Production of xylanase by a new strain of Thermoascus aurantiacus: obtainment of enzymatic extract with reduced cellulolytic activity for application in pulp and paper industries / Produção de xilanase por nova linhagem de Thermoascus aurantiacus: obtenção de extrato enzimático com reduzida atividade celulolítica para aplicação em indústria de papel e celulose

Xylanases are useful in several industrial segments, including pulp and paper bleaching, animal feed, and bread-making processes. However, the industrial use of these enzymes is closely related to its production cost and its catalytic properties. The process of solid state fermentation enables the use of agro-industrial residues as substrates for microbial cultivation and enzymes production, reducing costs. In the present study, different cultivation parameters were evaluated for the xylanase production by the thermophilic fungus Thermoascus aurantiacus, by solid state fermentation, using agro-industrial residues as substrates. High production of xylanase (1701.9 U g-1 of dry substrate) was obtained using wheat bran containing 65% of initial moisture, at 120 h of cultivation, and 45°C. The xylanase showed optimal activity at pH 5.0 and 75°C; its stability was maintained at pH 3.0­11.0. The enzyme retained its catalytic potential after 1 h, at 75°C. The enzymatic extract produced under optimized conditions showed reduced activities of endoglucanase and FPase. Our results, including the xylanase production by T. aurantiacus in low-cost cultivation medium, high structural stability of the enzyme, and reduced cellulolytic activity, encourage the application of this enzymatic extract in pulp and paper bleaching processes.

As xilanases apresentam aplicabilidade em diferentes segmentos industriais, como: branqueamento de papel e celulose, ração animal e panificação. No entanto, a utilização industrial dessas enzimas está intimamente relacionada com seu custo de produção e suas propriedades catalíticas. O processo de fermentação em estado sólido possibilita o uso de resíduos agroindustriais como substratos, para o cultivo microbiano e produção de enzimas, reduzindo o custo da produção enzimática. No presente trabalho, diferentes parâmetros de cultivo foram avaliados para produção de xilanase por cultivo em estado sólido do fungo termófilo Thermoascus aurantiacus, utilizando resíduos agroindustriais como substratos. A maior produção de xilanase, 1701,9 U g-1 de substrato seco, foi obtida no cultivo em farelo de trigo, contendo 65% de umidade inicial, em 120 horas de cultivo a 45°C. A xilanase produzida apresentou atividade ótima em pH 5,0 a 75°C, mantendo sua estabilidade em pH 3,0 a 11,0. A enzima manteve seu potencial catalítico após 1 h a 75°C. O extrato enzimático produzido nas condições otimizadas apresentou reduzida atividade de endoglucanase e FPase. Os resultados obtidos no presente trabalho (produção de xilanase pelo fungo em meios de cultivo de baixo custo, elevada estabilidade estrutural da enzima e reduzida atividade celulolítica) estimulam a aplicação desse complexo enzimático em processos de branqueamento de papel e celulose.

Bioprocessing of some agro-industrial residues for endoglucanase production by the new subsp.; Streptomyces albogriseolus subsp. cellulolyticus strain NEAE-J

The use of low cost agro-industrial residues for the production of industrial enzymes is one of the ways to reduce significantly production costs. Cellulase producing actinomycetes were isolated from soil and decayed agricultural wastes. Among them, a potential culture, strain NEAE-J, was selected and identified on the basis of morphological, cultural, physiological and chemotaxonomic properties, together with 16S rDNA sequence. It is proposed that strain NEAE-J should be included in the species Streptomyces albogriseolus as a representative of a novel sub-species, Streptomyces albogriseolus subsp. cellulolyticus strain NEAE-J and sequencing product was deposited in the GenBank database under accession number JN229412. This organism was tested for its ability to produce endoglucanase and release reducing sugars from agro-industrial residues as substrates. Sugarcane bagasse was the most suitable substrate for endoglucanase production. Effects of process variables, namely incubation time, temperature, initial pH and nitrogen source on production of endoglucanase by submerged fermentation using Streptomyces albogriseolus subsp. cellulolyticus have been studied. Accordingly optimum conditions have been determined. Incubation temperature of 30 ºC after 6 days, pH of 6.5, 1% sugarcane bagasse as carbon source and peptone as nitrogen source were found to be the optimum for endoglucanase production. Optimization of the process parameters resulted in about 2.6 fold increase in the endoglucanase activity. Therefore, Streptomyces albogriseolus subsp. cellulolyticus coud be potential microorganism for the intended application.

Assessment of toxicity of a biosurfactant from Candida sphaerica UCP 0995 cultivated with industrial residues in a bioreactor

Background: The aim of the present study was to propose a low-cost method for the production of a biosurfactant by the yeast Candida sphaerica and assess its toxicity and phytotoxicity. The medium was formulated with distilled water supplemented with residue from a soy oil refinery (5%) and corn steep liquor (2.5%) as substrates. These two products were the sources of carbon and nitrogen as well as mineral elements to encourage the growth of the microorganism and production of a biosurfactant. Results: The isolated biosurfactant yield was 6.364 g/l. The biosurfactant exhibited an excellent ability to reduce surface tension (26 mN/m) and demonstrated no toxicity against seeds of Brassica oleracea, Chicoria intybus and Solanum gilo or the micro crustacean Artemia salina employed as a bioindicator. The biosurfactant exhibited no antimicrobial activity against the fungi and bacteria tested. Conclusions: The promising results obtained in this study indicate the feasibility of producing biosurfactants from powerful non-toxic organic residues and their application in the bioremediation of contaminated soil and water.

Caracterização e extração de compostos voláteis de resíduos do processamento de maracujá (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa degener) / Characterization and extraction of volatile compounds from passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims f. flavicarpa degener) processing waste

Este estudo objetivou extrair e identificar compostos voláteis presentes nos resíduos de processo de maracujá. Obtiveram-se destilados a partir de resíduos de maracujá através das técnicas de hidrodestilação simples e hidrodestilação com arraste de gás nitrogênio. Os compostos voláteis presentes nos destilados foram capturados por microextração em fase sólida, empregando-se fibra Carboxen/DVB/DMS, e identificados por cromatografia gasosa acoplada com espectrômetro de massa, usando a coluna capilar de sílica fundida CP WAX 52. Foram identificados trinta e um compostos voláteis no extrato obtido pela técnica de hidrodestilação simples, sendo os principais compostos: neral (26,19%), cinamato de metila (18,52%), linalol (16,82%), 1-undecanol (5,60%), cis-óxido de linalol (4,41%), benzaldeído (3,92%) e 1-hexanol (3,48%). Para a hidrodestilação com arraste de gás nitrogênio, trinta compostos foram identificados, sendo que, em maior porcentagem de área, destacaram-se: cinamato de metila (30,41%), neral (24,46%), β-ionona (13,81%), linalol (4,0%) e acido butanoico (2,19%). O presente estudo revelou que os resíduos de maracujá apresentam compostos voláteis que podem ser extraídos na forma de aromas, apresentando potencial para gerar essências naturais com valor agregado.

The aim of this study was to extract and identify volatile compounds from passion fruit residues generated during processing. Distillates of passion fruit residues were obtained from the techniques of simple hydrodistillation and hydrodistillation by passing nitrogen gas. The volatile compounds present in the distillates were captured by solid phase microextraction with Carboxen/DVB/DMS fiber. The volatile compounds were indentified by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry using a fused sillica capillary column with a CP WAX 52 stationary phase. Thirty one compounds were indentified by simple hydrodistillation technique. The main compounds were: neral (26.19%), methyl cinnamate (18.52%), linalool (16.82%), 1-undecanol (5.60%), cis-linalool oxide (4.41%), benzaldehyde (3.92%) and 1-hexanol (3.48%). For the hydrodistillation by passing nitrogen gas, thirty compounds were identified and the ones which presented higher area percentage were: methyl cinnamate (30.41%), neral (24.46%), β-ionone (13.81%), linalool (4.0%) and butanoic acid (2.19%). The present study revealed that passion fruit waste contained volatile compounds that could be extracted as aromas products, presenting potential for the production of value-added natural essences.

Biotechnological potential of alternative carbon sources for production of pectinases by Rhizopus microsporus var. rhizopodiformis

Fungi collected from Brazilian soil and decomposing plants were screened for pectinase production. R. microsporus var. rhizopodiformis was the best producer and was selected to evaluate the pectic enzyme production under several nutritional and environmental conditions. The pectinase production was studied at 40ºC, under 28 carbon sources-supplemented medium. The inducer effect of several agro-industrial residues such as sugar cane bagasse, wheat flour and corncob on polygalacturonase (PG) activity was 4-, 3- and 2-fold higher than the control (pectin). In glucose-medium, a constitutive pectin lyase (PL) activity was detected. The results demonstrated that R. microsporus produced high levels of PG (57.7 U/mg) and PL (88.6 U/mg) in lemon peel-medium. PG had optimum temperature at 65 ºC and was totally stable at 55 ºC for 90 min. Half-life at 70 ºC was 68 min. These results suggested that the versatility of waste carbon sources utilization by R. microsporus, produce pectic enzymes, which could be useful to reduce production costs and environmental impacts related to the waste disposal.

Produção de conídios de Metarhizium anisopliae em meio sólido à base de resíduos agroindustriais / Production of conidia of Metarhizium anisopliae in solid media based on agroindustrial residues

As crescentes despesas com o custo do meio para o cultivo de Metarhizium anisopliae levantam a necessidade de averiguar a eficiência de alguns resíduos agroindustriais que, além de propriedades nutricionais importantes, possuem grande disponibilidade e baixo custo. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no Laboratório de Tecnologia das Fermentações, UNIOESTE, Campus de Cascavel, PR. Neste trabalho, foram avaliados como substratos arroz polido (meio padrão), arroz vermelho, arroz polido suplementado com melaço (2,5%, 5% e 10%), resíduo de cervejaria, resíduo de fecularia, arroz polido + resíduo de cervejaria (1:1) e arroz polido + resíduo de fecularia (1:1). Os experimentos foram realizados em triplicata, em frascos Erlernmeyer de 250 mL contendo 30 g do substrato (ou 15 g de cada, quando em mistura) e umidade de 70 ± 10%. Os frascos foram inoculados com 0,5 mL da suspensão de conídios (1 × 108 conídios/mL) e incubados em BOD (25 ± 1o C, fotofase 12h, 7 dias). Dentre os meios testados, verificou-se uma elevada produção de conídios no meio composto por arroz + resíduo de cervejaria (11,3 × 108 conídios/g de substrato) e no arroz (9,6 × 108 conídios/g). Os conídios produzidos no meio de arroz + resíduo de cervejaria apresentaram atividade inseticida frente a Spodoptera frugiperda semelhante a dos conídios produzidos no arroz. Este novo meio de cultivo poderá proporcionar uma redução de custo de aproximadamente 50%, representando uma alternativa viável para a produção do fungo.

Increasing costs of substrate for production of Metarizhiuma nisopliae raise the necessity of investigating the efficiency of some agro-industrial residues that, in addition to important nutritional properties, are widely available at low cost. The assays were conducted at the Fermentation Technology Laboratory, UNIOESTE, Cascavel, PR, Brazil. In this work, substrates such as polished rice (standard media), red rice, polished rice + sugar molasses (2.5%, 5% and 10%), brewery residue, cassava residue, polished rice + brewery residue (1:1) and polished rice + cassava residue (1:1) were evaluated. The experiments were carried out in triplicate, in Erlernmeyer flasks of 250 mL, containing 30 g of the substrate (or 15 g of each one, when as mixture) and moisture content of 70 ± 10%. The flasks were inoculated with 0.5 mL of conidia suspension (1 × 108 conidia/mL) and then incubated in controlled temperature and light (25 ± 1o C, 12 hours photophase, 7 days). High conidial production was verified in rice + brewery residue media (11.30 × 108 conidia/g of substrate and in the polished rice (9.59 × 108 conidia/g of substrate). The conidia produced in rice + brewery residue media showed an insecticidal activity against Spodoptera frugiperda similar to that attained with the conidia produced in rice. This new culture media may provide a reduction of approximately 50% in the production cost, thus presenting a viable alternative for the fungus production.

A new alternative to produce gibberellic acid by solid state fermentation

Gibberellic acid (GA3) is an important hormone, which controls plant's growth and development. Solid State Fermentation (SSF) allows the use of agro-industrial residues reducing the production costs. The screening of strains (four of Gibberella fujikuoroi and one of Fusarium moniliforme) and substrates (citric pulp, soy bran, sugarcane bagasse, soy husk, cassava bagasse and coffee husk) and inoculum preparation study were conducted in order to evaluate the best conditions to produce GA3 by SSF. Fermentation assays were carried out in erlenmeyers flasks at 29°C, with initial moisture of 75-80 percent. Different medium for inoculum production were tested in relation to cells viability and GA3 production by SSF. F. moniliforme LPB 03 and citric pulp were chosen for GA3 production. The best medium for inoculum production was citric pulp extract supplemented with sucrose. GA3 production by SSF reached 5.9 g /kg of dry CP after 3 days of fermentation.

O ácido giberélico (GA3) é um importante hormônio vegetal. A fermentação no estado sólido (FES) utiliza resíduos agro-industriais reduzindo os custos de produção. Neste trabalho a seleção de cepas (quatro de Gibberella fujikuoroi e uma de Fusarium moniliforme) e substratos (polpa cítrica, casca de soja, bagaço de cana, farelo de soja, bagaço de mandioca e casca de café) e o estudo da preparação do inóculo foram conduzidos para otimizar as condições de produção de GA3 por FES. Os ensaios foram realizados em frascos de erlenmeyer a 29°C, com umidade inicial de 75-80 por cento. Diferentes meios para a produção do inóculo foram testados em relação à viabilidade das células e produção de GA3 por FES. F. moniliforme LPB03 e polpa cítrica foram escolhidos. O melhor meio para a produção de inóculo foi o extrato de polpa cítrica. A produção por FES alcançou 5.8 g de GA3/kg de polpa cítrica após 3 dias de fermentação.

Farinha de vísceras de aves na alimentação de alevinos de lambari / Poultry by-product meal in lambari fingerlings diet

O lambari, Astyanax altiparanae, é uma espécie muito comum em rios nacionais, com grande potencial para a piscicultura nacional. Ele apresenta crescimento rápido e carne de excelente sabor, sendo muito apreciado com petisco e como isca viva para a pesca esportiva. A farinha de vísceras de aves é uma importante fonte protéica de origem animal. O trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a inclusão de farinha de vísceras de aves (FV) em rações para alevinos de lambari. Foram utilizados 125 alevinos, apresentando peso e comprimento inicial médio de 0,080±0,002g e 1,86±0,20cm, respectivamente, distribuídos em 25 aquários. As rações foram formuladas de forma a conter 0, 5, 10, 15 e 20 por cento de FV na dieta. O arraçoamento foi realizado quatro vezes ao dia, na forma farelada e à vontade. O valores médios de peso final (1,47, 1,92, 2,02, 2,11 e 2,15g) e comprimento final (4,40, 4,78, 4,92, 4,92 e 5,08cm) dos alevinos de lambari apresentaram aumento linear (P<0,05) diretamente proporcional aos níveis de inclusão (0, 5, 10, 15 e 20 por cento de FV) nas rações. A sobrevivência (88, 96, 92, 76 e 88 por cento) e a conversão alimentar aparente (4,58, 3,29, 3,25, 3,92 e 3,34) não apresentaram diferença (P<0,05) entre os níveis de FV na dieta. A inclusão de farinha de vísceras de aves em rações à base de ingredientes de origem vegetal melhora o desempenho e o teor protéico da carcaça.

The lambari Astyanax altiparanae, is a very common species in the national rivers, with great potential for the national psyculture. It presents a fast growth and meat of eccellent flavor, being very appreciate like a delicacy and like an alive bait to sportive fishing. The poultry by-product meal is an important proteinic source from animal origin. The research was carried out with the objective to evaluate the poultry by-product meal inclusion (FV) in rations for lambari fingerlings. 125 fingerlings presenting average weight and initial length of 0.080±0.002g and 1.86±0.20cm respectively were used, they were distributed in 25 aquariums. The rations were formulated in form to contain 0, 5, 10 15 and 20 percent of FV in the diet. The ration giving was carried through four times a day, in a braning form and at the will. The avarage values of final weight (1.47, 19.2, 2.02, 2.11 and 2.15) and final length of (4.40, 4.78, 4.92 and 5.08cm) of the lambari fingerlings had presented linear increase (P<0.05) directly proportional to the inclusion levels of (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 percent of FV) in the rations. The survival (88, 96, 92, 76 and 88 percent) and apparent alimentary conversion (4.58, 3.29, 3.25, 3.92 and 3.34) had not presented difference (P<0.05) among the (FV) levels in the diet. The inclusion of poultry by-product meal in rations based in ingredients of vegetable origin provides the performance and the proteic text of the carcass.