and two post-grazing heights (30 and 50cm), arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications. Grazing animals were 24 Holstein Zebu crossbred heifers with 190kg BW. The genotype BRS Kurumi has a higher CP content (15.65%), lower NDF content (60.35%), higher digestibility (70.04%) and higher rate of degradation (2.62% h-1) in relation to CNPGL 00-1-3 when managed under 90% of LI. The management based on 95% of LI and 30cm of residual height promote higher CP content (14.04%) and coefficient of IVDMD (69.81%), as well as lower NDF content (60.61%), regardless of genotype. Thus, taking into account the nutritional value of forage, it is recommended to use the genotype BRS Kurumi managed under 90% of LI and 30cm of post-grazing residue.(AU)

In vitro digestibility study of some plant protein sources as aquafeed for carps Labeo rohita and Cyprinus carpio using pH-Stat method.

Aquaculture, as a promising food industry, is expected to meet the demand for quality food from the increasing human population. As the diet is critical for feeding farm fish, such a faster growth in the industry is destined to create stress in the fishmeal market to supply diets to the tune. In this context, here, we studied the protein content of 20 plant ingredients, including aquatic weeds, cereals, pulses and oil-cakes using micro-Kjeldahl method and evaluated in vitro digestibility of these ingredients for rohu Labeo rohita and common carp Cyprinus carpio using pH-Stat method. The protein contents of water fern, duckweed, almond oil-cake and soybean product were 20.81, 39.75, 47.78 and 57.48%, respectively. Species-specific digestibility was found for the same plant ingredient. The degree of hydrolysis for water fern, duck weed, almond oil-cake and soybean product were 14.17, 4.80, 17.30 and 3.57%, respectively for rohu and 4.58, 6.03, 12.17 and 3.35%, respectively for common carp. This study showed that incorporation of water fern and almond oil-cake in the diet of rohu, and duck weed and almond oil-cake in the diet of common carp are beneficial considering their protein content and digestibility. These are cost-effective, protein-rich feed ingredients for aquafeed.

Capability of in vitro digestibility methods to predict in vivo digestibility of vegetal and animal proteins

The purpose of this work was to establish predictive equations for the digestibility of proteins of animal and vegetal origin by correlating in vitro and in vivo methods. Proteins sources for animal and vegetable were used. To calculate in vitro digestibility, we used pH values obtained 10 min after a solution of enzymes was added to a protein solution (pH-drop method). We also used the pH-static method, which measures the volume of additional NaOH that is necessary to maintain a pH of 8.0 after the addition of an enzymatic solution. In vivo digestibility was measured in newly weaned male rats that were fed a diet of AIN-93G for growth with a modified protein content of 9.5% for 14 days. The equations developed using the pH-drop method allowed us to predict in vivo digestibility amounts that were more closely correlated with real in vivo digestibility than those obtained with equations using the pH-static method. In vitro techniques are less expensive, require less manpower and physical space, and use a smaller quantity of protein(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi estabelecer equações de predição para a digestibilidade das proteínas de origem animal e vegetal, correlacionando métodos in vitro e in vivo. Foram utilizadas proteínas de origem animal e vegetal. Para o cálculo da digestibilidade in vitro foram utilizados os valores de pH obtidos em 10 min após a adição da solução de enzimas (método de queda de pH). Também foi utilizado o método de pH estático, o qual mede o volume de NaOH adicionado, necessário para manter o pH em 8,0 após a adição de uma solução enzimática. A digestibilidade in vivo foi medida em ratos machos recémdesmamados que foram alimentados com uma dieta AIN- 93G para crescimento com teor de proteína modificada de 9,5% durante 14 dias. As equações desenvolvidas utilizando o método de queda de pH permitiram prever em quantidades digestibilidade in vitro que foram mais estreitamente correlacionadas com a digestibilidade in vivo do que aqueles obtidas utilizando equações do método de pH estático. As técnicas in vitro são menos dispendiosas, exigem menos mão-de-obra e espaço físico, e utiliza uma menor quantidade de proteína(AU)

Identification and characterization of Lactobacillus bacterial genera most prevalent used to improve silage digestibility of important forage species for livestock sector.

The objective of this study is to isolate and characterize lactic acid bacteria and their effect as a microbial inoculants in silage digestibility of Lolium perenne –Trifolium pratense (Rye grass - Red clover) (RG-RC), Avena sativa – Vicia sativa (Oat-Vetch) (O-V) and Corn Stover Zea mays (Corn) (C). The lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from three mixtures were identified at 40 day of evolution of micro silages. Morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular techniques were used to characterize the isolates lactic acid bacteria. The following species were identified from the mixture namely Lactobacillus buchneri, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis and Pediococcus acidilactici. 54 micro silages with each feed material were produced, 27 micro silos were inoculated with bacteria’s and the rest was used as a control. The nutritional value of protein, ether extract (EE), ash, energy, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) at 20, 30 and 40 days of ensilage was compared. The percentage of each in vitro digestibility of treatments performed on day 40 was obtained that corresponded best A-V and RG-TR inoculated with bacteria as they were 35% and 41% more digestible than the control treatments appropriate, concluding that the inoculation of lactic acid bacteria facilitated improved digestibility of silage obtaining good nutritional quality, with optimal values. These results will enable future research on the relationship between LAB species and silage fermentation quality. Use of lactic acid bacteria is recommended as an additive to improve the nutritional quality of food animals as alternative in times of scarcity of fodder or as a supplement to improve the nutritional status of livestock herd.

Fribrinolytic activity and gas production by Pleurotus ostreatus-IE8 and Fomes fomentarius - EUM1 in bagasse cane / Actividad fibrolítica y producción de gas por Pleurotus ostreatus-IE8 y Fomes fomentarius-EUM1 en bagazo de caña

Objective. To characterize the fibrolytic enzymatic activity of Pleurotus ostreatus-IE8 and Fomes fomentarius-EUM1 in sugarcane bagasse (BCA); to evaluation of the kinetics of in vitro production of BCA treated by solid fermentation (FS), crude enzyme extract (ECE) of P. ostreatus-IE8 and Fibrozyme®. Materials and methods. In fungi measured radial growth rate ( Vcr ) and biomass production in two culture media (with or without nitrogen source); activity of xylanases, cellulases and FS on BCA at 0, 7 and 15 d. The chemical analysis and kinetic analysis of in vitro gas production in 4 treatments (ECE adding enzymes obtained from the direct addition FS or FS ), witness (Fibrozyme®) and a control without addition and analyzed by a was completely randomized design. Results. Xylanases (7 d ) showed 6.32 and 5.50 UI g-1 initial substrate dry weight (SSi) for fungi P. ostreatus-IE8 and F. fomentarius-EUM1 , respectively ; P. ostreatus-IE8 scored higher activity of laccases (10.65 g-1 UI SSi) and F. fomentarius-EUM1 (1.90 UI g-1 SSi) cellulases. The ECE of P. ostreatus-IE8 and commercial enzyme did not differences (p>0.05). In the chemical composition or the gas production kinetics. The 4 treatments evaluated decreased values of the variables measured in the kinetics of gas production compared to the control (p≤0.05). Conclusions. The ECE of P. ostreatus-IE8 was similar to commercial enzyme degradation in vitro, so it is feasible to use pre-digest high fiber products.

Objetivos. Caracterizar la actividad enzimática fibrolítica de Pleurotus ostreatus-IE8 y Fomes fomentarius-EUM1 en bagazo de caña de azúcar (BCA) y evaluar la cinética de producción de gas in vitro del BCA por fermentación sólida (FS) o con extractos crudos enzimáticos (ECE) de P. ostreatus-IE8 o Fibrozyme®. Materiales y métodos. En los hongos de estudio se evaluó la velocidad de crecimiento radial (Vcr) y producción de biomasa en dos medios de cultivo (con o sin fuente de nitrógeno); actividad de xilanasas, celulasas y lacasas de la FS sobre BCA a 0, 7 y 15 d. El análisis químico y cinética de producción de gas in vitro en 4 tratamientos (proceso de FS o adición de enzimas obtenidas de ECE de la FS), un testigo (Fibrozyme®) y un control sin adición de enzimas, todo ello se analizó en un diseño completamente al azar. Resultados. Las xilanasas (7 d) mostraron 6.32 y 5.50 UI g-1 sustrato seco inicial (SSi) en P. ostreatus-IE8 y F. fomentarius-EUM1, respectivamente. P. ostreatus-IE8 mostró mayor actividad lacasa (10.65 UI g-1 SSi) y F. fomentarius-EUM1 (1.90 UI g-1 SSi) de celulasas. El ECE de P. ostreatus-IE8 y Fibrozyme® no presentaron diferencias (p>0.05) en la composición química ni en la cinética de producción de gas. Los 4 tratamientos evaluados disminuyeron los valores de las variables medidas en la cinética de producción de gas in vitro respecto al testigo (p≤0.05). Conclusiones. El ECE de P. ostreatus-IE8 fue similar a Fibrozyme® en la degradación in vitro, indicando su viabilidad y uso para pre-digerir subproductos altos en fibra.

Effects of Kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) age and different forage: concentrate ratios on methanogenesis / Efecto de la edad del pasto kikuyo (Pennisetum clandestinum) y la relación forraje: concentrado sobre la metanogénesis

Objective. To evaluate the effect of Kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum) harvested at two different ages and three forage: concentrate supplement ratios (F/C) on methane (CH4) production, dry matter digestibility (DMD), and fermentation profile using the in vitro gas production technique. Materials and methods. six treatments, resulting from the combination of pasture age (30 or 60 days) and F/C (100/0, 75/25, or 50/50) were evaluated using a 2x3 factorial design. The response variables were measured 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours after incubation. A repeated-measure over time design was used to analyze the data, and differences between means were determined with the LSMEANS procedure of SAS. Results. the youngest grass (30 days) was more digestible, produced less CH4 per gram of digestible dry matter (dDM) and more total volatile fatty acids (VFA) compared to the oldest grass (60 days; p <0.05). Reductions of the F/C ratio increased DMD and CH4 production per gram of dDM (p<0.05) but had no significant effect on VFA concentration (p>0.05). Conclusions. under in vitro conditions and pH close to neutrality, the older grass reduces DMD and increases CH4 production per gram of dDM, while a F/C reduction increases DMD and CH4 production per gram of dDM, which differs with reports conducted in vivo.

Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de la edad del pasto kikuyo (Pennisetum clandestinum) y de la relación forraje/suplemento (F/S) sobre la producción de metano (CH4), la digestibilidad de la materia seca (DMS) y el perfil de fermentación mediante la técnica in vitro de producción de gas. Materiales y métodos. Seis tratamientos, resultantes de la combinación de los factores edad del pasto (30 y 60 días) y relación F/S (100/0, 75/25 y 50/50), fueron evaluados bajo un diseño factorial 2x3. Las variables respuesta se midieron a las 6, 12, 24 y 48 horas de incubación. Para el análisis de los datos se empleó un diseño de medidas repetidas en el tiempo y las diferencias entre medias se determinaron con el procedimiento LSMEANS de SAS. Resultados. El pasto de menor edad (30 días) fue más digestible, produjo menos CH4 por gramo de materia seca digestible (MSd) y más ácidos grasos volátiles totales (AGV) que el pasto de mayor edad (60 días, p<0.05). La reducción en la relación F/S aumentó la DMS y la producción de CH4 por gramo de MSd (p<0.05), pero no tuvo efecto estadístico sobre la concentración de AGV (p>0.05). Conclusiones. Bajo condiciones in vitro, con pH próximo a la neutralidad, la mayor edad del pasto reduce la DMS y aumenta la producción de CH4 por gramo de MSd, mientras que la reducción en la relación F/S aumenta la DMS y la producción de CH4 por gramo de MSd, último hallazgo que contrasta con los reportes in vivo.

Composição química e degradabilidade ruminal de forragens e subprodutos agroindustrais na região oeste do Paraná / Cermical composition and rumen degradability of fodder and by-products of agroindustries in west region Paraná

Objetivou-se determinar a composição bromatológica e a degradabilidade de forragens e subprodutos agroindustriais comumente utilizados na Região Oeste do Paraná. Os alimentos avaliados foram o capim Sudão, os fenos de alfafa, de aveia preta, de azevém e de tifton 85, além da leucena, titônia, resíduo úmido de fécula de mandioca (RUFM), levedura de cana, resíduo úmido de cervejaria (RUC), misturão®, quirera de milho, resíduo de biscoito e resíduo de macarrão. Os alimentos foram analisados quanto aos teores de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), e a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS), da parede celular (DIVPC) dos alimentos coletados na região. A partir das características analisadas foi possível agrupar os alimentos em volumosos: capim sudão, leucena, titônio, fenos de tifton, aveia preta, azevém e alfafa, e o RUFM; energéticos: misturão®, quirera de milho, resíduo de biscoito e resíduo de macarrão; proteicos: levedura de cana e RUC. Todos os alimentos estudados possuem potencial para utilização na alimentação de ruminantes, no entanto são necessários maiores estudos para a definição de critérios na utilização desses alimentos para o rebanho leiteiro, dentro de cada categoria.

This study aimed to determine the chemical composition and degradability of forage and byproducts agroindustries commonly used in West Region Paraná. The foods studied were Sudan grass, the hay alfalfa, oats, ryegrass and Tifton 85, and the leucaena, titônia, wet waste cassava starch (RSFM), sugar cane yeast, wet brewery's grain (RUC) compound®, corn grits, cookies residue and noodlesresidue. Foods were analyzed for dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), cell wall (IVDCW) food collected in the region. From of characteristics analyzed was possible to group into voluminous foods, sudan grass, leucaena, titônio, Tifton hay, oats, ryegrass and alfalfa, and RUFM; energy foods: compond®, corn grits, cookies residue and noodles residue; protein foods: yeast and RUC. All foods studied have potential for use in ruminant feed, however more studies are necessary to define the criteria for the use of these foods dairy herd, within each category.

Digestibility of canola seeds treated by autoclaving and/or condensed tannins / Digestibilidad de la canola tratada en autoclave y/o con taninos condensados / Digestibilidade de grãos de canola tratados em autoclave e/ou com tanino condensado

Background: plant proteins are susceptible to rapid degradation in the rumen therefore it is important to explore the best way to improve protein utilization. Objective: to evaluate the effect of heat treatment and/ or condensed tannins on ruminal degradability and in vitro digestibility of crude protein (CP) and dry matter (DM) of canola seeds. Methods: in situ and in vitro DM and CP digestibility of canola seeds treated with water (control; CCL), heat in autoclave (CLE), condensed tannin (CTN), and condensed tannin followed by autoclaving (CTA) were evaluated. Results: the DM effective degradability values (EDDM) by CCL, CLE, CTN, and CTA were 66.8%, 73.6%, 58.5%, and 77.5%, respectively. Effective degradability of crude protein (EDCP) by CCL, CLE, CTN, and CTA at a 5%/h passage rate (k) was 75.2, 77.2, 60.2, and 80.5%, respectively. Addition of condensed tannin and/or autoclaving reduced both DM and CP digestibility. Conclusions: treatment with condensed tannins protected canola seeds DM and CP from ruminal degradability, while treatment with heat or tannins combined with heat showed the opposite effect, increasing degradability of those fractions. Addition of condensed tannins and/or autoclaving decreased in vitro DM and CP digestibility.

Antecedentes: es importante estudiar la mejor manera de utilizar fuentes de proteínas vegetales, ya que son rápidamente degradadas en el rumen. Objetivo: evaluar el efecto del tratamiento térmico y/o adición de taninos condensados sobre la degradabilidad ruminal y digestibilidad in vitro de la proteína bruta (PB) y la materia seca (MS) en granos de canola. Métodos: se evaluó la degradabilidad in situ y la digestibilidad in vitro de la MS y PB en granos de canola tratados con agua (control - CCL), térmicamente utilizando autoclave (CTE), taninos condensados (CTN), y taninos condensados seguido por autoclavado (CTA). Resultados: los valores de degradabilidad efectiva de la materia seca (DEMS) para CCL, CTE, CTN, y CTA fueron 66,8, 73,6, 58,5 y 77,5% respectivamente; y para la degradabilidad efectiva de la proteína bruta (DEPB ) fueron 75,2, 77,2, 60,2 y 80,5%, respectivamente -a una tasa de pasaje (k) de 5%/h. La adición de taninos condensados y/o tratamiento térmico provocó la reducción de los valores de digestibilidad, tanto de la MS como de la PB. Conclusiones: el tratamiento con taninos condensados protegió la MS y la PB de las semillas de canola de su degradación ruminal. Los tratamientos con calor húmedo y asociación taninos más calor mostraron el efecto contrario, promoviendo el aumento de la degradabilidad ruminal de esas fracciones. La adición de taninos condensados y/o el autoclavado resultaron en menores valores de digestibilidad para la MS y PB.

Antecedentes: é importante estudar a melhor maneira de utilizar as fontes de proteína vegetal, uma vez que essas são normalmente degradadas no rúmen. Objetivo: avaliar o efeito do tratamento térmico e/ou a adição de tanino condensado sobre a degradabilidade ruminal in situ e a digestibilidade in vitro da proteína bruta (PB) e da matéria seca (MS) de grãos de canola. Métodos: avaliou-se neste trabalho a degradabilidade in situ e a digestibilidade in vitro da MS e PB de grãos de canola tratados com água (controle - CCL), termicamente em autoclave (CTE), tanino condensado (CTN) e tanino condensado seguido de autoclave (CTA). Resultados: os valores de degradabilidade efetiva da matéria seca (DEMS) para CCL, CTE, CTN e CTA foram 66,8; 73,6; 58,5 e 77,5% respectivamente, e para a degradabilidade efetiva da proteína bruta (DEPB) foram 75,2; 77,2; 60,2 e 80,5%, para taxa de passagem (k) igual a 5%/h. A adição de tanino condensado e/ou tratamento com autoclave provocaram a diminuição da digestibilidade, tanto da MS como da PB. Conclusões: concluiu-se que o tratamento com tanino condensado promoveu efetiva proteção da MS e PB dos grãos de canola frente à degradabilidade no rúmen. Já o tratamento com calor úmido e a associação tanino-calor, mostraram efeito contrário, promovendo aumento da degradabilidaderuminal dessas frações. A adição de tanino condensado e/ ou tratamento com autoclave diminuíram a digestibilidade da MS e da PB.

Valor nutricional de híbridos de sorgo em diferentes estádios de maturação / Nutritional value of hybrids of sorghum in different maturation stages

Avaliaram-se a composição bromatológica e a digestibilidade in vitro das plantas, folhas, colmos e panículas de três híbridos de sorgo (BRS 610, BR 700 e BRS 655) colhidos em três estádios de maturação (leitoso, pastoso e farináceo). O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 3x3 (híbridos x estádios de maturação), sendo as médias comparadas pelo teste SNK (P<0,05). Os teores de matéria seca (MS) das plantas variaram de 25,73% a 43,96% e aumentaram com a maturidade. A concentração de proteína bruta (PB) das plantas manteve-se inalterada (P>0,05) entre as idades de corte para todos os híbridos. Os teores de fibra insolúvel em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra insolúvel em detergente ácido (FDA) das plantas não foram influenciados pelo estádio de maturação. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade in vitro da MS (DIVMS) das plantas do BRS 610 não variaram com a maturidade, mas para o BR 700 e BRS 655 apresentaram redução entre o estádio leitoso e o farináceo. As variações observadas nas porcentagens de MS, PB, FDN, FDA e DIVMS das frações folha, colmo e panícula ocorreram de forma diferente entre os híbridos com o avanço da maturidade. Os híbridos BR 700 e BRS 655 devem ser ensilados no estádio leitoso, enquanto o BRS 610 pode ser colhido nos três estádios de maturação avaliados.

The nutritional value of the plants, leaves, stems and panicles of three hybrids of sorghum (BRS 610, BR 700 and BRS 655) at three maturation stages (milk, soft dough and flour) were evaluated. A complete randomized design was used in a factorial arrangement 3x3 (hybrids x ages of cut), and the means were compared by SNK (P<0.05). Dry matter contents of the plants varied from 25.73% to 43.96% and increased with maturity. The percentage of crude protein (CP) of the plants remained constant (P>0.05) among cuts for all the hybrids. The values of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of the plants were not affected by maturation stages. The in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of the plants of BRS 610 didn't change with maturity, but decreased between milk and floury stages for BR 700 and BRS 655. Differences in the percentages of DM, CP, NDF, ADF and IVDMD of the plant fractions (leaves, steam and panicle) occurred differently among hybrids with the advance of maturity. The hybrids BR 700 and BRS 655 should be ensiled at milk stage, while the BRS 610 can be harvested at the three maturation stages evaluated.

Chemical composition and fermentation characteristics of elephant grass silage with biodiesel industry co-products / Composição química e características fermentativas de silagens de capim elefante contendo coprodutos da indústria do biodiesel

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of three concentrations (3, 6, and 9%) of forage turnip (Raphanus sativus) and physic nut (Jatropha curcas) cakes on dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, lignin, acid detergent insoluble nitrogen neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen contents, in vitro dry matter digestibility, pH values and concentrations of N-NH3 in elephant grass silages. It was used an entirely randomized design in factorial arrangement [(2×3)+1]. Experimental PVC silos were used and ensiled material was kept for 62 days. The addition of cakes increased the dry matter contents (P<0.05). The fibrous fractions were reduced (P<0.05) with the inclusion of cakes during the grass ensilage and the CP contents increased (P<0.05). The forage turnip cake provided the same pH and N-NH3 values in ideal levels and the physic nut, added to 9%, increased those values (P<0.05). IVDMD was reduced (P<0.05) when the cakes were added. These co-products can be used in small amounts for elephant grass ensilage in order to provide improvement in chemical and fermentation characteristics of the silages. Nevertheless, physic nut cake shows limitations for its use in animal feeding due to the presence of toxic compounds, making necessary studies for their identification and elimination.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da adição de três concentrações (3, 6, e 9%) das tortas de nabo forrageiro (Raphanus sativus) e de pinhão manso (Jatropha curcas) sobre os teores de matéria seca, proteína bruta, extrato etéreo, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido, lignina, nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente ácido, nitrogênio insolúvel em detergente neutro, digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca, valores de pH e concentrações de N-NH3 em silagens de capim-elefante. Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial [(2×3)+1]. Foram utilizados silos experimentais de PVC e o material ensilado permaneceu por 62 dias. A adição das tortas proporcionou aumento nos teores de matéria seca (P<0,05). As frações fibrosas foram diminuídas (P<0,05) com a inclusão das tortas no momento da ensilagem do capim e os teores de PB aumentados (P<0,05). A torta de nabo forrageiro proporcionou a manutenção dos valores de pH e de N-NH3 em níveis ideais e a de pinhão manso, adicionada a 9%, elevou esses valores (P<0,05). A DIVMS foi diminuída (P<0,05) quando as tortas foram adicionadas. As tortas de nabo forrageiro e pinhão manso podem ser utilizadas em pequenas quantidades na ensilagem do capim-elefante por melhorarem as características químicas e fermentativas das silagens. Contudo, a torta de pinhão manso apresenta limitações para alimentação animal, pois apresenta compostos tóxicos, sendo necessários estudos para sua identificação e eliminação.

Características de fermentação da silagem de seis variedades de milho indicadas para a região semiárida brasileira / Fermentation parameters of silages of six maize varieties recommended for the Brazilian semi-arid region

Avaliaram-se as características fermentativas e a qualidade das silagens de seis variedades de milho, de ciclos precoce e superprecoce - BRS Caatingueiro, BRS Assum Preto, BR 5033 Asa Branca, BR 5028 São Francisco, Gurutuba e BRS 4103 - indicadas para a região semiárida brasileira. Foram utilizados silos experimentais, em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com seis tratamentos (variedades) e quatro repetições. Avaliaram-se: matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), extrato etéreo (EE), carboidratos totais (CHO), carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF), pH, nitrogênio amoniacal como parte do nitrogênio total (N-NH3/NT), ácidos orgânicos e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS) das silagens. Os valores médios encontrados para a silagem foram: MS= 28,7 por cento; MO= 94,9 por cento; PB= 8,3 por cento; FDN= 49,9 por cento; FDA= 27,5 por cento; EE= 3,8 por cento; CHO= 82,7 por cento; CNF= 32,8 por cento; pH= 3,8; N-NH3/NT= 2,9 por cento/NT; ácido láctico = 7,6 por cento; ácido acético = 0,6 por cento; ácido butírico = 0,3 por cento e DIVMS= 57,9 por cento. As variedades BR 5028 - São Francisco e Gurutuba destacaram-se das demais em relação ao teor de matéria seca. A variedade BRS Caatingueiro apresentou maior teor de carboidratos não fibrosos em relação às demais. As silagens de todas as variedades foram classificadas como de excelente qualidade, por apresentarem potencial para ensilagem no semiárido brasileiro.

The fermentation characteristics and silage quality of six maize varieties of early and super early cycles were evaluated. They are recommended for the Brazilian semi-arid region (BRS Caatingueiro, BRS Assum Preto, BR 5033 - Asa Branca, BR 5028 - São Francisco, Gurutuba and BRS 4103). Experimental silos were used, in a completely randomized design, with six treatments (varieties) and four replicaties. The evaluated parameters were: dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), ether extract (EE), total carbohydrates (CHO), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), pH, ammoniacal nitrogen as part of the total nitrogen (N-NH3/TN), organic acids, and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of the silages. The mean values found for silage were: DM= 29.6 percent; OM= 94.9 percent; CP= 8.2 percent; NDF= 49.9 percent; ADF= 27.5 percent; EE= 3.8 percent; CHO= 82.7 percent; NFC= 32.8 percent; pH= 3.8; N-NH3/TN= 2.9 percent/TN; lactic acid = 7.6 percent; acetic acid = 0.6 percent; butyric acid = 0.3 percent; and IVDMD = 57.9 percent. Varieties BR 5028 - São Francisco and Gurutuba stood out (P<0.05) from others in relation to dry matter. The BRS Caatingueiro showed higher (P<0.05) level of non-fiber carbohydrates in relation to the others. The silages from all the varieties were considered of excellent quality, with potential to be conserved as silage in the Brazilian semi-arid.

Características físico-químicas e sensoriais de marcas comerciais de queijo mozarela de leite de búfala / Physical-chemical and sensorial characteristics of marketed buffalo mozzarella cheese

No presente estudo foram avaliados os parâmetros físico-químicos e sensoriais de oito marcas de queijo Mozarela de búfala, analisando-se os teores de umidade, extrato seco total, lipídios, lipídios no extrato seco, proteínas, proteínas no extrato seco, cinzas, carboidratos, pH, digestibilidade in vitro de proteínas e β-caroteno. Realizou-se a análise instrumental da cor por meio de colorímetro Kônica Minolta CR 400. Sob o aspecto sensorial, foram feitos testes de ordenação de cor (branco claro – escuro), maciez (menos –mais), efetuados por 30 provadores, e preferência (gostei menos – gostei mais), realizado por 55 pessoas. As amostras de queijos analisadas apresentaram diferenças significativas nos parâmetros avaliados, com exceção da digestibilidade in vitro. Observou-se também a ausência de β-caroteno nas amostras de todas as marcas, o que indica que estão em conformidade com a legislação. Verificou-se que a variação na tonalidade branca não afetou a preferência, o que sugere que as marcas de produtos mais macios foram as mais aceita se que as variações encontradas estejam provavelmente associadas à variação da composição química da matéria-prima, bem como à forma de processamento do produto.

The sensorial and physical-chemical parameters of eight brands of buffalo mozzarella cheese were assessedanalyzing humidity rate, total dry extract, lipids, lipids in dry extract, proteins, proteins in dry extract, ashes, carbohydrates, pH, in vitro digestibility of proteins and β-carotene. The instrumental color analysis was performed by using Konica Minolta colorimeter CR 400. Sensorial color ordination tests (light – dark), softness (less - more) and preference (liked less – liked more) were performed by 30 testers, and the preference test by 55 persons. The cheeses samples from different brands showed significant differences in the evaluated parameters, except for in vitro digestibility. It was also found a lack of β-carotene in all of product brands, being in agreement with the legislation in force. The range of white tonality did not affect the preference; therefore, it was inferred that the softest product brands were the best accepted andthe softness variations were probably related to the chemical composition of raw material and also to the procedure for manufacturing the product.