Prácticas pedagógicas, conocimientos y condiciones institucionales en las que laboran docentes colombianos. Un estudio sobre educación inclusiva y discapacidad / Pedagogical practices, knowledge and institutional conditions in which Colombian teachers work. A study on inclusive education and disability

Resumen En 2017 se expidió en Colombia el decreto 1421, según el cual todas las escuelas del país debían acoger estudiantes con discapacidad y ofrecerles oportunidades de calidad para su ingreso, permanencia y egreso. El Ministerio de Educación dio un plazo de cinco años, contados a partir de su aprobación, para que esta política se implementara en todo el territorio nacional. El objetivo de esta investigación es caracterizar las prácticas pedagógicas, los conocimientos y las condiciones institucionales (de tipo pedagógico-administrativo), en las que labora una muestra de docentes colombianos, seis años después de expedido el decreto. Para ello, se utilizó un diseño cuantitativo no experimental transeccional y la aplicación de una escala a 249 maestros y maestras de distintos niveles educativos. Con base en los hallazgos obtenidos, puede concluirse que hay un cambio positivo en las prácticas pedagógicas y los conocimientos de aquellos docentes que cuentan con formación en inclusión y que laboran en colegios que acogen alumnado con estas trayectorias de vida. Aun así, las condiciones institucionales del profesorado encuestado todavía no responden a proyectos inclusivos. Estos resultados se discuten a la luz de los retos que enfrenta el sistema educativo colombiano en pro de atender alumnado con discapacidad.

Abstract In 2017, Decree 1421 was issued in Colombia, according to which all schools in the country were to welcome students with disabilities and offer them quality opportunities for their entry, permanence and graduation. The Ministry of Education (MEN, 2017a) gave a deadline of five years for this policy to be implemented in the national territory, counted from its approval. The objective of this research is to characterize the pedagogical practices, knowledge and institutional conditions (pedagogical and administrative type) in which a sample of Colombian teachers work, six years after the decree was issued. For this purpose, a transectional non-experimental quantitative design was used and a scale was applied to 249 teachers of early childhood education, elementary school, junior high school and vocational middle school. Based on the findings obtained, it can be concluded that there is a positive change in the pedagogical practices and knowledge of those teachers who have training in inclusion and who work in private schools that receive students with these life trajectories. Even so, the institutional conditions of the teachers surveyed still do not respond to inclusive institutional projects. Since, at the time of writing this paper, we did not find other similar studies in the country, these results are discussed in the light of international research on the subject and in the framework of national policy, and allow extrapolating the challenges faced by the Colombian educational system in welcoming students with disabilities.

La danza afroecuatoriana: alternativa metodológica para la inclusión de estudiantes con hiperactividad en la Educación Física

Se reconoce que la danza afroecuatoriana es un lazo de conexión con los ancestros y la identidad, y aporta una educación del movimiento que facilita, a su vez, el desarrollo de valores educativos en torno al tratamiento del cuerpo; ello favorece la motivación hacia la práctica de la actividad física continuada. El objetivo de la investigación radica en proponer la danza afroecuatoriana como una alternativa metodológica para la inclusión de estudiantes con hiperactividad y se contextualiza en décimo año, con un total de 35 estudiantes, y una muestra de un estudiante con trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad, de la Básica Superior de la Unidad Educativa "José Otilio Ramírez Reina", provincia de Esmeraldas en Ecuador. El estudio, se sustentó en un enfoque cuantitativo-cualitativo y el método dialectico-materialista; se emplearon métodos del nivel teórico como el histórico-lógico y el análisis-síntesis y del nivel empírico el análisis documental, la observación y la encuesta, para interpretar las derivaciones obtenidas en cada etapa que transitó desde el nivel exploratorio, descriptivo, hasta llegar a una explicación del fenómeno investigado. Los resultados revelan el insuficiente reconocimiento de la danza afroecuatoriana para la inclusión de estudiantes con este trastorno, así como la escasa producción científica relacionada con la temática. Del estudio realizado se concluyó que la danza afroecuatoriana constituye una vía expedita para un mejor conocimiento, disfrute y preservación de la identidad, en estos estudiantes.

Reconhece-se que a dança afro-equatoriana é um vínculo de ligação com os ancestrais e a identidade, e proporciona uma educação em movimento que facilita, por sua vez, o desenvolvimento de valores educativos em torno do tratamento do corpo; Isso favorece a motivação para a prática de atividade física continuada. O objetivo da pesquisa consiste em propor a dança afro-equatoriana como alternativa metodológica para a inclusão de alunos com hiperatividade e está contextualizada no décimo ano, com um total de 35 alunos, e uma amostra de um aluno com transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade, da Escola Básica Superior da Unidade Educacional "José Otilio Ramírez Reina", província de Esmeraldas no Equador. O estudo baseou-se na abordagem quanti-qualitativa e no método dialético-materialista; Métodos do nível teórico como histórico-lógico e análise-síntese e do nível empírico, análise documental, observação e levantamento, foram utilizados para interpretar as derivações obtidas em cada etapa que passou do nível exploratório, descritivo, até chegar a uma explicação do fenômeno investigado. Os resultados revelam o insuficiente reconhecimento da dança afro-equatoriana para a inclusão de alunos com esse transtorno, bem como a limitada produção científica relacionada ao tema. Do estudo realizado concluiu-se que a dança afro-equatoriana constitui um caminho expedito para um melhor conhecimento, diversão e preservação da identidade destes alunos.

Afro-Ecuadorian dance is a bond of connection with ancestors and identity, and provides an education in movement that facilitates, in turn, the development of educational values around the treatment of the body; this favors motivation towards the practice of continued physical activity. The objective of the research lies in proposing Afro-Ecuadorian dance as a methodological alternative for the inclusion of students with hyperactivity and is contextualized in the tenth grade, with a total of 35 students, and a sample of a student with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, from the Higher Basic School "José Otilio Ramírez Reina" Educational Unit, province of Esmeraldas in Ecuador. The study was based on a quantitative-qualitative approach and the dialectical-materialist method; methods from the theoretical level such as historical-logical and analysis-synthesis and from the empirical level, documentary analysis, observation and survey, were used to interpret the derivations obtained in each stage that went from the exploratory, descriptive level, until reaching an explanation of the phenomenon investigated. The results reveal the insufficient recognition of Afro-Ecuadorian dance for the inclusion of students with this disorder, as well as the limited scientific production related to the topic. From the study carried out, it was concluded that Afro-Ecuadorian dance constitutes an expeditious route for better knowledge, enjoyment and preservation of identity in these students.

3. Challenges and Considerations of Exclusionary Clauses for Persons with Disabilities in Healthcare Professional Legislation / 医学教育

The Japanese laws regulating healthcare professionals currently contain exclusionary clauses that limit qualifications based on individual impairments. These exclusionary clauses are grounded in a medical model focused on individual impairments and contradict the social model that underpins the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which Japan has ratified. Furthermore, these clauses exacerbate the stigma associated with disabilities, complicating the integration of individuals with disabilities into the healthcare professional community.　To enhance the quality of healthcare and address medical disparities faced by individuals with disabilities, it is critical to employ healthcare staff with disabilities. It is an essential requirement that healthcare professionals, with or without disabilities, pursue shared objectives on equal grounds, and their collaboration must be officially sanctioned. The presence of exclusionary clauses presents an obstacle to long-term improvements in healthcare quality and necessitates immediate rectification.

Building an inclusive education-oriented, ICF-based and multi-faceted education placement service for children with special needs: policy, theoretical framework and methodology / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo explore the policy framework, theoretical system and principles of educational placement for children with special needs based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) for the multi-faceted educational placement services and methods for these children. MethodsBased on ICF theory and methods, public policy research techniques, and educational policy analysis, this study systematically investigated the policy architecture and theoretical underpinnings for the educational placement of children with special needs, focusing on an inclusive education-oriented system of multiple placements. ResultsThe study analyzed educational policies, emphasizing the rights to education under the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) and UNESCO's guidelines on ensuring inclusivity and equity in education which encourage the provision of individualized educational support services and reasonable accommodations to enable the effective participation of students with disablities in education. China, the European Union (EU) and the United States (US) have enacted laws and policies promoting inclusive education, integrating children with disablities into the general education system, and providing them with the same educational opportunities as other children. The development of special education focuses on tailored educational services for those children who need additional support and resources. Policies underscore the need to evaluate the specific needs of children with disablities and provide individualized educational plan based on these needs. ConclusionBased on core content from the CRPD, UNESCO's guidelines, and relevant policies from China, the EU, and the US regarding the education and educational placement services for children with special needs, the theoretical framework and principles of educational placement for children with special needs based on ICF are discussed, proposing contents and methods for constructing a multi-faceted educational placement service system for children with special needs.

Cartografias da Educação Inclusiva na Educação Especial: Produção Científica, Políticas e Práticas / Cartographies of Inclusive Education in Special Education: Scientific Production, Policies and Practices

RESUMO Neste artigo, apresentamos um retrato sobre as políticas de Educação Inclusiva na Educação Especial. Analisamos a produção científica, políticas educacionais e a realidade educacional atual, considerando os 16 anos da Política Nacional de Educação Especial na Perspectiva da Educação Inclusiva. Em termos metodológicos, analisamos documentos federais e o Censo Escolar produzidos pelo Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais Anísio Teixeira (Inep), assim como a produção científica da Revista Brasileira de Educação Especial (RBEE). Os achados foram cotejados com dados qualitativos produzidos em redes de ensino que integram o Fórum Permanente de Educação Especial na Perspectiva da Educação Inclusiva da Baixada e Sul Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro. Os resultados indicam um conjunto de desafios na garantia da Educação Inclusiva no âmbito da Educação Especial: percalços no oferecimento dos apoios educacionais, fragilidades de políticas/programas intersetoriais, iniquidade educacional e problemas teóricos e práticos da concepção de Educação Inclusiva na Educação Especial.

ABSTRACT In this paper, we present a portrait of inclusive education policies in Special Education. We analyze the scientific production, education policies and the current educational reality, considering the 16 years of the National Special Education Policy from the Perspective of Inclusive Education. In methodological terms, we analyzed federal documents and the School Census produced by the National Institute of Educational Studies and Research Anísio Teixeira (INEP), as well as the scientific production of the Revista Brasileira de Educação Especial (RBEE). The findings were compared with qualitative data produced in education networks that are part of the Permanent Special Education Forum from the perspective of Inclusive Education in Baixada e Sul Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The results indicate a set of challenges in guaranteeing Inclusive Education within the scope of Special Education: setbacks in offering educational support, weaknesses in intersectoral policies/programs, educational inequity and theoretical and practical problems in the conception of Inclusive Education in Special Education.

Dilemmas of Classifying Difference: the Promises and Disruptions of Inclusive Education Across Cultural Contexts / Dilemas da Classificação da Diferença: as Promessas e as Rupturas da Educação Inclusiva em Contextos Culturais

ABSTRACT The call for expanding educational opportunities for all (including the most vulnerable groups) has been both promising and disruptive, particularly as inclusive education policies spread across the globe. Notably, inclusive education embodies a transformative promise for contexts where inequality is ubiquitous. However, different perspectives on the categorization of vulnerable groups are emerging around the globe, which influences the way Inclusive Education is designed and implemented. Thus, in this paper, we reflect on the differences among countries in their approach to implementing Inclusive Education, we discuss the hierarchies of difference that are created, and we set an initial discussion to foster the analysis of categories of difference and their implications for Inclusive Education in future research.

RESUMO A chamada pela expansão das oportunidades educativas para todos (incluindo os grupos mais vulneráveis) tem sido ao mesmo tempo promissor e perturbador, especialmente na medida em que as políticas de educação inclusiva se espalham por todo o mundo. Notavelmente, a educação inclusiva incorpora uma promessa transformadora para contextos em que a desigualdade é omnipresente. No entanto, diferentes perspectivas sobre a categorização de grupos vulneráveis estão surgindo em todo o mundo, o que influencia a forma como a Educação Inclusiva é concebida e implementada. Assim sendo, neste artigo, refletimos sobre as diferenças entre os países na sua abordagem à implementação da Educação Inclusiva, discutimos as hierarquias de diferenças que são criadas e estabelecemos uma discussão inicial para promover a análise das categorias de diferença e as suas implicações para a Educação Inclusiva em pesquisas futuras.

Desafios Globais e Locais da Educação Especial na Perspectiva da Educação Inclusiva: Potencialidade de uma Cartografia em Construção / Global and Local Challenges of Special Education from the Perspective of Inclusive Education: Potentiality of a Cartography Under Construction

RESUMO Apresentamos, aqui, uma discussão a partir dos textos que compõem o Dossiê intitulado: DESAFIOS GLOBAIS E LOCAIS DA EDUCAÇÃO ESPECIAL NA PERSPECTIVA DA EDUCAÇÃO INCLUSIVA: POTENCIALIDADE DE UMA CARTOGRAFIA EM CONSTRUÇÃO. O objetivo é construir uma cartografia internacional e nacional de como, na área da Educação Especial, a Educação Inclusiva tem sido recontextualizada nas políticas e nas práticas de diferentes estados brasileiros e diferentes países. Conseguimos unir, nesse material, uma entrevista internacional, cinco artigos internacionais e quatro textos nacionais, tecendo um panorama de arranjos locais muito distintos e que nos brindam com miríades complexas sobre a inclusão educacional. Do ponto de vista temático, o Dossiê discute temas emergentes, centrando-se em políticas e práticas de Educação Inclusiva no campo da Educação Especial, a saber: formação de professores, escolarização de pessoas com deficiências e políticas de Educação Inclusiva na Educação Especial contemporânea.

ABSTRACT We present, here, a discussion based on the texts that make up the Dossier entitled: GLOBAL AND LOCAL CHALLENGES OF SPECIAL EDUCATION FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF INCLUSIVE EDUCATION: POTENTIALITY OF A CARTOGRAPHY UNDER CONSTRUCTION. The objective is to build an international and national cartography of how, in the area of Special Education, Inclusive Education has been recontextualized in the policies and practices of different Brazilian states and different countries. In this material, we managed to bring together an international interview, five international papers and four national texts, creating a panorama of very distinct local arrangements that provide us with myriad complexities about educational inclusion. From a thematic point of view, the Dossier discusses emerging themes, focusing on Inclusive Education policies and practices in the field of Special Education, namely: teacher training, schooling of people with disabilities and Inclusive Education policies in contemporary Special Education.

La Tecnología Educativa como Herramienta Inclusiva para los Estudiantes con Discapacidad: Experiencias de Profesores Universitarios Españoles / Educational Technology as an Inclusive Tool for Students with Disabilities: Experiences of Spanish University Professors

RESUMEN Este artículo explora los recursos tecnológicos utilizados por 21 profesores universitarios españoles para desarrollar una pedagogía inclusiva, los motivos para su uso y cómo influyen en el aprendizaje de los estudiantes con discapacidad. En el estudio de corte cualitativo se realizaron entrevistas semi-estructuradas individuales para la recogida de información. Se utilizó un sistema de categorías y códigos inductivo para el análisis de datos. En los resultados se describe cómo se promueve la inclusión de los estudiantes con discapacidad a través de herramientas tecnológicas tradicionales e innovadoras, y se analizan los principales beneficios de estos recursos. Como conclusión, la investigación pone en valor el uso de recursos tecnológicos en el ámbito universitario con el fin de promover que todos los estudiantes permanezcan y finalicen con éxito sus estudios.

ABSTRACT This article explores the technological resources used by 21 Spanish university professors to develop an inclusive pedagogy, the reasons for its use and how they influence the learning of students with disabilities. In this qualitative study, individual semi-structured interviews were used to data gathering. An inductive system of categories and codes was used for data analysis. The results describe how the inclusion of students with disabilities is encouraged through traditional and new technological tools, and the main benefits implicit in these resources are analyzed. In conclusion, the research highlights the value of the use of technological resources in the university context in order to promote that all students stay and successfully complete their studies.

Attitudes, self-efficacy, and intention to teach in inclusive classrooms of in-service teachers in chile: validating scales / Atitudes, autoeficácia e intenção de ensinar em aulas inclusivas de professores em serviço no chile: validação de escalas

ABSTRACT The main purpose of this study was to analyse the psychometric properties of the Chilean-Spanish version of the Attitudes towards Inclusion Scale (AIS), the Intention to Teach in Inclusive Classrooms Scale (ITICS), and the Teacher Efficacy for Inclusive Practices (TEIP) scale. The secondary objective was to establish whether the intention to teach in inclusive classrooms is influenced by attitudes and self-efficacy. Participants were 569 in-service teachers. The results indicated adequate reliability scores for the three instruments. The results of the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) of the AIS confirmed the existence of two factors. The ITICS was determined to be unidimensional. The factor structure of the TEIP scale differed substantially from that of the original scale, and two factorial solutions were determined to be the best fit for Chilean teachers. Self-efficacy for inclusive practices and attitudes towards inclusion had a positive effect on intention to implement inclusive practices. The implications of the findings for teacher education programmes are discussed.

RESUMO O principal objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as propriedades psicométricas da versão chileno-espanhola da Escala de Atitudes em relação à Inclusão (AIS), da Escala de Intenção de Ensinar em Salas de Aula Inclusivas (ITICS) e da escala de Eficácia do Professorado para Práticas Inclusivas (TEIP). O objetivo secundário foi determinar se a intenção de ensinar em salas de aula inclusivas é influenciada por atitudes e autoeficácia. Os participantes foram 569 professores em serviço. Os resultados indicaram níveis de confiabilidade adequados para os três instrumentos. Os resultados da análise fatorial exploratória (EFA) da AIS confirmaram a existência de dois fatores. A ITICS foi determinada como sendo unidimensional. A estrutura fatorial da escala TEIP diferiu substancialmente da escala original, e duas soluções fatoriais foram determinadas como sendo as mais adequadas para os professores chilenos. A autoeficácia para práticas inclusivas e as atitudes em relação à inclusão tiveram um efeito positivo na intenção de implementar práticas inclusivas. As implicações dos resultados para os programas de formação de professores são discutidas.

Interacciones y convivencia escolar en clave de inclusión: apuntes a partir de las concepciones docentes / Interactions and school coexistence in the key of inclusion: notes from the teaching conceptions

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio es conocer lo que las y los docentes entienden por inclusión y las acciones que realizan en su nombre. La multiplicidad de interpretaciones que puede asumir este concepto y la variedad de formas de trabajo en función del público del que se trate, contribuye a que ésta tenga un carácter fuertemente situado. Los participantes fueron 100 docentes y personal profesional de 6 establecimientos educacionales públicos. Se utilizó un diseño cualitativo de investigación; la entrevista grupal y el análisis de contenido de los datos. Los resultados muestran a las interacciones escolares como la unidad donde ocurre la inclusión. Estas se presentan guiadas por lo que aquí llamamos una lógica inclusiva apuntando a propiciar el sentido de pertenencia de las y los estudiantes a la comunidad escolar; y acciones inclusivas propiamente tal, identificadas con prácticas especiales y técnicas dirigidas al trabajo con "la diferencia". Se concluye a partir de estos datos, la posibilidad de establecer una distinción entre la referida a aquella que sostiene las interacciones que fortalecen los valores y convenciones de la comunidad escolar, de la inclusión que, al contrario, demanda problematizar estas convenciones abriendo los espacios y las relaciones escolares a nuevos posibles.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to know what teachers understand by inclusion and the actions they carry out on their behalf. The multiplicity of interpretations that the concept of inclusion can assume and the variety of ways of working depending on the public in question contribute to its highly localized nature. The participants were 100 teachers and professional staff from six public educational establishments. A qualitative research design, group interviews and data content analysis were used. The results show school interactions as the unit where inclusion occurs. These interactions are presented as a guide by what it is called here as an inclusive logic aiming to promote the sense of belonging of the students to the school community; and inclusive actions as such, identified with special practices and techniques aimed at working with "difference". It was concluded from these data that the possibility of establishing a distinction between the inclusive logic that sustains the interactions that strengthen the values and conventions of the school community, from the inclusion that, on the contrary, demands to problematize these conventions by opening the spaces and school relationships to new possibilities.

Validação de um questionário sobre educação inclusiva: versão para professores e alunos / Validation of a questionnaire on inclusive education: teacher and student version

RESUMO Os atuais normativos no âmbito da educação inclusiva exigem metodologias de recolha de informação alinhadas com os mais recentes paradigmas. Assim, este estudo objetiva analisar as qualidades métricas (fiabilidade e validade) do Questionário sobre Educação Inclusiva, na dupla versão: professores e alunos. A partir da revisão de literatura e da consulta de instrumentos validados, estabeleceu-se uma versão inicial, avaliada por dez peritos, para a análise da validade de conteúdo (VC). Todos os itens foram considerados representativos, apresentando índices (IVC) superiores a .90 e acordos tendencialmente moderados (k>.30). No pré-teste, com dez participantes (n professores=5, n alunos=5), foi confirmada a fiabilidade ao nível da consistência interna total (α professores=.83; α alunos =.95) e estabilidade temporal (r professores=.92; r alunos=.80). A validade de constructo foi analisada com a aplicação da versão final a 305 professores, entre os 27 e os 68 anos (M=51.41; DP=7.73) e a 82 alunos, entre os 6 e os 20 anos (M=12.96; DP=3.32). As correlações entre secções são moderadas, mas contribuem significativamente (.74>r<.85) para o total. A análise fatorial exploratória aponta uma solução trifatorial e unifatorial explicando 41.88% e 48% da variância total, para professores e alunos, respetivamente. O questionário apresenta-se como um instrumento fiável para estudar perceções, práticas e culturas inclusivas vivenciadas na escola.

ABSTRACT Current legislative framework in the field of inclusive education requires collection methodologies aligned with the latest paradigms. Thus, this study aims to present the metric qualities (reliabillity and validity) of the Questionnaire on Inclusive Education, in its dual version: teachers and students. Based on the literature review and the consultation of validated instruments, an initial version, assessed by ten experts, was established for content validity (CV) analysis. All items were considered representative, presenting indices (IVC) higher than .90 and moderate agreement (k>.30). In the pre-test, with ten participants (n teachers=5, n students=5), reliability was confirmed at the level of total internal consistency (α teachers =.83; α students =.95) and temporal stability (r teachers=.92; r students=.80). The construct validity was analyzed by applying the final version to 305 teachers, aged 27 to 68 years (M=51.41; SD=7.73) and 82 students, aged 6 to 20 years (M=12.96; SD=3.32). The correlations between sections are moderate but contribute significantly (.74>r<.85) to the total. The exploratory factor analysis indicates a three-factor and a one-factor solution explaining 41.88% and 48% of the total variance, for teachers and students, respectively. The questionnaire is a reliable tool to study perceptions, practices and inclusive cultures experienced at school.

The impact of parenting practices and family economy on psychological wellbeing and learning patterns in higher education students

Abstract Background There is a large literature on the significant impact of rearing factors in the psychological development of different child's learning patterns and wellbeing in elementary and secondary schools, but there is a scarcity of studies on to what extent those influences remain stable up to higher education. Objective In this study, parenting practices and family status were analyzed as predictors of the different learning styles, psychological difficulties, mental health factors, and academic performance, comprising the psychosocial diversity in learning (DinL) at the university classroom. Methods Using a cross-sectional design, a questionnaire was administered to a sample of 2522 students at the Complutense University of Madrid (Spain). It included a DinL scale measuring five psychological learning dimensions (coping with difficulties, effort, autonomy, Social/Physical Context, and understanding/career interest), plus several items on retrospective parenting practices, family, and sociodemographic variables. Multiple regressions and analyses of variance were conducted with the family factors as independent variables and the learning factors as dependent variables. Results Results showed parenting variables, parents' education, and family economy as having a significant impact on psychological learning dimensions, academic performance, and especially on the students' wellbeing and mental health status, being an important contributors to explain the DinL in the university classroom. Conclusion The results bring interesting conclusions for developmental and health psychologists when working with parents aimed at fostering wellbeing and learning strategies related to academic inclusion and achievement.

Recontextualização do Texto da Política de Inclusão de Estudantes com Deficiência: os (Des)Caminhos da Educação inclusiva / Recontextualization of the Text of the Policy for the Inclusion of Students with Disabilities: the (Dis)Paths of Inclusive Education

RESUMO: Neste trabalho, buscou-se discutir a recontextualização do discurso político de inclusão no contexto educacional, a partir do Decreto nº 10.502/2020 e a Base Nacional Comum Curricular (BNCC), com aproximações à teoria de Bernstein. Trata-se de uma pesquisa documental, qualitativa, analisada por meio da análise de conteúdo descrita por Bardin. Os resultados evidenciam o apagamento da palavra "inclusão" e a falta de previsão quanto à oferta das acessibilidades. Entende-se que esse indício permite a compreensão de um distanciamento entre currículo, planejamento, práticas pedagógicas e Educação Inclusiva no que tange às diversidades encontradas no contexto escolar, articulação evidenciada pelo Decreto nº 10.502/2020. Destaca-se que o Decreto foi julgado como Ação Direta de Inconstitucionalidade por ferir artigos constitucionais ao possibilitar a segregação de pessoas com deficiência, ocasionando a sua revogação no dia 1º de janeiro de 2023. Conclui-se, a partir deste estudo, que tanto a BNCC quanto o referido Decreto possuem seus percursos marcados pelo campo da recontextualização, conforme a teoria de Bernstein aponta, o que mostra como a distribuição do poder na sociedade e seus princípios de controle social podem afetar o texto político produzido e a sua reprodução no contexto escolar.

ABSTRACT: In this work, it was sought to discuss the recontextualization of the political discourse of inclusion in the educational context, based on the Decree nº 10,502/2020 and the Brazilian Common Core State Standards (known by the acronym BNCC), with approaches to Bernstein's theory. It is qualitative documentary research analyzed through the content analysis described by Bardin. The results highlight the erasure of the word "inclusion" and the lack of provision regarding the provision of accessibility. It is understood that this evidence allows the understanding of a distance between curriculum, planning, pedagogical practices and inclusive education with regard to the diversities found in the school context, a connection evidenced by Decree nº 10,502/2020. It is noteworthy that the Decree was judged as a Direct Action of Unconstitutionality for violating constitutional articles by allowing the segregation of people with disabilities, leading to its repeal on January 1st, 2023. Based on this study, it is concluded that both the BNCC and the aforementioned Decree have their paths marked by the field of recontextualization, according to Bernstein's theory, which shows how the distribution of power in society and its principles of social control can affect the political text produced and its reproduction in the school context.

Una mirada a la Educación Superior Inclusiva en Latinoamérica / A Look at Inclusive Higher Education in Latin America

Resumen: Esta revisión tuvo como objetivo reconocer las investigaciones y las experiencias que surgen en las Instituciones Educativas Superiores en relación con la diversi dad e inclusión. Los resultado exhortan a revisar y trascender los enfoques que actualmente rigen el diseño de los procesos educativos en la Educación Supe rior, especialmente, aquellos dirigidos al restablecimiento de derechos a las po blaciones vulnerables, en aras de fortalecer la educación inclusiva y garantizar el derecho constitucional a una educación con calidad que dignifique y permita la participación plena de estos colectivos, reflejándose en una implementación de programas que posibiliten la inclusión educativa en las Universidades.

Abstract: The objective of this review was to recognize the research and experiences that arise in Higher Education Institutions in relation to diversity and inclusion. The results urge to review and to transcend the approaches that currently govern the design of educational processes in Higher Education, especially those aimed at restoring the rights of vulnerable populations in order to strengthen inclusive education and to guarantee the constitutional right to a quality education that dignifies and allows the full participation of these groups, reflected in the im plementation of programs that enable educational inclusion in Universities.

Reflexões sobre educação inclusiva: A perspectiva de psicólogas e psicólogos de Mato Grosso / Reflections on inclusive education: the perspective of psychologists from Mato Grosso

Este artigo apresenta uma discussão sobre o processo educacional inclusivo na perspectiva de psicólogas e psicólogos do estado de Mato Grosso, a partir de suas vivências profissionais, especificamente, com as demandas de alunos com deficiência. Deriva de uma pesquisa qualitativa realizada no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso no período de 2017-2018. Os participantes da pesquisa foram sete profissionais que atuam na educação básica em municípios do estado de Mato Grosso, sendo seis psicólogas e um psicólogo, e o objetivo foi identificar as perspectivas desses profissionais sobre o processo educacional inclusivo a partir de suas expectativas, dificuldades e possibilidades de atuação. Para a produção de dados para análise, foram utilizadas a técnica de grupo focal e entrevistas individuais. Os dados foram analisados conforme a metodologia da Análise Temática e sob a perspectiva crítica em Psicologia Escolar, além da Psicologia Histórico-Cultural. Os resultados apontam que as atividades realizadas pelas psicólogas e psicólogos focam na formação dos profissionais que atuam nas escolas, orientação aos familiares e atendimento aos alunos. Destacam-se como dificuldades a articulação com os profissionais da escola, a fragilidade do atendimento na rede de serviços públicos e a precária compreensão dos profissionais sobre educação inclusiva.

This article presents a discussion of the inclusive educational process from the perspective of psychologists in the state of Mato Grosso, based on their professional experiences, specifically, with the demands of students with disabilities. It is the result of qualitative research carried out in the Postgraduate Program in Psychology at the Federal University of Mato Grosso in the period 2017-2018. The research participants were seven professionals working in basic education in municipalities in the state of Mato Grosso and aimed to identify the perspectives of these professionals on the inclusive education process based on their expectations, difficulties, and possibilities of action. To produce data for analysis, the focus group technique and individual interviews were used. The data were analyzed according to the methodology of Thematic Analysis and from a critical perspective in School Psychology in addition to Historical-Cultural Psychology. The results indicate that the activities carried out by the psychologists focus on the training of professionals working in schools, guidance to family members and assistance to students. As for difficulties, the articulation with school professionals, the fragility of service in the network public services and the precarious understanding of professionals about inclusive education stand out as difficulties.

Migración en Chile e inclusión educativa: un estudio documental (1980-2021) / Migration in Chile and educational inclusion: A document study (1980-2021)

(analítico) El artículo de investigación tiene por objetivo develar el tipo de enfoque de inclusión educativa que subyace en las leyes, políticas y orientaciones publicadas en Chile entre 1980 y 2021, cuando estas se refieren a estudiantes migrantes. El estudio cualitativo desarrolla un diseño documental que analiza 22 documentos accesados desde la web de los Ministerios del Interior y Seguridad Pública y de Educación. Los resultados dan cuenta de la inespecificidad con la realidad escolar migrante, especialmente en el cuerpo legal, donde se evidencia solo enfoque educativo tendiente a la integración y de interculturalidad funcional. En algunas orientaciones, que intentan promover la valoración de la diversidad cultural, se avanza hacia una interculturalidad crítica. En conclusión, esta divergencia e inespecificidad dejan en un interrogante la inclusión educativa del alumnado migrante en Chile.

(analytical) This research article aims to identify the type of approach to educational inclusion evident in the laws, policies and guidelines published in Chile between 1980 and 2021 that refer to migrant students. The qualitative study uses a documentation design that analyses 22 documents retrieved from the websites of the Ministries of the Interior and Public Security and Education. The results highlight the lack of specificity with the reality of migrants in schools, particularly in legislation, where there is only evidence of an educational approach that is aimed at integration and functional interculturality. There is a move towards critical interculturality in some guidelines that attempt to promote and value cultural diversity. This divergence and lack of specificity leave a question mark over the educational inclusion of migrant students in Chile.

(analítico) Este estudo examina o conhecimento sobre as propriedades formais e a função referencial de O artigo de pesquisa visa desvendar o tipo de abordagem da inclusão educacional que está subjacente às leis, políticas e diretrizes publicadas no Chile entre 1980 e 2021, quando se referem a estudantes migrantes. O estudo qualitativo desenvolve um projeto documental que analisa 22 documentos acessados dos sites dos Ministérios do Interior e da Segurança Pública e Educação. Os resultados mostram a falta de especificidade com a realidade das escolas de migrantes, especialmente no corpo jurídico, onde há apenas evidências de uma abordagem educacional voltada para a integração e a interculturalidade funcional. Em algumas diretrizes, que tentam promover a valorização da diversidade cultural, há um movimento em direção à interculturalidade crítica. Em conclusão, esta divergência e falta de especificidade deixam um ponto de interrogação sobre a inclusão educacional de alunos migrantes no Chile.

Autoeficacia académica, desempeño y acceso a la educación superior en contexto de pandemia / Academic Self-efficacy, Performance and Access to Higher Education in a Pandemic Context

Resumen La psicología ha constatado que las creencias en las propias capacidades tienen relación con el desempeño, por lo que cobra relevancia estudiar la percepción de autoeficacia en educación superior. El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar la relación entre autoeficacia académica, desempeño (Notas de Enseñanza Media o NEM, Prueba de Transición Universitaria o PTU, expectativas de aprobación) en estudiantes universitarios considerando el tipo de acceso a la educación superior en contexto de pandemia. El estudio fue cuantitativo, transversal con un muestreo por conveniencia. La muestra fue de 780 estudiantes chilenos dividida en un grupo de acceso regular 82.7% y el grupo proinclusión 17.3%. Se utilizó la Escala de Autoeficacia Percibida Específica de Situaciones Académicas (EAPESA) y medidas de desempeño académico. Los datos se analizaron mediante técnicas descriptivas, prueba t para muestra independiente, correlación de Pearson y análisis de varianza ANOVA de una vía. Los resultados indican que existen diferencias entre autoeficacia y medidas de desempeño según tipo de acceso a la universidad. El grupo de acceso proinclusión presentó mayor autoeficacia, mayor NEM y menor PTU. Ambos grupos presentan similares expectativas de aprobación. Se concluye que la autoeficacia difiere según vía de acceso a la universidad y según medidas de desempeño. Estudiantes con mayor autoeficacia presentan mayores expectativas de aprobación pese a las adversidades.

Abstract Psychology has verified that belief in one's own abilities is related to performance, and it is important to study this perception of self-efficacy in higher education. This research analyzes the relationship between academic self-efficacy, performance (NEM, PTU, approval expectations) according to type of university access. The study was quantitative, with a cross-sectional and non probabilistic convenience sample. The sample was 780 Chilean students divided into a group of regular access (82.7%) and a pro-inclusion group (17.3%). The instruments applied were the Perceived Self-Efficacy Scale and academic performance measures. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, Pearson´s r correlation test, Student´s t-test and one-way ANOVA. The results indicate that there are differences between self-efficacy and performance measures according to the type of university access. The pro-inclusion group presented higher self-efficacy, higher NEM and lower PTU. Both groups present similar approval expectations. We conclude that self-efficacy varies according to the type of access to the university and according to performance measures. Students with higher self efficacy will have higher approval expectations despite adversity.

Entornos virtuales y posibilidades para una educación más inclusiva

Introducción: Los modelos educativos inclusivos forman parte actualmente de las políticas educacionales; estos modelos presuponen la utilización de métodos y procedimientos factibles para un aula heterogénea y están en el centro de los proyectos de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura y en los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible para 2030. Objetivo: Describir algunas de las barreras existentes y las ventajas de la implementación del aula heterogénea a favor de una educación más inclusiva. Material y método: Se realiza un estudio descriptivo longitudinal retrospectivo sobre la relación de la educación inclusiva y los entornos virtuales de aprendizaje. Resultados: Las plataformas virtuales propician el avance de los sistemas educativos con flexibilidad en la aplicación de métodos y procedimientos que los hacen adaptables a diferentes individualidades y por tanto más inclusivos. Ello se percibe como visión de futuro donde todos gocen de los mismos derechos y oportunidades en igualdad de condiciones. Conclusiones: El desarrollo alcanzado por las Tecnologías de la Información y las Comunicaciones proporciona la base para que, a través de la virtualidad, se concrete y perfeccione la educación inclusiva.

Introduction: Inclusive educational models are currently part of educational policies; these models presuppose the use of feasible methods and procedures for a heterogeneous classroom and are at the core of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization projects and in the Sustainable Development Goals 2030. Objective: To describe some of the existing barriers and the advantages of implementing the heterogeneous classroom in favor of a more inclusive education. Method: A retrospective longitudinal descriptive study was conducted on the relationship between inclusive education and virtual learning environments. Results: Virtual platforms promote the advancement of educational systems with flexibility in the application of methods and procedures that make them adaptable to different individualities and, therefore, more inclusive. This is perceived as a vision of the future where everyone enjoys the same rights and opportunities under equal conditions. Conclusions: The development achieved by Information and Communication Technologies provides the basis so that, through virtual platforms, inclusive education can be concretized and perfected.

La accesibilidad comunicacional e informacional (aci) en la educación superior1 / The communication and information accessibility (cia) in higher education

RESUMEN El presente artículo analiza la accesibilidad comunicacional e informacional (ACI) en la literatura sobre educación superior. La ACI no se limita a la oferta de apoyos o servicios de comunicación especializados para personas sordas y con discapacidad visual. El concepto de ACI en la educación superior es plural e implica en la eliminación de cualquier barrera que restrinja la libertad y el acceso igualitario a la amplia gama de medios de información y diferentes formas de comunicación en el ambiente universitario. Teniendo en cuenta estos aspectos, esta investigación se caracteriza en una revisión sistemática de la literatura, en la que se utilizó como instrumento el Programa NVivo y la lectura pormenorizada con el propósito de examinar 165 publicaciones en formato de disertación de maestría, tesis doctorales y artículos científicos indexados en bases de datos de España y Brasil. La conclusión de los análisis indica que la ACI es un concepto de abordaje interdisciplinar y, aunque no se presenta como el principal objeto de estudio de la mayoría de los textos revisados, emerge como una cuestión crucial, presentada por los autores, en las dimensiones de participación, convivencia y aprendizaje de estudiantes universitarios con deficiencia.

ABSTRACT This article analyzes the communication and information accessibility (CIA) in the literature on higher education. The ICA is not limited to offering specialized communication supports or services for people who are deaf and visually impaired. The concept of CIA in higher education is plural and implies the elimination of any barrier that restricts freedom and equal access to the wide range of information media and different forms of communication in the university environment. This research is characterized as a systematic review of the literature, in which the NVivo Program and detailed reading were used as an instrument with the purpose of examining 165 publications in the format of Master's thesis, Doctoral dissertations and scientific articles indexed in databases from Spain and Brazil. The conclusion of the analyzes indicates that CIA is an interdisciplinary concept and, although it is not presented as the main object of study in most of the reviewed texts, it emerges as a decisive issue, presented by the authors, in the dimensions of participation, coexistence and learning of university students with disabilities.

Desafios e possibilidades pa ra a implementação de uma educaçãoespecial e inclusiva na rede estadual de ensino de sergipe1 / Challenges and possibilities for implementing a special and inclusive education in the state education network of sergipe

RESUMO Este artigo é fruto de uma pesquisa realizada na Rede Estadual de Ensino de Sergipe acerca da implementação da Educação Especial na Perspectiva da Educação Inclusiva, conforme preconizam a legislação e as políticas públicas brasileiras. Para tanto, teve-se como objetivo apresentar os desafios e as possibilidades que entremeiam a implementação da Educação Especial e Inclusiva no locus supracitado. O estudo, de caráter qualitativo, foi desenvolvido sob a égide da Análise de Conteúdo, e a interpretação dos dados deu-se a partir de seis categorias emergentes: 1) Educação Especial; 2) Educação Inclusiva; 3) Formação Docente; 4) Profissionalidade Docente; 5) Dimensão Coletiva do Trabalho Pedagógico; e 6) Políticas Públicas Educacionais. Os resultados desvelaram que existem indícios de desenvolvimento de uma Educação Especial e Inclusiva, apesar de desafios como falta de investimentos por parte do poder público, sucateamento da educação e falta de formação continuada docente. Todavia, vislumbraram-se possibilidades para que esse contexto possa ser ressignificado na realidade sergipana.

ABSTRACT This article is the result of research carried out in the State Education Network of Sergipe, Brazil, about the implementation of Special Education from the perspective of Inclusive Education, as recommended by Brazilian legislation and public policies. Therefore, the aim was to present the challenges and possibilities that intertwine the implementation of Special and Inclusive Education in the aforementioned locus. The study, of a qualitative nature, was developed under the aegis of the Content Analysis, and the interpretation of the data was based on six emerging categories: 1) Special Education; 2) Inclusive Education; 3) Teacher Training; 4) Teaching Professionality; 5) Collective Dimension of Pedagogical Work; and 6) Education Public Policies. The results revealed that there are signs of development of a Special and Inclusive Education, despite challenges such as lack of investment by the public power, leaving education in ruins and lack of continuing teacher training. However, possibilities were envisioned so that this context may be re-signified in the reality of the state of Sergipe.