Non-reperfused ST-elevation myocardial infarction: notions from a low-to-middle-income country / Infarto de miocardio con elevación del ST no reperfundido: nociones de un país de ingresos bajos a medios

Abstract Objective: The objective of the study was to analyze the differences between survivors and non-survivors with non-reperfused ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and to identify the predictors of in-hospital mortality. Methods: A retrospective cohort study included non-reperfused STEMI patients from October 2005 to August 2020. Patients were classified into survivors and non-survivors. We compared patient characteristics, treatments, and outcomes among the groups and identified factors associated with in-hospital mortality. Results: We included 2442 patients with non-reperfused STEMI and we found a mortality of 12.7% versus 7.2% in reperfused STEMI. The main reason for non-reperfusion was delayed presentation (96.1%). Non-survivors were older, more often women, and had diabetes, hypertension, or atrial fibrillation. The left main coronary disease was more frequent in non-survivors as well as three-vessel disease. Non-survivors developed more in-hospital heart failure, reinfarction, atrioventricular block, bleeding, stroke, and death. The main predictors for in-hospital mortality were renal dysfunction (HR 3.41), systolic blood pressure < 100 mmHg (HR 2.26), and left ventricle ejection fraction < 40% (HR 1.97). Conclusion: Mortality and adverse outcomes occur more frequently in non-reperfused STEMI. Non-survivors tend to be older, with more comorbidities, and have more adverse in-hospital outcomes.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar las diferencias entre los sobrevivientes y no sobrevivientes con infarto agudo de miocardio no reperfundido y conocer los predictores de mortalidad intrahospitalaria. Métodos: Estudio de cohorte retrospectiva que incluyó pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio no reperfundido de octubre de 2005 a agosto de 2020. Se clasificaron los pacientes de acuerdo a su estado de sobrevida y se compararon las características clínicas, tratamientos y desenlaces para poder identificar los predictores de mortalidad intrahospitalaria. Resultados: Se incluyeron 2442 pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio no reperfundido, en los que se encontró una mortalidad de 12.7% vs 7.2% los que si recibieron tratamiento de reperfusión. La principal razón para no recibir tratamiento de reperfusión fue el retraso en la atención médica (96.1%). Los no sobrevivientes tuvieron mayor edad, fueron mujeres y tuvieron mayor frecuencia de diabetes, hipertensión y fibrilación atrial. El tronco de la coronaria izquierda y la enfermedad trivascular fueron más frecuentes en los que no sobrevivieron. Los pacientes que no sobrevivieron desarrollaron más insuficiencia cardiaca, reinfarto, bloqueo atrioventricular, sangrados, evento vascular cerebral y muerte. Los principales predictores de mortalidad intrahospitalaria fueron: insuficiencia renal (HR 3.41), tensión arterial sistólica al ingreso < 100 mmHg (HR 2.26) y fracción de eyección del ventrículo izquierdo < 40% (HR 1.97). Conclusiones: Los pacientes con infarto de miocardio no reperfundido tienen mayor mortalidad y desenlaces adversos. Los no sobrevivientes fueron mayores, con más comorbilidades y desarrollaron más desenlaces adversos intrahospitalarios.

In-Hospital Outcomes of Patients with Acute Kidney Injury Following Acute Coronary Syndrome in a Tertiary level Hospital

Background: Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a strong predictor of in-hospital adverse outcomes, which is a common complication of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). ACS patients with renal impairment during hospitalization are associated with adverse outcomes like heart failure, cardiogenic shock, arrhythmia, dialysis requirement and mortality. Objective: To compare ACS patients with or without AKI has significant risk of in-hospital adverse outcomes. Methods: This prospective comparative study was conducted in the Department of Cardiology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, during the period of July 2017 to June 2018. A total of 70 eligible patients were included in this study. Electrocardiography, blood test for serum creatinine (on admission, 12 hours, 48 hours and at the time of discharge), lipid profile, RBS, 2-D echocardiography along with serum troponin, CK MB and electrolytes were done for all patients. Results: It was observed that mean age was 58.0±8.5 years in group A (ACS with AKI) and 55.6±12.3 years in group B (ACS without AKI). Male population was predominant in both the groups (85.7% and 74.2%, respectively). Heart failure was more common in group A than in Group B (74.3% vs 34.2% p=0.001 respectively). Arrhythmia was more common in group A than in Group B (100% vs 74.2% respectively). The mean duration of hospital stay was significantly higher in Group A than in the Group B (9.4±2.3 vs 7.2±0.6; p=0.001) days. Conclusion: This study showed adverse outcomes including longer duration of hospital stays were more common in the patients with AKI (group A) than in the patients without AKI (group B).

Temporal trends and in-hospital outcomes of primary percutaneous coronary intervention in nonagenarians with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Data regarding the outcomes of primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in nonagenarians are very limited. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the temporal trends and in-hospital outcomes of primary PCI in nonagenarian STEMI patients. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed data from the Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry (KAMIR) from November 2005 to January 2008, and from the Korea Working Group on Myocardial Infarction (KorMI) from February 2008 to May 2010. RESULTS: During this period, the proportion of nonagenarians among STEMI patients more than doubled (0.59% in KAMIR vs. 1.35% in KorMI), and the rate of use of primary PCI also increased (from 62.5% in KAMIR to 81.0% in KorMI). We identified 84 eligible study patients for which the overall in-hospital mortality rate was 21.4% (25.0% in KAMIR vs. 20.3% in KorMI, p = 0.919). Multivariate analysis identified two independent predictors of in-hospital mortality, namely a final Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow < 3 (odds ratio [OR], 13.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.2 to 59.0; p < 0.001) and cardiogenic shock during hospitalization (OR, 6.7; 95% CI, 1.5 to 30.3; p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS: The number of nonagenarian STEMI patients who have undergone primary PCI has increased. Although a final TIMI flow < 3 and cardiogenic shock are independent predictors of in-hospital mortality, primary PCI can be performed with a high success rate and an acceptable in-hospital mortality rate.

Identificação e impacto clínico de fração de ejeção preservada em pacientes admitidos por insuficiência cardíaca descompensada / Identification and clinical impact of preserved left ventricular ejection fraction in patients admitted with acute decompensated heart failure

A identificação e o impacto clínico da fração de ejeção (FE) preservada em pacientes hospitalizados por insuficiência cardíaca (IC) descompensada permanecem pouco estudados. Métodos. Foram analisadas admissões consecutivas por IC descompensada em um hospital terciário brasileiro. A inclusão foi realizada a partir de pontuação igual ou superior a 8 pontos no escore de Boston para definição de IC. FE preservada foi definida como FE de ventrículo esquerdo ) 50%. Cerca de 80 variáveis clínicas, laboratoriais e prognósticas foram obtidas ao longo da internação até o óbito ou a alta hospitalar através de protocolo estruturado. Resultados. Foram incluídas 721 admissões consecutivas por IC descompensada (idade= 66 ± 13 anos, FEVE= 42 ± 17%, 50% do sexo masculino). A prevalência de FE preservada foi de 31%. Pacientes com valores mais elevados de FE apresentaram características clínicas significativamente distintas das de pacientes com disfunção sistólica, tais como idade avançada, predominância do sexo feminino, maior proporção de etiologia não-isquêmica, prevalência elevada de fibrilação atrial crônica, níveis inferiores de hemoglobina, pressão de pulso reduzida e complexos QRS alargados. Não foi observada diferença significativa na mortalidade intrahospitalar de acordo com quintis de FE, porém houve uma tendência para um aumento de complicações clínicas em pacientes com FE elevada. Conclusões. FE preservada é uma condição prevalente e responsável por significativa morbi-mortalidade entre pacientes brasileiros hospitalizados por IC descompensada.

Identification and clinical impact of preserved EF (ejection fraction) on in-hospital outcomes in patients with acute decompensated heart failure (HF) remain poorly defined. Methods. Consecutive admissions for decompensated HF, defined by Boston criteria equal to or higher than to 8 points, at a tertiary care hospital in Brazil were included. Preserved systolic function was defined as left ventricular EF ) 50%. Approximately 80 clinical variables based on history, physical examination, laboratory and echocardiographic data were evaluated to identify predictors of preserved EF at admission. Included patients were followed up through hospitalization to discharge or death. Results. Overall, 721 consecutive HF admissions were enrolled (66 ± 13 years, EF= 42 ± 17%, 50% male) and preserved EF was identified in 224 (31%). Patients with acute decompensated HF and preserved EF presented with distinctive clinical characteristics: older age, female gender, non-ischemic etiology, higher prevalence of chronic atrial fibrillation, lower hemoglobin levels, lower pulse pressure and wider QRS complexes. No significant differences were observed on in-hospital mortality according to quintiles of EF, but we observed a trend toward increased clinical complications in patients with higher EF. Conclusions: Preserved EF is a prevalent and morbid condition among hospitalized HF patients.