Promoting Innovative Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine Case Report Based on China Clinical Cases Library of Traditional Chinese Medicine / 中国实验方剂学杂志

China Clinical Cases Library of Traditional Chinese Medicine is built to promote the establishment of a scientific and technological talent evaluation system oriented on innovative value， ability and contribution in the backgroud of breaking the four only and setting new standards required by the document jointly issued by several national administrations and commissions. In the process of the construction， in order to further consolidate the foundation and ensure the quality and authority of case reports， we need to fully understand the origin and development of Chinese medical cases. Therefore， we clarified the development situation of Chinese medical cases by combing the characteristics of ancient and modern case reports， comparing the differences between Chinese and western medical case reports in terms of content and writing requirements， finally formed the main points of systematic case report norms and quality evaluation system， aiming to fully explore the unique advantages of Chinese medical cases in the fields of discipline development， scientific research innovation， clinical practice and guidance， talent evaluation and training， so as to promote its innovative development in a broader direction.

The Essential Connotation and Promotion Path of Self-Confidence in Traditional Chinese Medicine Cultural / 中国医学伦理学

The essential connotation of self-confidence in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) culture includes three parts: the theoretical self-confidence of TCM represented by the overall concept and syndrome differentiation, the historical self-confidence that TCM has been in an important position for a long time in the history of medical development, and the realistic self-confidence that TCM has contributed to human health and safety, which reflect the profound historical roots and extensive mass foundation of TCM culture in China. However, due to the doubts of non-scientific theory, outdated theory and useless theory, the spread and development of TCM culture has also encountered reality dilemma. In order to achieve the fundamental purpose of improving the self-confidence of TCM culture, it is significant to eliminate these negative effects by optimizing the communication system, creatively transforming and innovatively developing TCM culture and upgrading the level of health services.

Entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial education in the context of postgraduate nursing / Emprendimiento y educación emprendedora en el contexto de posgrado en enfermería / Empreendedorismo e educação empreendedora no contexto da pós-graduação em enfermagem

ABSTRACT Objective To understand entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial education in the context of postgraduate nursing. Method Qualitative study based on Grounded Theory. The theoretical sample consisted of 15 master's and doctoral students and seven professors from a postgraduate nursing program at a university in southern Brazil. Individual interviews were conducted between August/2018 and February/2019 in a location defined by the participants, in general the University. The data were collected and analyzed simultaneously by initial and focused coding. Results Three categories and 11 subcategories emerged that, interrelated, represented the phenomenon "Glimpsing entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial education in postgraduate nursing". Conclusion Entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial education, in the context of postgraduate nursing, were understood as incipient and promising processes. In this sense, it is necessary to intensify studies to demonstrate the entrepreneurial possibilities of the area.

RESUMEN Objetivo Comprender el emprendimiento y la educación emprendedora en el contexto del posgrado de enfermería. Método Estudio cualitativo basado en la Teoría Fundamentada. La muestra teórica estuvo compuesta por 15 estudiantes de maestría y doctorado y siete profesores de un programa de posgrado en enfermería de una Universidad del sur de Brasil. Las entrevistas individuales se realizaron entre agosto/2018 y febrero/2019 en un lugar definido por los participantes, en general la Universidad. Los datos se recopilaron y analizaron simultáneamente mediante codificación inicial y enfocada. Resultados Surgieron tres categorías y 11 subcategorías que, interrelacionadas, representaron el fenómeno "Vislumbrando el emprendimiento y la educación emprendedora en los posgrados de enfermería". Conclusión El emprendimiento y la educación emprendedora, en el contexto del posgrado de enfermería, fueron entendidos como procesos incipientes y prometedores. En este sentido, es necesario intensificar los estudios para demostrar las posibilidades emprendedoras de la zona.

RESUMO Objetivo Compreender o empreendedorismo e a educação empreendedora no contexto da pós-graduação em enfermagem. Método Estudo qualitativo, do tipo Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados. A amostragem teórica foi composta por 15 estudantes de mestrado e doutorado e sete docentes de um programa de pós-graduação em enfermagem de uma Universidade do sul do Brasil. Realizaram-se entrevistas individuais entre agosto/2018 e fevereiro/2019 em local definido pelos participantes, em geral a Universidade. Os dados foram coletados e analisados simultaneamente por codificação inicial e focalizada. Resultados Emergiram três categorias e 11 subcategorias que, interrelacionadas, representaram o fenômeno "Vislumbrando o empreendedorismo e a educação empreendedora na pós-graduação em enfermagem". Conclusão O empreendedorismo e a educação empreendedora, no contexto da pós-graduação em enfermagem, foram compreendidos como processos incipientes e promissores. Nesse sentido, é preciso que se intensifiquem estudos para demostrar as possibilidades empreendedoras da área.

Study on Evaluation of Innovation and Development Capability of Pharmaceutical Enterprises in China Based on Factor Analysis / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE：To pro vide reference for improving i nnovation and development capability of pharmaceutical enterprises in China. METHODS ：Based literature review ，10 measurement indexes （growth rate of net profit ，the growth rate of total assets ，the growth rate of revenue ，the net interest rate of sales ，the gross profit rate of sales ，the rate of return on net assets ， the current ratio ，the asset liability ratio ，the proportion of R&D personnel ，and R&D intensity ）were selected from aspect of growth ability ，profitability，solvency and innovation capability to establish evaluation system. Pharmaceutical enterprises with A-share listing time of no less than 5 years and R&D investment of no less than 100 million yuan in 2018 were selected as the research objects ，the data of above-mentioned indexes of included enterprises were collected during 2015-2019 by means of their public corporate annual reports and stock trading software Tonghuashun ；factor analysis method was used to extract the principal components to establish a model ；principal component factors were determined according to factor characteristic root and variance contribution rate ，ranked and analyzed the average comprehensive score of included enterprises during 2015-2019. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS：Four principal components including market development capability ，enterprise growth ability ，operation development capability and product innovation capability were determined ，and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 72.385％. A total of 44 pharmaceutical enterprises were included. Among them ，40.91％，43.18％，38.64％，72.73％ and 52.27％ showed an upward trend in the market development capability ，onterprises growth capability ，operational development capability ， product innovation capacity and total innovation and development capability. The highest score of innovation and development capability of pharmaceutical enterprises was 0.612，and the lowest score was － 1.132. There were 8 enterprises whose comprehensive score was 0.3-＜0.7，accounting for 18.18％； pharmaceutical enterprises in this range had good innovation and development capability. There were 21 enterprises whose qq.com comprehensive score was －0.1-＜0.3，accounting for 47.73％； pharmaceutical enterprises in this range had fair good innovation and development capability. There were 11 enter- prises whose comprehensive scor e was －0.5-＜－0.1，accounting for 25.00％；pharmaceutical enterprises in this range had poor innovation and development capability. There were 4 enterprises whose comprehensive score was ＜－0.5，accounting for 9.09％； pharmaceutical enterprises in this range had very poor innovation and development capability. The innovation and development capabilities of pharmaceutical enterprises in China are polarized ，the development of enterprises in China has entered a period of fluctuation with opportunities and challenges coexisting. Pharmaceutical enterprises with a certain number of medical insurance varieties or exclusive core varieties have strong competitiveness in their subdivided pharmaceutical field. Biopharmaceuticals have entered the active period. Pharmaceutical enterprises have shifted from generic drugs to innovative drugs. It is suggested that Chinese pharmaceutical enterprises should implement intelligent management ， develop R&D strategy scientifically ， attach importance to developing international market so as to improve their innovation and development ability.

Development policy for the Brazilian health industry and qualification of national public laboratories / La política de desarrollo productivo en salud en Brasil y la cualificación de los laboratorios públicos nacionales / A política de desenvolvimento produtivo da saúde e a capacitação dos laboratórios públicos nacionais

Abstract: Technological innovations play a decisive role in societies' development by contributing to economic growth and the population's welfare. The state has a key role in this process by inducing innovative behavior, strategies, and decisions. This study addresses Brazil's current policy for development of the health industry and its effects on qualification of national public laboratories by contextualizing different cycles of interaction between health policy and the industrial base, discussing the government's development strategy and the transfer and absorption of health technology (through Industrial Development Partnerships), and presenting two current partnerships involving public laboratories in the production of medicines and vaccines.

Resumen: Las innovaciones tecnológicas juegan un papel decisivo en el proceso de desarrollo de las sociedades, pues contribuyen a generar crecimiento económico y bienestar de la población. El Estado tiene una gran importancia y centralidad en este proceso, pues puede inducir fuertemente el comportamiento, las estratégicas y las decisiones relativas a la innovación. El presente artículo tiene por objetivo investigar la actual política de desarrollo productivo en salud en Brasil y sus reflejos sobre la capacitación de los laboratorios públicos nacionales. Con este fin, contextualiza los diferentes ciclos de interacción entre la política de salud y su base productiva, discute la estrategia del gobierno brasileño para el desarrollo, la transferencia y absorción de tecnología en el área de salud (las colaboraciones para el desarrollo productivo) y presenta dos modelos de colaboración vigentes, involucrando laboratorios públicos para la producción de medicamentos y vacunas.

Resumo: As inovações tecnológicas jogam papel decisivo no processo de desenvolvimento das sociedades, visto que contribuem para gerar crescimento econômico e bem-estar da população. O Estado possui grande importância e centralidade nesse processo, pois pode induzir fortemente o comportamento, as estratégias e as decisões relativas à inovação. O presente artigo tem por objetivo investigar a atual política de desenvolvimento produtivo em saúde no Brasil e seus reflexos sobre a capacitação dos laboratórios públicos nacionais. Para essa finalidade, contextualiza os diferentes ciclos de interação entre a política de saúde e a sua base produtiva, discute a estratégia do governo brasileiro para o desenvolvimento, a transferência e a absorção de tecnologia na área da saúde (as parcerias para o desenvolvimento produtivo) e apresenta duas parcerias vigentes envolvendo laboratórios públicos para a produção de medicamentos e vacinas.

PNAUM: integrated approach to Pharmaceutical Services, Science, Technology and Innovation / PNAUM: abordagem integradora da Assistência Farmacêutica, Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação

ABSTRACT This paper describes the development process of the Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamentos (PNAUM – National Survey on Access, Use and Promotion of Rational Use of Medicines) based on an integrated approach to pharmaceutical services, science, technology and innovation. It starts by contextualizing health and development in Brazil and features elements of the National Policy for Science, Technology and Innovation in Health in Brazil and the National Policy for Pharmaceutical Services. On presenting pharmaceutical policy guidelines, it stresses the lack of nationwide data. This survey, commissioned by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, has two components: household survey and evaluation of pharmaceutical services in primary care. The findings point to perspectives that represent, besides the enhancement of public policy for pharmaceutical services and public health, results of government action aimed at developing the economic and industrial health care complex to improve the health conditions of the Brazilian population.

RESUMO O artigo apresenta o processo de construção da Pesquisa Nacional sobre Acesso, Utilização e Promoção do Uso Racional de Medicamento a partir de uma concepção integradora da Assistência Farmacêutica, Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação. Inicia-se contextualizando a saúde e o desenvolvimento no País e apresenta elementos da Política Nacional de Ciência Tecnologia e Inovação em Saúde no Brasil e da Política Nacional de Assistência Farmacêutica. Ao apresentar as diretrizes das Políticas Farmacêuticas, destaca-se a carência de dados de abrangência nacional. A presente pesquisa, encomendada pelo Ministério da Saúde, foi estruturada em dois componentes: inquérito domiciliar e avaliação dos serviços de assistência farmacêutica na atenção básica. As perspectivas dos resultados representam, além do incremento das políticas públicas farmacêuticas e de saúde pública, resultados de ações governamentais voltadas ao desenvolvimento do complexo econômico-industrial da saúde, visando a melhoria das condições de saúde da população brasileira.

Analysis on Druggability of Chinese Materia Medica and Its Relationship with Major New Drug Innovation and Development / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

Druggability is crucial in pharmaceutical drug development as the source of drug research. Druggability research will face greater challenges because Chinese materia medica (CMM) is the multicomponent drug. In this paper, ideas and methods of study on CMM druggability were mainly proposed in combination with the chemical material basis of muticomponents of CMM.

A dinâmica inovativa para a reestruturação dos serviços de saúde / The innovative dynamics for the restructuring of the health services / La dinámica innovadora para la reestructuración de los servicios de salud

Desafios postos pelas mudanças demográficas e epidemiológicas e pela necessidade de redução dos custos têm exigido a reestruturação dos serviços de saúde. Nesse processo, as inovações em saúde aparecem como importantes protagonistas, uma vez que as tecnologias podem desempenhar papel fundamental tanto no que tange à expansão do acesso quanto à adequação do sistema às necessidades da população. Entretanto, a geração de inovação em saúde não se pauta exclusivamente por demandas e condicionantes sanitários; ao contrário, frequentemente reflete uma trajetória de desenvolvimento e pode ser cativa de interesses de grupos restritos da sociedade. Essas questões precisam ser consideradas tanto na análise da complexidade das dimensões da saúde quanto na investigação da potencialidade e dos desafios para o estabelecimento de uma dinâmica inovativa virtuosa para a reestruturação dos serviços em saúde.

Challenges posed by demographic and epidemiological changes and by the need to reduce costs have required the restructuring of the health services. Health innovations play a major role in this process, as technologies are fundamental both to expand the access and to adapt the system to the population's needs. However, the generation of health innovation is not based solely on sanitary demands and conditioning factors; on the contrary, it often reflects a trajectory of development and the interests of restricted groups in society. These issues need to be taken into consideration both in the analysis of the complexity of the health dimensions and in the investigation of the potential and challenges for the establishment of a virtuous innovative dynamics for the restructuring of the health services.

Desafíos establecidos por los cambios demográficos y epidemiológicos y por la necesidad de reducción de los costos han exigido la reestructuración de los servicios de salud. En este proceso, las innovaciones en salud aparecen como importantes protagonistas, dado que las tecnologías pueden desempeñar papel fundamental tanto en lo que respecta a la expansión del acceso como a la adecuación del sistema a las necesidades de la población. Sin embargo, la generación de innovación en salud no se pauta exclusivamente por demandas y condicionantes sanitarios, al contrario, frecuentemente refleja una trayectoria de desarrollo y puede capturar intereses de grupos restringidos de la sociedad. Estos aspectos precisan ser considerados tanto en el análisis de la complejidad de las dimensiones de la salud como en la investigación de la potencialidad y de los desafíos para el establecimiento de una dinámica innovadora virtuosa para la reestructuración de los servicios de salud.

Medical education:reform,innovation and development / 中华医学教育探索杂志

The essential purpose of medical education is to cultivate qualified medical talents for health career.In the course of medical edUCation reform.it is the most important task to focus on the specjalties of mealical education,to follow the rules from medical education,to make jnnovations on the basis of practical conditions and to develop medical edUCation by means of innovation.