Implante de filtros de protección embólica en vena cava inferior duplicada / Implant of embolic protection filters in duplicated vena cava

Resumen Se presenta el caso de un paciente con enferme dad tromboembólica venosa y contraindicación de anticoagulación en el cual se halló incidentalmente una duplicación de vena cava inferior, situación que determinó la necesidad del implante de dos filtros de protección embólica. Si bien esta anomalía vascular es de escasa presentación, es importante tener presente esta posibilidad para asegurarse de brindar una co rrecta protección a la hora del implante de filtros de vena cava inferior.

Abstract We present the case of a patient with venous throm boembolic disease and contraindication to anticoagu lation, where the incidental finding of a duplication of the inferior vena cava was made. This observation determined the need to implant two embolic protection filters. Although this vascular anomaly is rarely present, it is important to keep this possibility in mind to ensure that proper protection is provided when inferior vena cava filters are implanted.

Tratamiento quirúrgico del leiomiosarcoma de vena cava inferior

Introducción: La baja incidencia del leiomiosarcoma de la vena cava inferior dificulta tanto la estandarización del diagnóstico como el tratamiento. Objetivo: Presentar el manejo realizado en nuestro centro de un paciente que desarrolló un leiomiosarcoma de vena cava inferior, una patología de baja incidencia y que las posibilidades de realizar un rescate quirúrgico son muy bajas. Resultados: Se presenta el caso de un paciente de 54 años con una tumoración sólida en porción infrarrenal y yuxtarrenal de vena cava inferior de 71 × 76 × 117 mm compatible con leiomiosarcoma de vena cava, con infiltración de uréter derecho que ocasiona uropatía obstructiva derecha grado I-II sin alteración de la función renal, que fue resecada y reconstruida mediante prótesis sin complicaciones. Discusión: Se discute la fisiopatología, el diagnóstico y manejo en relación con el caso presentado. Conclusión: la baja incidencia de estos tumores dificulta tanto la estandarización del diagnóstico como del tratamiento, aunque la cirugía sigue siendo el tratamiento de elección.

Introduction: The low incidence of leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava hinders both the standardization of diagnosis and treatment. Objective: To present the management carried out in our center of a patient who developed an inferior vena cava leiomyosarcoma, a low incidence pathology with uncertain surgical rescue. Results: 54-year-old patient with a solid tumor in the infrarenal and juxtarenal portions of the inferior vena cava of 71 × 76 × 117 mm compatible with leiomyosarcoma of the vena cava, with infiltration of the right ureter that causes right obstructive uropathy grade I-II without kidney function changes; tumour was resected and continuity reconstructed with a prosthesis without complications. Discussion: The pathophysiology, diagnosis and management are commented. Conclusion: the low incidence of these lesions makes it difficult to standardize both diagnosis and treatment, although surgery remains the treatment of choice.

Conduta obstétrica em caso de hipoplasia materna da veia cava inferior / Obstetric management in case of the maternal inferior vena cava hypoplasia

A hipoplasia da veia cava inferior é uma patologia rara que integra o conjunto de anomalias do desenvolvimento da veia cava inferior. A sua incidência situa-se entre 0,3%-0,5% na população saudável e 5% nos adultos jovens sem fatores de risco para trombose venosa profunda, sendo considerada um importante fator de risco para o desenvolvimento de trombose dos membros inferiores. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é reportar a conduta obstétrica de um caso clínico de uma grávida diagnosticada com hipoplasia da veia cava inferior, prévia à gravidez. Trata-se de um caso clínico, de uma grávida, primigesta, com 37 anos, com hipoplasia da veia cava inferior e heterozigotia para o gene MTHFR677 diagnosticadas, na sequência de uma trombose venosa bilateral dos membros inferiores e do segmento infrarrenal da veia cava inferior. A gravidez foi seguida em consulta hospitalar na nossa instituição, tendo a grávida sido medicada com enoxaparina em dose profilática e ácido acetilsalicílico, com um período pré natal que decorreu sem intercorrências. Às 37 semanas e 6 dias de gestação, deu entrada no Serviço de Urgência de Obstetrícia por rotura prematura de membranas. Intraparto foram utilizadas meias de compressão pneumática intermitente, tendo o parto ocorrido às 38 semanas de gestação por via vaginal (parto eutócico), do qual nasceu um recém-nascido do sexo feminino, com 2620g e índice de Apgar 9/10/10. O presente caso clínico demonstra que em situações de hipoplasia da veia cava inferior com um seguimento obstétrico adequado é possível a realização de um parto vaginal, possibilitando um desfecho obstétrico favorável (AU).

Hypoplasia of the inferior vena cava is a rare condition that belongs to the group of developmental anomalies of the inferior vena cava. It has an incidence between 0.3% and 0.5% in the healthy population and 5% in young adults without risk factors for deep venous thrombosis, being considered an important risk factor for the development of lower limb thrombosis. This study aims to report the obstetric conduct of a clinical case of a pregnant woman diagnosed with hypoplasia of the inferior vena cava prior to pregnancy. This is a clinical case of a pregnant woman, primigravid 37 years old, with hypoplasia of the inferior vena cava and heterozygosity for MTHFR677, diagnosed following a bilateral venous thrombosis of the lower limbs and the infrarenal segment of the inferior vena cava. The pregnancy was followed up in our institution. The pregnant woman was medicated with a prophylatic dose of low molecular weight heparin and acetylsalicylic acid with an uneventful prenatal period. At 37 weeks and 6 days of gestation, she was admitted to the Obstetrics Emergency Service due to premature rupture of membranes. Intermittent pneumatic compression sockings were used intrapartum, and at 38 weeks of gestation, a female newborn was vaginally delivered (eutocic delivery) with 2620g and an Apgar score of 9/10/10. The present clinical case demonstrates that in situations of hypoplasia of the inferior vena cava with an adequate obstetric follow-up, it is possible to perform a vaginal delivery, enabling a favourable obstetric outcome (AU).

Survival analysis and predictors of long-term outcomes following radical nephrectomy with inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombectomy in renal cell carcinoma

Background: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) presents with inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombus in 10%�% cases and surgical management forms the mainstay of the treatment. The objective of this study is to assess the outcomes of the patients undergoing radical nephrectomy with IVC thrombectomy. Methods: A retrospective analysis of patients undergoing open radical nephrectomy with IVC thrombectomy between 2006 till 2018 was done. Results: A total of 56 patients were included. The mean (眘tandard deviation) age was 57.1 (�.2) years. The number of patients with levels I, II, III, and IV thrombus were 4, 29,10, and 13, respectively. The mean blood loss was 1851.8 mL, and the mean operative time was 303.3 minutes. Overall, the complication rate was 51.7%, while the perioperative mortality rate was 8.9%. The mean duration of hospital stay was 10.6 � 6.4 days. The majority of the patients had clear cell carcinoma (87.5%). There was a significant association between grade and stage of thrombus (P = 0.011). Using Kaplan朚eier survival analysis, the median overall survival (OS) was 75 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 43.5�6.5) months, and the median recurrence-free survival (RFS) was 48 (95% CI = 33.1�.3) months. Age (P = 0.03), presence of systemic symptoms (P = 0.01), radiological size (P = 0.04), histopathological grade (P = 0.01), level of thrombus (P = 0.04), and invasion of thrombus into IVC wall (P = 0.01) were found to be significant predictors of OS. Conclusion: The management of RCC with IVC thrombus poses a major surgical challenge. Experience of a center along with high-volume and multidisciplinary facility particularly cardiothoracic facility provides better perioperative outcome. Though surgically challenging, it offers good overall-survival and recurrence-free survival

Application of laparoscopic ultrasound in retroperitoneal radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma with Type II inferior vena cava tumor thrombectomy

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the application value of laparoscopic ultrasound (LU) in retroperitoneal radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma with Type II inferior vena cava tumor thrombectomy (RRN-RCC-TII-IVCTT). Methods: The clinical data (operative time, length of tumor thrombus, tumor length, intraoperative bleeding, clinical stage, histological type, residual tumor tissue, and postoperative follow-up) of 6 patients who underwent LU-guided RRN-RCC-TII-IVCTT were retrospectively analyzed, and the intraoperative experience of LU was also summarized. Results: All 6 patients recovered well with liver and kidney functions returning to normal, and no tumor recurrence, metastasis, or vena cava tumor thrombus. Conclusions: LU-guided RRN-RCC-TII-IVCTT is a feasible treatment option, which locates the tumor accurately by retroperitoneal approach and provides the additional benefit of reduced intraoperative bleeding and shortened operative time, also achieving the much sought-after goal of precision.

Transthoracic Echocardiography Revealed Inferior Vena Cava and Right Atrial Occupation:Report of One Case / 中国医学科学院学报

One case with ascites and lower limb edema as the initial manifestations was reported.The echocardiography revealed inferior vena cava and right atrial occupation,which combined with increased alpha fetoprotein and imaging examination,suggested liver malignant tumor combined with tumor thrombus of inferior vena cava and right atrium.After targeted therapy combined with immunotherapy,the tumor shrank and alpha fetoprotein decreased significantly,suggesting that the treatment was effective.The median survival time of the patient was 3 months.This patient had a clear history of cirrhosis due to hepatitis B and was clinically diagnosed with advanced liver cancer,which suggested the importance of early liver cancer screening.

Nephrostomy catheter following percutaneous nephrostolithotomy entering the inferior vena cava / 现代泌尿外科杂志

【Objective】 To explore the causes and management of nephrostomy catheter following percutaneous nephrostolithotomy (PCNL) entering the inferior vena cava. 【Methods】 A retrospective analysis was performed on the management of two cases of nephrostomy catheter entering the inferior vena cava. The causes, changes of minimally invasive treatment and prevention plans were discussed. 【Results】 Two patients underwent digital subtraction angiography (DSA) to restore the nephrostomy tube to the renal pelvis collecting system. No renal vein rupture or bleeding occurred during the operation, and the patients’ vital signs were stable. Nephrostomy tube was removed successfully after operation. The wound healing was good, and there was no secondary hemorrhage such as perirenal hematoma. The prognosis was good. 【Conclusion】 Although intravenous nephrostomy tube misplacement is an uncommon PCNL complication, the consequences are serous. One-step retraction displacement of nephrostomy tube to the renal collecting system can effectively manage nephrostomy catheter entering the inferior vena cava.

Intravenous malposition of double J stent: a case report and literature review / 现代泌尿外科杂志

【Objective】 To investigate the causes of intravenous malposition of double J stent and treatment strategies, in order to improve clinicians’ awareness of this complication. 【Methods】 Clinical data of a patient with intravenous malposition of double J stent were analyzed and relevant literature was reviewed. 【Results】 A 51-year-old female was admitted with post-hysterectomy urinary fistula and diagnosed with right intravenous malposition of double J stent and ureterovaginal fistula. Da Vinci robot-assisted laparoscopic right double J stent removal and ureteral reimplantation were performed. 【Conclusion】 Intravenous malposition is a rare and life threatening complication of double J stent placement, which can migrate further. The surgical method should be selected according to the location of the stent and general condition of the patients. Minimally invasive surgery is the first choice of treatment.

Robot assisted radical nephrectomy with lymph node dissection for metastasis around inferior vena cava / 现代泌尿外科杂志

【Objective】 To summarize the key points of robot assisted radical nephrectomy combined with resection of metastatic lymph nodes around inferior vena cava. 【Methods】 The patients undergoing the operation during Jan.2019 and Dec.2021 were analyzed and followed up. The surgical procedures and key points for right renal cancer with huge lymph node metastasis around inferior vena cava were illustrated. 【Results】 A total of 5 patients completed operation successfully, including 4 cases of clear cell carcinoma and 1 case of papillary carcinoma. The average operation time and estimated blood loss were 135 min and 300 mL, respectively, with no major complications. 【Conclusion】 It is feasible to perform robot assisted radical nephrectomy with resection of metastatic lymph nodes for selected patients of renal cancer especially with large lymph node metastasis around vena cava. The value of minimally invasive surgery in the comprehensive treatment of renal cancer deserves further attention and research.

Comparison of robot-assisted and open surgery in the treatment of renal carcinoma with Mayo Ⅰ-Ⅲ inferior vena cava tumor thrombus / 现代泌尿外科杂志

【Objective】 To compare the clinical efficacy of robot-assisted and open surgery in the treatment of renal carcinoma with inferior vena cava cancer thrombus, and to analyze the safety and feasibility of robot-assisted radical nephrectomy. 【Methods】 Clinical data of 55 patients surgically treated for renal carcinoma with Mayo Ⅰ-Ⅲ inferior vena cava tumor thrombus during Dec.2015 and Dec.2021 were retrospectively analyzed. Based on the operation methods, the patients were divided into the robotic surgery group (n=36) and open surgery group (n=19). The perioperative data, oncological results and survival of the two groups were compared. 【Results】 All operations were successful. The median operation time was 176 (IQR:137-234) min, and grade Ⅲ and above complications occurred in 9(16.4%) cases. The robotic surgery group had lower intraoperative blood loss [300 (IQR:200-625) mL vs.1 000 (IQR:600-1 184) mL] and blood transfusion ratio [(20/36) vs. (18/19)] than the open surgery group, but higher postoperative hemoglobin level[109(98-120) g/L vs. 90(84-100) g/L]. During a median follow-up of 26 (IQR:19-39) months, 19(34.5%) patients developed new metastases and 12(21.8%) patients died. The postoperative tumor-specific survival (HR=0.39, 95%CI:0.13-1.16, P=0.090) and overall survival (HR=0.71, 95%CI:0.22-2.23,P=0.554) were not significantly different between the two groups. 【Conclusion】 There are no significant differences in the incidence of postoperative complications, tumor-specific survival and overall survival between robot-assisted and open surgery for Mayo Ⅰ-Ⅲ inferior vena cava tumor thrombus, but the intraoperative blood loss in robotic group is lower than that in the open surgery group.

Key surgical techniques in robot-assisted laparoscopic radical nephrectomy and thrombectomy for renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena cava thrombus / 现代泌尿外科杂志

The mainstay of treatment for renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena cava (IVC) thrombus is complete surgical excision, which can be facilitated by appropriate preoperative evaluation and detailed planning. The level of tumor thrombus, the presence or absence of thrombus and the invasion of vein wall are important variables affecting surgery. For cases complicated with adherent or invasive tumor thrombus, en bloc resection of the IVC with or without venous reconstruction represents a special decision-making. This review will describe the evolving surgical techniques and key points of robotic-assisted radical nephrectomy with IVC thrombectomy.

Research progress on anhepatic phase in rat liver transplantation / 器官移植

With persistent advancement of surgical instruments, methods and techniques, clinical efficacy of liver transplantation has been steadily enhanced. However, the length of anhepatic phase is still an important factor affecting the efficacy of liver transplantation. Rat is one of the major animal models for liver transplantation-related basic research. In this article, multiple approaches for prolonging the anhepatic phase and shortening the operation time during anhepatic phase in rat liver transplantation were reviewed, which consisted of sevoflurane inhalation anesthesia, intravenous infusion via jugular vein indwelling needle, clamping of the abdominal aorta before anhepatic phase, injection of normal saline into portal vein before anhepatic phase, subcutaneous transposition of the spleen, electrocoagulation of hepatic esophageal artery, magnetic ring anastomosis of the superior and inferior hepatic vena cava, cannula anastomosis of the superior and inferior hepatic vena cava, stent anastomosis of the superior and inferior hepatic vena cava, rapid connection device and cannula of portal vein, and ring-shaped cannula of hepatic tissue-preserving inferior hepatic vena cava, aiming to add evidence for prolonging the duration of anhepatic phase, improving the operation efficiency during anhepatic phase and elevating the success rate of rat liver transplantation.

Feasibility analysis of inferior vena cava variability combined with rectus femoris atrophy fraction in predicting the outcome of weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective:To identify the feasibility of inferior vena cava variability (ΔDIVC) combined with rectus femoris atrophy fraction in predicting the outcome of weaning from invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV).Methods:From January to December 2021, the patients with the need for IMV admitted to the Affiliated Yixing Hospital of Jiangsu University were recruited into prospective case-control study. The patients who met the withdrawal criteria were treated with a 2-h spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) and then extubated immediately. Patients with stable spontaneous breathing after extubation for more than 48 h were classified as successful weaning group, and on the contrary, the other patients were classified as failed weaning group. The clinical data and withdrawal indexes of the two groups were evaluated. The correlation between ΔD IVC and rectus femoris atrophy fraction was assessed. The influencing factors of weaning outcome were observed. The diagnostic value of ΔD IVC, rectus femoris atrophy fraction and the combination of two indexes in predicting weaning success were calculated by a plotting receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results:Sixty IMV patients were included in this study, including 38 cases of successful weaning and 22 cases of failed weaning. The two groups were comparable with regard to clinical data (all P>0.05). The rectus femoris cross-sectional area in the two groups diminished gradually with the length of ICU stay ( F=3.266, 3.625, both P<0.05). The rectus femoris cross-sectional area at the first SBT was significantly lower than that on the first day of admission in both groups [the successful weaning group: (2.54±0.88) cm 2vs. (3.08±0.98) cm 2; the failed weaning group: (2.22±0.87) cm 2vs. (3.02±1.10) cm 2, both P<0.05], but there was no significant difference between the two groups (all P>0.05). Patients in the successful weaning group had higher ΔD IVC and higher rectus femoris atrophy fraction than those in the weaning failure group [ΔD IVC: (25.02±4.65)% vs. (20.30±3.16)%; rectus femoris atrophy fraction: (81.89±5.09)% vs. (72.68±8.98)%, both P<0.05]. There was a positive correlation between ΔD IVC and rectus femoris atrophy fraction ( r=0.346, P=0.007). Both ΔD IVC and rectus femoris atrophy fraction played an important role in affecting weaning success (all P<0.05). The area under the curve (AUC) of ΔD IVC combined with rectus femoris atrophy fraction for predicting the weaning success was 0.880, which was significantly higher than that of ΔD IVC (AUC=0.791) or rectus femoris atrophy fraction (AUC=0.826). Conclusions:The predictive value of ΔD IVC combined with rectus femoris atrophy fraction for successful weaning of patients undergoing IMV is relatively accurate, which can be used to guide weaning.

Optimizing imaging of inferior vena cava by application of spectral CT single energy combined with ASIR-V / 中华全科医师杂志

Objective:To explore the application of energy spectrum CT single energy combined with adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction-Veo (ASIR-V) for optimizing inferior vena cava imaging.Methods:Thirty patients with negative diagnosis or minimal inferior vena cava lesions who underwent CT venography (CTV) of inferior vena cava in the Second Hospital of Harbin Medical University from August 2021 to April 2022 were enrolled in the study, including 11 males and 19 females with the age of (55.4±8.8) years and the body mass index of (23.2±2.8) kg/m2. The mixed energy group images and 5 single energy groups of 50, 55, 60, 65 and 70 keV images were reconstructed from the images in the inferior vena cava phase. The subcutaneous fat noise, CT values, signal to noise ratio (SNR) and contrast to noise ratio (CNR) for each segment of the inferior vena cava in 5 sets of single-energy images were measured and evaluated subjectively to determine the best single energy level. The images were reconstructed by combining different weight ASIR-V (20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70% and 80%) algorithms, and images from different weight groups and mixed energy groups were evaluated objectively to determine the best ASIR-V weights which was matched with the best single energy level. All images were scored subjectively by 2 senior radiologists based on image noise, uniformity of vessel filling, sharpness of vessel margins and diagnostic confidence.Results:There were significant differences in subcutaneous fat noise and objective evaluation indexes of each segment of inferior vena cava among the monoenergetic groups (all P<0.05), each objective evaluation index increased with the decrease of energy level, the maximum value was obtained in the 50 keV group. The subjective scores of the 5 groups were consistent by the 2 radiologists(all κ≥0.75). The highest subjective scores were obtained in the 60 keV group, the best single energy level is 60 keV in a comprehensive analysis. The differences in objective evaluation indicators among the 7 groups of best single energy combined with different weights ASIR-V image group and the mixed energy group were all statistically significant (all P<0.01). Image noise decreased with increasing ASIR-V weights for different weight groups, all differences among groups were statistically significant (all P<0.01), and the minimum noise was minimal in 80% weight group. There was no significant change in CT value of each segment of inferior vena cava (all P>0.05). The SNR and CNR of each segment of inferior vena cava increased, all differences among groups were statistically significant (all P<0.01), and the SNR and CNR of 80% weight group was the highest. The subjective scores of the 8 groups were consistent evaluated by the 2 radiologists (all κ≥0.75), and the subjective score of 60% weight group was the highest, 60% was the best ASIR-V weight for matching 60 keV in a comprehensive analysis. Conclusions:The study indicates that the best energy level for optimizing energy spectrum CT single energy imaging of the inferior vena cava is 60 keV, on the basis of which the best weighting for combined ASIR-V is 60%.

Surgical strategy and procedure of adrenocortical carcinoma with retrohepatic inferior vena cava tumor thrombus with intraoperative ultrasound guidance / 中华肝胆外科杂志

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) with inferior vena cava thrombosis is rare and has a poor prognosis, and the current literature overwhelmingly supports aggressive surgical intervention. This article summarizes the management of a patient with ACC with inferior vena cava thrombosis, and discusses the feasibility of detailed preoperative imaging data and intraoperative ultrasound to assess the superior and inferior boundaries of ACC with inferior vena cava thrombosis, while describing the intraoperative ultrasound-guided surgical planning and procedure for ACC with retrohepatic inferior vena cava tumor thrombus. Furthermore, it also demonstrates that it is feasible to accurately assess the superior and inferior boundaries of ACC with inferior vena cava thrombosis by preoperative multimodal imaging and intraoperative ultrasound, determine the mode of flow blockage during the operation, and obtain radical resection of the tumor.

Integrative treatment for primary liver cancer with tumor thrombosis in hepatic vein or inferior vena cava: a review / 中华肝胆外科杂志

Primary liver cancer is a common malignant tumor. Early liver cancer is suitable for surgical resection, local ablation, liver transplantation and other radical treatment, and the prognosis is better. Patients with advanced liver cancer often have tumor thrombosis in hepatic vein and inferior vena cava. With high rates of recurrence and metastasis, the prognosis is poor. Chinese guidelines recommend multidisciplinary treatment to patients with hepatic vein thrombosis and inferior vena cava thrombosis including local treatment, systematic anti-tumor drug treatment, surgical resection and other treatment. This article reviewed the progress in diagnosis and treatment of primary liver cancer with tumor thrombosis in hepatic vein and inferior vena cava in the past decade.

A rare cause of deep vein thrombosis: inferior vena cava agenesis / Agenesia da veia cava inferior: uma causa rara de trombose venosa profunda

Abstract Inferior vena cava agenesis is a rare condition and is often misdiagnosed. This anomaly is asymptomatic in the majority of cases and is usually diagnosed during imaging tests carried out for other purposes. The most frequent manifestation is deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in lower limbs and anticoagulation therapy is the most frequent treatment option. Other techniques such as thrombolysis and venous bypass are also described. We report two cases diagnosed at our institution during the last year, both of which presented with an episode of DVT. We opted for indefinite anticoagulation therapy and both patients remain asymptomatic, after 1 year of surveillance in the first case and 6 months in the second, with no new episodes of DVT. Although it is not a life-threatening anomaly, it is important to make an appropriate diagnosis and provide treatment to improve the symptoms and quality of life of these patients.

Resumo A agenesia da veia cava inferior é uma condição rara e, muitas vezes, mal diagnosticada. Essa anomalia é, na maioria dos casos, assintomática, sendo geralmente diagnosticada durante exames de imagem realizados com outras finalidades. A manifestação mais comum é trombose venosa profunda (TVP) em membros inferiores, e a terapia anticoagulante é a opção de tratamento mais frequente, embora outras técnicas, como trombólise e derivações venosas, também tenham sido descritas. Relatamos dois casos diagnosticados na nossa Instituição no último ano, ambos com episódio de TVP. O tratamento consistiu em anticoagulação por tempo indeterminado e, após 1 ano de acompanhamento no primeiro caso e 6 meses no segundo, ambos os pacientes permanecem assintomáticos, sem novos episódios de TVP. Embora não seja uma anomalia com risco de vida, é importante realizar diagnóstico e tratamento adequados para melhorar os sintomas e a qualidade de vida desses pacientes.

Inferior Vena Cava Collapsibility Index: A Precise, Noninvasive Tool for Evaluation of Edema in Children with Nephrotic Syndrome

This study aimed to evaluate available volume status assessment tools in nephrotic syndrome (NS). Sixty children with INS were subdivided into hypovolemic and nonhypovolemic groups based on fractional excretion of sodium (FeNa%); all were studied for inferior vena cava collapsibility index (IVCCI), plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and body composition monitor (BCM). Forty-four patients had nonhypovolemic and 16 had hypovolemic states. ANP did not difer between both groups. IVCCI was higher in hypovolemic group (p<0.001) with sensitivity 87.5% and specifcity 81.8% for hypovolemia detection, while BCM overhydration (BCM-OH) values were higher in nonhypovolemic group (p=0.04) with sensitivity=68.2% and specifcity=75% for detection of hypervolemia. FeNa% showed negative correlation with IVCCI (r= ?0.578, p<0.001) and positive correlation with BCM-OH (r=0.33, p=0.018), while FeNa% showed nonsignifcant correlation to ANP concentration. IVCCI is a reliable tool for evaluating volume status in NS and is superior to BCM.

Inferior vena cava leiomyosarcoma with liver metastasis at presentation in a young male: A challenging diagnostic quandary

Leiomyosarcomas of vascular origin are very rare tumors, predominantly affecting the inferior vena cava (IVC). Although vascular leiomyosarcomas are slow-growing, their non-specific and late presentation results in delayed diagnosis which portends a very poor prognosis. Here we report a case of a 24-year-old man who presented with abdominal pain since 15 days and was found to have unresectable metastatic leiomyosarcoma of the inferior vena cava at initial diagnosis.

Trombosis venosa extensa en paciente con agenesia de vena cava inferior

RESUMEN Se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino de 22 años con trombosis venosa profunda de vena cava inferior, iliacas y femorales y que presenta como factores de riesgo una agenesia de la porción suprarrenal de la vena cava inferior y lupus eritematoso sistémico. Además, se evidenció la presencia de situs inversus total, condición que se asocia a malformaciones venosas presentes en el caso. Como tratamiento se utilizó anticoagulación con heparina de bajo peso molecular y posteriormente anticoagulante oral. A pesar el extenso territorio de la trombosis se descartó la necesidad de instalar filtro en la vena cava inferior por la ausencia de la misma en la aurícula derecha. Se intentó sin éxito la repermeabilización con trombolítico.

ABSTRACT We present the case of a 22-year-old male patient with deep vein thrombosis of the inferior vena cava, iliac and femoral veins, who presents as risk factors an agenesis of the suprarenal portion of the inferior vena cava and systemic lupus erythematosus. In addition, the presence of total situs inversus was evidenced, a condition that is associated with venous malformations present in the case. As treatment, anticoagulation was used with low molecular weight heparin and subsequently oral anticoagulant. Despite the extensive territory of the thrombosis, the need to install a filter in the inferior vena cava was ruled out due to its absence in the right atrium. Repermeabilization with thrombolytic therapy was attempted without success.