RESUMO
Objective We conducted an epidemiologic investigation to determine the source of infection on an avian influenza (H5N1) case who returned from Guangzhou,in Hong Kong.Methods Data related to epidemiologic investigation,medical observation on close contacts,Syndromic Surveillance on poultry salesmen,emergency monitoring,detection of the samples,source tracing on potential Avian influenza virus (H5,H7,H9) infected people,situation on environment pollution by avian influenza virus in the markets etc.were gathered.The determination of infection source was through comparing the different genes between the case and positive environmental samples.Results The infected case witnessed the procedure of how a live duck was killed,in market A in Guangzhou during May 17th to 19th.The case was diagnosed as respiratory tract infection in 2 Third-grade-Class A hospitals in Guangzhou on May 23th and 24th.The diagnosis was made as Avian influenza cases on May 26th after going back to Hong Kong.23 close contacts and 34 markets poultry salesmen did not show any ILI related symptoms.However,2 poultry salesmen from the markets nearby the place where the Avian influenza case stayed,were detected having positive H9 avian influenza antibody,with the H9 positive rate as 6.06％ (2/33).Among the environmental samples in the 2 markets nearby home of the patient,chopping block was found to have carried H5,with positive rate as 9.8％(5/51) while poultry cage was found to carry H9,with the positive rate as 2.0％(1/51).A H5 positive sample was found with clade 2.3.2.1,same to the case,from a chopping block at the market B where the sources of poultry was the same as market A.Conclusion The source of infection seemed to come from the markets in Guangzhou,that calling for the strengthening of poultry market management,for avian influenza prevention.History related to contact of poultry should be gathered when a diagnosis of respiratory tract infection was made.Timely sampling and testing should be made to improve the sensitivity of diagnosis.
RESUMO
Objective To understand the infection sources, care seeking behaviour and STD prevention in STD clinic patients. Methods Four hundred and seventy four patients of 3 STD clinics in Shanghai were investigated with questionaires and interviewed. Results 94.1% respondents contracted STDs via sexual contact. 70.3% married females attributed their infection source to their husbands, while more than 80% males and unmarried patients were infected through casual or commercial sex partners. High risk populations were observed among salesclerks, hotel attendants, private businessmen and unemployed, who were liable to contract STD through extramarital sexual contact and had a low rate of condom use. 74.5% of patients who visited the clinics after their symptoms had appeared. 82.7%, 62.2%, 57.1% and 30.0% of patients, whose sex partners were their spouses, lovers, commercial sex workers and casual partners, respectively, promised to encourage their partners for STD check up. Although the care seeking behaviour among females was slightly more active than that among males, postponed treatment seeking behaviour, low rate of simultaneous treatment of both male and female partners and low rate of condom use were observed among total patients. Majority of patients practised unprotected sexual intercourse, 4.2% used condom in commercial sexual activities, only 9.7% used condom even after having contracted the present STDs. Conclusion It is implied that counselling and health education must be strengthened in STD clinics, aiming at improving the awareness of STD prevention, insistently and correctly using condom, carefully choosing sex partners and reducing the number of sex partners, and encouraging the patients to adopt healthier life style.