Factores de riesgo asociados a evolución desfavorable en el tratamiento de las infecciones de partes blandas

Introducción: Las infecciones de piel y partes blandas (IPPB) son una consulta frecuente y los casos graves conllevan morbimortalidad, por lo que su identificación y manejo precoz es fundamental para mejorar el pronóstico. Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo asociados a una evolución desfavorable y mortalidad en pacientes tratados por IPPB en nuestro centro. Materiales y Método: Se realizó un estudio de casos y controles de una serie consecutiva de 172 pacientes con diagnóstico de IPPB entre enero de 2018 y enero de 2019, se recolectaron variables clínicas, de laboratorio e imagenológicas. Se definió como casos aquellos que requirieron cirugía, ingresaron a una unidad de paciente crítico o fallecieron, y como controles a los pacientes con buena respuesta al tratamiento médico. Resultados: Al realizar el análisis estadístico: la leucocitosis > 12.000 cel/mm3 (OR 6,56; IC 95%; 3,21-13,42), y la PCR > 150 mg/dl (OR 7,79; IC 95%; 3,59-16,91), resultaron ser factores de riesgo para evolución desfavorable. El puntaje LRINEC elevado (25,5% vs. 15,1%, p = 0,1034) y la cirugía tardía al ingreso (31,3% vs. 16,2%, p = 0.2632) fueron más frecuente en los casos de evolución desfavorable, pero sin diferencia significativa. Discusión: El uso de parámetros clínicos, de laboratorio e imágenes es fundamental para un diagnóstico precoz y tratamiento oportuno. Conclusiones: La leucocitosis, la elevación de la PCR y la cirugía tardía son factores de mal pronóstico en IPPB. El puntaje LRINEC aún es controversial por su baja sensibilidad.

Introduction: Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) are a frequent consultation and severe cases carry morbidity and mortality, so their early identification and management is essential to improve prognosis. Aim: To identify the risk factors associated with an unfavorable evolution and mortality in patients treated for SSTI in our center. Materials and Method: A case-control study of a consecutive series of 172 patients diagnosed with SSTI between January 2018 and January 2019 was carried out, clinical, laboratory and imaging variables were collected. Cases were defined as those that required surgery, were admitted to a critical patient unit or died, and as controls were patients with a good response to medical treatment. Results: When performing the statistical analysis: leukocytosis > 12,000 cel/mm3 (OR 6.56; 95% CI; 3.21-13.42), and CRP > 150 mg/dl (OR 7.79; 95% CI; 3.59-16.91), turned out to be risk factors for unfavorable evolution. The high LRINEC score (25.5% vs. 15.1%, p = 0.1034) and late surgery on admission (31.3% vs. 16.2%, p = 0.2632) were more frequent in cases of evolution unfavorable but without significant difference. Discussion: The use of clinical, laboratory and imaging parameters is essential for an early diagnosis and timely treatment. Conclusions: Leukocytosis, elevated CRP, and late surgery are poor prognostic factors in SSTI. The LRINEC score is still controversial due to its low sensitivity.

Infecciones de piel y partes blandas tratadas en forma ambulatoria en un hospital pediátrico en Uruguay luego de diez años de la epidemia de SAMR / Outpatient skin and soft tissue infections treated in a pediatric hospital in Uruguay after 10 years of MRSA epidemic / Infecções cutâneas e de partes moles com tratamento ambulatorial num hospital pediátrico do Uruguai depois de 10 anos da epidemia SAMR

Resumen: En el año 2001, Staphylococcus aureus meticilino resistente (SAMR) adquirido en la comunidad emergió en Uruguay. Los gérmenes identificados en infecciones de piel y partes blandas variaron, alcanzando 60% el SAMR adquirido en la comunidad. Trabajos nacionales recientes muestran un cambio en las infecciones en niños hospitalizados. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de SAMR y su sensibilidad a los antibióticos en niños con tratamiento ambulatorio. Metodología: estudio descriptivo, prospectivo. Inclusión: todos los niños que consultaron en un Departamento de Emergencia Pediátrico por lesiones de piel y partes blandas con tratamiento ambulatorio y aislamiento de germen. Se realizó seguimiento telefónico a las 72 horas. Período: 10 de diciembre de 2015 al 31 de marzo de 2016. Resultados: se incluyeron 194 consultas por infecciones de piel y partes blandas en las que se indicaron tratamiento ambulatorio y se identificó agente etiológico. El diagnóstico más frecuente fue impétigo 181/194 (93%). Etiología: SA 152 (SA meticilino sensible [SAMS] 151, SAMR 1), EBHGA 3, EBHGB 3, coinfecciones 32 (16%), otros 4. Las 32 coinfecciones fueron SAMS con otro agente. Tratamiento antibiótico utilizado: tópico más oral 99, tópico 54, oral 21, sin antibiótico 20. Se logró seguimiento telefónico en 166 pacientes (86%). Presentaron buena evolución 165, reconsultaron cinco niños, ninguno fue hospitalizado. Conclusiones: SA solo o asociado sigue siendo el principal agente en infecciones de piel y partes blandas que reciben tratamiento ambulatorio en la población estudiada. SAMR fue el responsable del 47% de las infecciones estafilocóccicas de tratamiento ambulatorias en estudio previo. En esta serie, SAMR representa el 0,6% (p <0,05). El descenso de las infecciones producidas por SAMR coincide con los hallazgos en los pacientes hospitalizados realizado en el mismo hospital. La vigilancia periódica permite reevaluar las recomendaciones de tratamiento empírico inicial y modificarlas si fuera necesario.

Summary: There was an outbreak of community-acquired methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Uruguay in 2001. The identified germs found in skin and soft tissue infections (S and ST) varied, and reached 60%. Recent studies in Uruguay have shown changes in the types of infections acquired by hospitalized children. Objective: to determine MRSA prevalence and susceptibility to antibiotics in outpatient children . Methodology: a descriptive prospective study. Target: outpatient children consulting at ER for S and ST lesions who received germ isolation. Telephone follow-up after 72 hours. Time period : from December 10th 2015 to March 31st, 2016. Results: S and ST appointments: 797 (7 % of the total). Ambulatory visits: 691. Outpatients with identified etiologic agent: 194. Females: 102, mean and median age: 4 years of age. More frequent diagnosis: impetigo 181/194 (93%) Etiology: SA 152(MSSA 151, MRSA 1), beta hemolytic streptococci: BHGA 3, BHGB 3, coinfections 32 (16%), others 4. 32 of coinfections were MSSA plus another agent. Treatment with antibiotics: 99 received topical plus oral treatment, 54 received topical treatment, 21 received oral treatment, 20 received treatment that did not include antibiotics . Follow-up: 166 patients (86%). Good evolution: 165, repeated appointments: 5, hospitalized: none. Conclusions: Single SA or associated SA continues to be the main agent of S and ST infections that receive outpatient treatment. MRSA was responsible for 47% of ambulatory staphylococcal infections in the previous study. MRSA represents 0.6 (p¼0.05) in this series. Continuous surveillance has enabled us to reassess the initial empirical epidemiological treatment and to change it if necessary.

Resumo: Em 2001, o Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina (MRSA) adquirido na comunidade surgiu no Uruguai. Os germes identificados nas infecções da pele e tecidos moles (P e PB) variaram, chegando a 60% do MRSA adquirido na comunidade. Estudos nacionais recentes mostram uma mudança nas infecções nas crianças hospitalizadas. Objetivo: determinar a prevalência de MRSA e sua sensibilidade aos antibióticos em crianças com tratamento ambulatorial. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo, prospectivo. Amostra: todas as crianças que consultaram a um Serviço de Emergência Pediátrica por lesões de P e PB com tratamento ambulatorial e isolamento de germes. Se realizou seguimento telefónico às 72 horas. Período: do 10 de dezembro de 2015 a 31 de março de 2016. Resultados: foram incluídas 194 consultas por infecções por P e PB, nas quais indicou-se tratamento ambulatorial e identificou-se agente etiológico. O diagnóstico mais frequente foi o impetigo 181/194 (93%). Etiologia: SA 152 (SAMS 151, SAMR 1), EBHGA 3, EBHGB 3, coinfecções 32 (16%), outras 4. As 32 coinfecções foram SAMS com outro agente. Tratamento antibiótico utilizado: oral tópico 99, tópico 54, oral 21, sem antibiótico 20. Se realizou seguimento telefónico para o caso de 166 pacientes (86%). Apresentaram boa evolução 165, reconsultaram 5 crianças, nenhuma foi internada. Conclusões: a infecção por SA isoladamente ou associada permanece como o principal agente nas infecções por P e PB que recebem tratamento ambulatorial na população estudada. O MRSA foi responsável por 47% das infecções estafilocócicas do tratamento ambulatorial num estudo anterior. Nesta série, o MRSA representa 0,6% (p <0,05). A diminuição das infecções produzidas por MRSA coincide com os dados achados em pacientes hospitalizados no mesmo hospital. A vigilância periódica torna possível reavaliar as recomendações empíricas iniciais de tratamento e modificá-las, se for necessário.

Antibiotic Susceptibility and Treatment Response in Bacterial Skin Infection

BACKGROUND: Bacterial skin infections occur secondarily in conditions involving a vulnerable skin barrier such as atopic eczema, as well as primarily such as impetigo. They are mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococci. Recently, the prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus has been increasing. OBJECTIVE: To determine the characteristics of community-acquired bacterial skin infections, to observe their antibiotic susceptibility patterns, and to evaluate factors contributing to the treatment response. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed outpatients under 30 years old from 2010 to 2015, from whom we had taken skin swabs for antibiotic susceptibility testing. We collected clinical and microbiological characteristics from the medical records. RESULTS: We evaluated the culture results of 197 patients and reviewed their medical records. Overall, 86.3% (n=170) of the patients responded to the initial treatment regimen. S. aureus was the most commonly isolated pathogen (52.6%) and showed a high resistance rate to penicillin (90.9%) and oxacillin (36.3%). In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, resistance to 3 or more antibiotics (p=0.044), culture amounts described as “many” (p=0.040), and non-systemic antibiotic use (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with lower treatment response. However, methicillin resistance was not associated with lower treatment response both in univariable and multivariable analyses. CONCLUSION: Among young patients, S. aureus was the most predominant pathogen present in bacterial skin infections. Resistance to high numbers of antibiotics and the use of non-systemic antibiotics were associated with lower treatment response. First-generation cephalosporins may be the most effective first-line empirical regimen for bacterial skin infections treated in outpatient settings, regardless of methicillin resistance.

Acute glomerulonephritis after upper airway or skin infection: descriptive analysis of 82 cases between 14 and 64 years-old / Glomerulonefrite aguda após infecção de vias aéreas superiores ou pele: análise descritiva de 82 pacientes entre 14 e 64 anos de idade

INTRODUÇÃO: A glomerulonefrite aguda (GNA) após infecção de vias aéreas superiores ou pele é uma doença renal causada geralmente por cepas estreptocócicas nefritogênicas, podendo cursar com quadro súbito de hematúria macroscópica, hipertensão arterial, edema e, ocasionalmente, insuficiência renal aguda, sendo comum na infância e pouco incidente em adultos e indivíduos mais jovens. OBJETIVO: Analisar, de forma descritiva, os dados da apresentação inicial da GNA após infecção de vias aéreas superiores ou pele em pacientes com mais de 14 anos de idade, com ênfase em seus aspectos epidemiológicos e clínicos. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Foram analisados os dados clínicos de 82 pacientes, atendidos em nosso Serviço no período de 1972 a 2001, distribuídos em três grupos etários: grupo 1, com indivíduos entre 14 e 20 anos (n = 52); grupo 2, entre 21 e 30 anos (n = 19); e grupo 3, com idade > 31 anos (n = 11). RESULTADOS: Houve um predomínio do quadro entre pacientes mais jovens (grupo 1), do sexo masculino e da cor branca, precedido, principalmente, por infecção de pele, manifestando-se mais comumente por edema de membros inferiores e/ou face. Em alguns casos, até com síndrome nefrótica, e hipertensão arterial, sobretudo nos adultos com mais de 30 anos (grupo 3), sendo menos frequente o achado de hematúria macroscópica e, raramente, de insuficiência renal aguda. CONCLUSÃO: Nossos achados ressaltam a importância de se estudar a GNA após infecção de vias aéreas superiores ou pele em indivíduos mais jovens e adultos, procurando melhor caracterizar seus aspectos clínicos, sobretudo por se tratar de um grupo de pacientes no qual a doença é menos incidente.

INTRODUCTION: Acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) after infection of the upper airways or skin is a kidney disease usually caused by streptococcal nephritogenic strains and may present with sudden onset of gross hematuria, hypertension, edema and, occasionally, acute renal failure, is common in childhood and little incident in adults and younger individuals. OBJECTIVE: To analyze, in a descriptive way, data from the initial presentation of GNA after infection of the upper airways or skin in patients over 14 years of age, with emphasis on its epidemiological and clinical aspects. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We reviewed the clinical data of 82 patients treated at our department during the period 1972-2001, divided into three groups: group 1, with individuals between 14 and 20 years (n = 52), group 2, between 21 and 30 years (n = 19) and group 3, aged >; 31 years (n = 11). RESULTS: There was a predominance of the table among younger patients (group 1), male and white, mostly preceded by infection of the skin, appearing most commonly on lower extremity edema and/or face. In some cases, even with nephrotic syndrome, and hypertension, especially in adults over 30 years (group 3), being the least frequent finding of gross hematuria, and rarely, acute renal failure. CONCLUSION: Our findings underscore the importance of studying the AGN after infection of the upper airways or skin in younger individuals and adults, seeking to better characterize its clinical, mainly because it is a group of patients where the disease is less incident.

Histopathology of Leishmania major infection: revisiting L. major histopathology in the ear dermis infection model

We describe the relationship between lesion outcome and histopathological hallmarks in susceptible (BALB/c) and resistant (C57BL/6 and IL-4-deficient BALB/c) mouse strains over the course of a 12-week-infection with Leishmania major in the ear. The infiltration of mononuclear cells and polymorphonuclear cells occurred within 6 h and mononuclear cells predominated one week post-infection. Permissive intracellular growth of the pathogen was associated with non-healing lesions. In contrast, tissue damage and clearance of the parasite was observed in healing lesions and was associated with inducible nitric oxide synthase expression. The identification of the structural components of tissue reaction to the parasite in this study furthers our understanding of subjacent immune effector mechanisms.