Construcción y atributos del profesionalismo en una escuela de enfermería en chile

Objetivo: Construir una definición consensuada de profesionalismo que contenga los atributos esenciales del ser profesional en una Escuela de Enfermería. Material y Método: Diseño descriptivo cualitativo, que utilizó el análisis de contenido en tres fases secuenciales: 1) Revisión integrativa entre los años 2009 y 2019 en las bases de datos Pubmed, CINAHL, Nursing (Proquest), en referencias de los estudios seleccionados y en páginas de sociedades científicas internacionales, sin límites de idioma. De los 33 textos completos seleccionados, se identificaron definiciones de profesionalismo y sus atributos por medio de las cinco etapas propuestas por Whittemore y Knafl; 2) Exploración con enfoque cualitativo, cuya muestra intencionada fue con informantes claves de la carrera de Enfermería: estudiantes de último año, académicos, egresados y empleadores; 3) Integración de la información recolectada a través de una construcción grupal, generando registros de definiciones y atributos comunes que se relacionaron bajo un sistema de categorías hasta lograr la saturación. Finalmente, se planteó una propuesta de la definición conceptual y los atributos del profesionalismo, validados por un participante de cada categoría. Resultados: Los atributos identificados fueron: la entrega de un cuidado humanizado, basado en sólidos conocimientos científicos, con liderazgo, responsabilidad y respeto a personas, familias y comunidades. Conclusiones: Se definió profesionalismo con cinco atributos del ser profesional que coinciden con la literatura internacional. Es relevante que académicos, tutores clínicos y preceptores hagan propios estos atributos, porque a través del modelaje de estos, contribuyen a formar a los futuros profesionales.

Objective: To construct a consensual definition of professionalism that includes the essential attributes of being a professional in a school of nursing. Materials and Methods: Qualitative descriptive design using content analysis in three consecutive phases: 1) Integrative review between 2009 and 2019 in the databases Pubmed, CINAHL, Nursing (Proquest), in the references of the selected studies and in the pages of international scientific societies, without language limitations. From the 33 full texts selected, definitions of professionalism and its attributes were identified through the five stages proposed by Whittemore and Knafl; 2) Exploration with a qualitative approach, whose intentional sample included key informants from the nursing study program, such as final year students, instructors, graduates and employers; 3) Integration of the information collected through a group construction, generating records of definitions and common attributes, which were related under a system of categories until saturation was reached. Finally, a proposal was made for a conceptual definition and attributes of professionalism, validated by a participant in each category. Results: The attributes identified were the provision of humanized care based on sound scientific knowledge, with leadership, responsibility and respect for individuals, families and communities. Conclusions: Professionalism was defined using five attributes that are consistent with the international literature. It is relevant that instructors, clinical tutors and preceptors embrace these attributes, because they ultimately contribute to the training of future professionals.

Objetivo: Construir uma definição consensual de profissionalismo que contenha os atributos essenciais para um profissional em uma escola de enfermagem. Material e Método: Estudo descritivo qualitativo que utilizou a análise de conteúdo em três fases sequenciais: 1) Revisão integrativa entre 2009 e 2019 nos bancos de dados Pubmed, CINAHL, Nursing (Proquest), nas referências dos estudos selecionados e nas páginas de sociedades científicas internacionais, sem limitações de idioma. A partir dos 33 textos completos selecionados, foram identificadas as definições de profissionalismo e seus atributos por meio das cinco etapas propostas por Whittemore e Knafl; 2) Exploração de abordagem qualitativa com amostra intencional que incluiu informantes-chave do programa de estudos de enfermagem, como alunos do último ano, docentes, graduados e empregadores; 3) Integração das informações coletadas por meio de uma construção em grupo, gerando registros de definições e atributos comuns que foram relacionados sob um sistema de categorias até atingir a saturação. Finalmente, foi feita uma proposta de definição conceitual e de atributos de profissionalismo, validada por um participante de cada categoria. Resultados: Os atributos identificados foram a prestação de cuidados humanizados, com base em conhecimento científico sólido, com liderança, responsabilidade e respeito pelos indivíduos, famílias e comunidades. Conclusão: O profissionalismo foi definido por meio de cinco atributos que são consistentes com a literatura internacional. É importante que os docentes, tutores clínicos e preceptores adotem esses atributos, já que eles contribuem para a formação dos futuros profissionais.

Factores facilitadores y obstaculizadores del aprendizaje a través de la simulación

Objetivo: Identificar los factores que facilitan y dificultan el aprendizaje a través de la simulación y el ECOE, desde la perspectiva de los estudiantes y los docentes en la carrera Técnico en Enfermería de Nivel Superior. Material y Método: Estudio cualitativo con diseño fenomenológico, donde se aplicó encuesta en línea y se desarrollaron entrevistas semiestructuradas y grupos focales. El muestreo fue no probabilístico por conveniencia y participaron diez estudiantes y diez profesores pertenecientes a la carrera en una universidad privada en la ciudad de Santiago (Chile). Para llevar a cabo el proceso de análisis, codificación y clasificación de los datos, se utilizó el software de análisis NVivo. Se consideraron los principios y responsabilidades de la Declaración de Singapur sobre Integridad en la Investigación. Resultados: Los elementos favorecedores para las habilidades procedimentales son la metodología; la práctica y repetición; los profesores; los insumos y materiales y la motivación. Los elementos obstaculizadores fueron el nerviosismo, la falta de insumos y el tiempo escaso. Las limitaciones se dieron por el contexto sanitario, que implicó recoger información a distancia. Conclusiones: Se identificaron aspectos favorecedores y obstaculizadores para el logro de las habilidades procedimentales en la formación de técnicos en enfermería. Estos resultados pueden ser considerados insumos para realizar propuestas de diseño curricular que aborden aspectos didácticos, metodológicos y humanos.

Objective: To identify the factors that facilitate and hinder learning through simulation and OSCE, from the perspective of students and instructors in the field of licensed practical nurses (known as TENS in Chile). Materials and Methods: Qualitative study with a phenomenological design, in which an online survey was administered, and semi-structured interviews and focus groups were carried out. Non-probabilistic convenience sampling was used and ten students and ten instructors belonging to a TENS training program of a private university in Santiago de Chile participated. NVivo analysis software was used to carry out the data analysis, coding, and classification process. The principles and responsibilities of The Singapore Statement on Research Integrity were considered. Results: Facilitating elements for procedural skills were methodology, practice and repetition, instructors, supplies and materials, as well as motivation. Hindering elements were nervousness, lack of supplies and time scarcity. Limitations were caused by the healthcare setting, which involved having to collect information remotely. Conclusions: Facilitating and hindering aspects for the achievement of procedural skills in the training of TENS nurses were identified. These results may contribute to outline curriculum design proposals that address didactic, methodological, and person-related aspects.

Objetivo: Identificar os fatores que facilitam e dificultam a aprendizagem através da simulação e do ECOE, da perspectiva dos estudantes e professores no âmbito dos técnicos de enfermagem (conhecidos como TENS no Chile). Materiais e Método: Estudo qualitativo com desenho fenomenológico, onde foi aplicado uma pesquisa on-line e foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas e grupos focais. Foi utilizada uma amostragem não- probabilística por conveniência e participaram 10 estudantes e 10 professores pertencentes à um programa de formação de TENS de uma universidade privada em Santiago do Chile. Para realizar o processo de análise, codificação e classificação dos dados, foi utilizado o software de análise NVivo. Foram considerados os princípios e responsabilidades da Declaração de Singapura a Integridade em Pesquisa. Resultados: Os elementos facilitadores das competências processuais foram a metodologia, a prática e repetição, os professores, os materiais e a motivação. Os elementos que dificultam são o nervosismo, a falta de materiais e o tempo escasso. As limitações foram causadas pelo contexto da saúde, o que implicou a recolha de informação à distância. Conclusões: Foram identificados os aspectos favoráveis e obstáculos à obtenção de competências processuais na formação de técnicos de enfermagem. Estes resultados podem ser considerados como contributos para propostas de concepção curricular que abordem aspectos didáticos, metodológicos e humanos.

Investigando a formação das professoras de modalidades aéreas de circo na região metropolitana de Campinas-SP / Researching the circus aerials disciplines teachers'training in the metropolitan region of Campinas-SP / Investigando la formación de profesores de modalidades aéreas de circo em la región Metropolitana de Campinas-SP

A prática do circo como opção educativa, de condicionamento físico, recreativa ou artística, mostra uma notável expansão no contexto nacional nas últimas duas décadas. De modo particular, temos observado o aumento da prática das modalidades aéreas em escolas, academias e outros espaços públicos e privados. Com base nessa constatação, o objetivo desse estudo foi analisar a formação de professoras(es) de modalidades aéreas de circo na Região Metropolitana de Campinas (SP). Para isso, realizamos um levantamento de estabelecimentos que ofereciam aulas regulares, em seguida aplicamos um questionário semiestruturado (online) a 36 professoras responsáveis. Os resultados indicam que o primeiro contato com as modalidades aéreas se deu majoritariamente na universidade e em escolas de circo. O "tecido acrobático" é a modalidade mais oferecida, e a prática recreativa representa o campo de atuação mais comum, com relevante demanda da atividade como forma de condicionamento físico ou promoção da saúde. Verificamos uma formação diversificada, que inclui formação artística e o diploma de ensino superior para a maioria das participantes.

The practice of the circus as an educational, fitness, recreational or artistic option shows a notable expansion in the national context in the last two decades. In particular, the practice of aerial disciplines has been increasing in schools, gyms and other public and private places. Based on this finding, the objective of this study was to analyze the training of teachers of aerial circus modalities in the Metropolitan Region of Campinas - SP. For this, we carried out a survey of establishments that offered regular classes, then we applied a semi-structured questionnaire (online) to 36 teachers. The result shows the first contact to circus happened mostly at the university and in circus schools. The "silk" is the most popular discipline; and the recreational represents the most common motivation, with an important demand for fitness and health promotion. We noted a diversified training, including artistic education and higher education degree for most of them.

La práctica del circo como opción educativa, de acondicionamiento físico, recreativa o artística muestra una notable expansión en el contexto nacional en las últimas dos décadas. En particular, la práctica de modalidades aéreas ha aumentado en escuelas, gimnasios y otros espacios públicos y privados. Con base en ese hallazgo, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la formación de profesores de modalidades aéreas de circo en la Región Metropolitana de Campinas - SP. Para ello, realizamos una encuesta a los establecimientos que ofrecían clases regulares, y aplicamos un cuestionario semiestructurado (en línea) a 36 docentes. El contacto inicial con las modalidades aéreas se dio mayoritariamente en la universidad y en las escuelas de circo. La tela acrobática es la modalidad más común, y la práctica recreativa representa el campo de actuación más habitual, con una demanda relevante de la actividad de condicionalmente físico y promoción de la salud. Notamos una formación diversificada de las docentes, que incluye la educación artística y el diploma de educación superior para la mayoría.

Índice de condiciones laborales de un grupo de docentes en la ciudad de Cali / Rate of Working Conditions of a Group of Teachers in the City of Cali

Resumen Este artículo sintetiza, en un índice de condiciones laborales, los principales resultados de una investigación que se preguntó por las características del trabajo y empleo de un grupo de 202 docentes de la ciudad de Cali. Se exploró el modo en que dicha adhesión institucional, y otros factores sociodemográficos, inciden en las condiciones laborales que tienen los y las docentes, al tiempo que se pregunta por las cualidades del mundo del trabajo docente en Cali.

Abstract This article summarizes, in an index of working conditions, the main results of a research, which wondered about the features of the work and employment of a group of 202 teachers from the city of Cali. It explored how such institutional adherence, and other sociodemographic factors, affect the working conditions of teachers, while wondering about the qualities of the teaching world in Cali.

Profesores aumentados en el contexto de la realidad aumentada: una reflexión sobre su uso pedagógico / Augmented teachers in the context of augmented reality: a reflection on its pedagogical use

Resumen El presente artículo tiene como objetivo reflexionar sobre las prácticas y estrategias didácticas implementadas por los profesores, usando la tecnología de la realidad aumentada, a través de experiencias nacionales e internacionales. La importancia de esta mirada es indagar, desde una perspectiva pedagógica, cómo esta tecnología emergente es transversal a todos los ámbitos educativos y cómo la realidad aumentada permite el surgimiento de prácticas didácticas innovadoras que facilitan dinámicas enriquecedoras tanto para docentes como para educandos, sin dejar de lado las dificultades que ofrece su implementación en el aula de clase y los paradigmas que los docentes deben enfrentar.

Abstract This article aims at reflecting on the teaching practices and strategies implemented by teachers, using the technology of augmented reality, through national and international experiences. The importance of this view is to investigate, from a pedagogical perspective, how this emerging technology is transversal to all educational fields and how augmented reality allows the emergence of innovative didactic practices, which facilitate enriching dynamics both for teachers and learners, without leaving aside the difficulties offered by their implementation in the classroom and the paradigms that teachers must face.

Perception of food allergy among parents and school health instructors: A nationwide survey in 2015

PURPOSE: This study aimed to examine the perception of food allergy among parents and school health instructors in Korea. METHODS: A nationwide epidemiological survey in Korea was conducted in September 2015. From 17 cities and provinces, a total of 1,000 elementary, middle and high schools were selected by stratified random sampling. Parents and school health instructors were surveyed using a questionnaire on the perception of food allergy. RESULTS: The prevalence of food-induced anaphylaxis was 22.3%. Of 252 children with anaphylaxis, 47.6% were prescribed epinephrine auto-injector (EAI). Forty-three parents (37.7%) were educated about the use of EAI. Parents carrying their own EAI at all times or keeping them at schools were 5.6% and 3.8%, respectively. For the food allergen-labeling system, 42.1% of parents read food labels, and 32.1% were satisfied with the system. Only 35.2% of school health instructors received education on food allergy and anaphylaxis, and 42.5% of them knew how to use EAI. There were 70 children (9.4%) with anaphylaxis in school, and 75.9% of schools had the emergency management system. CONCLUSION: The awareness of Korean parents and school health instructors on food allergy is still low, and many parents are dissatisfied with the food allergen labeling system. Many school health instructors have difficulty in using EAI in case of anaphylaxis and are insufficiently educated about food allergy. Therefore, it is necessary to establish more systematic food allergy management plans by providing high-quality education to parents and school health instructors and by utilizing legal systems.

Diseño de tareas apoyadas en TIC para promover aprendizaje autorregulado / Fostering Self-Regulated Learning Through Academic Tasks Based on ICT / O desenho de tarefas apoiadas em TIC para promover aprendizagem autorregulada

Objetivo. Caracterizar un grupo de tareas académicas, apoyadas en tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC), que facilitan el aprendizaje autorregulado. Se describieron los componentes estructurales de las tareas (objetivos, consignas, conocimientos previos y demandas), la retroalimentación y evaluación propuesta por el docente y los usos de las TIC en la tarea. Método. Se analizaron 33 guías de tareas diseñadas por docentes universitarios, y se realizaron con ellos entrevistas semiestructuradas, para ampliar la información sobre las tareas. Adicionalmente, se diseñaron dos rejillas para el análisis de las tareas. La primera constó de niveles para establecer qué tanto el aprendizaje autorregulado promovía los componentes estructurales de la tarea, su retroalimentación y evaluación. La segunda describió usos de la tecnología con potencial para facilitar este proceso. Finalmente, se formaron grupos de tareas con características similares, para analizar su potencial y así favorecer el aprendizaje autorregulado. Resultados. Solo unas pocas tareas reunieron características para favorecer el aprendizaje autorregulado, como consignas claras, demandas de alto orden, retroalimentación y evaluación cualitativa y usos de la tecnología para el despliegue de estrategias cognitivas. Conclusión. Estos hallazgos sugieren la necesidad de promover en los profesores la apropiación de los usos educativos de las TIC para el diseño de tareas que favorezcan el aprendizaje autorregulado.

Objective. This study aimed to describe tasks proposed by university teachers that were based on information and communications technologies (ICT) to facilitate self-regulated learning. Structural components of the tasks (objectives, instructions, previous knowledge and demands) were described; as well as the feedback, the evaluation proposed by teachers and the uses of ICT. Method. 33 task guidelines, designed by teachers, were analyzed and semi-structured interviews were conducted to broaden information about their tasks. Two evaluation grids were designed for data analysis: the first one was composed to establish in which level structural components of the tasks, its feedback and evaluation promoted self-regulated learning; the second one described the uses of technology with potential to facilitate this process. Two groups of tasks with similar characteristics were gathered after data codification to analyze their potential to promote self-regulated learning. Results. It was found that only one group of tasks had the characteristics to promote self-regulated learning: clear instructions and guidelines, higher cognitive demands, feedback, qualitative evaluation and using ICT to encourage the display of cognitive strategies. Conclusion. These findings highlight the need to keep improving the use of ICT among university teachers to strengthen the design of academic tasks aiming to promote self- regulated learning.

Escopo. Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar um grupo de tarefas acadêmicas apoiadas em tecnologias da informação e comunicação (TIC) que facilitam a aprendizagem autorregulada. Foram descritos os componentes estruturais das tarefas (objetivos, consignas, conhecimentos prévios e demandas); a retroalimentação e avaliação proposta pelo docente e os usos das TIC na tarefa. Metodologia. Foram analisadas 33 guias de tarefas desenhadas por docentes universitários, e foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com eles, para ampliar a informação sobre as tarefas. Em adição, foram desenhadas duas grades para a análise das tarefas. A primeira constou de níveis para estabelecer quanto os componentes estruturais da tarefa, sua retroalimentação e avaliação promoviam a aprendizagem autorregulada; a segunda descreveu usos da tecnologia com potencial para facilitar este processo. Finalmente, foram formados grupos de tarefas com características similares, para analisar seu potencial para favorecer a aprendizagem autorregulada. Resultados. Só umas poucas tarefas reuniram as características para favorecer a aprendizagem autorregulada, com consignas claras, demandas de alto ordem; retroalimentação e avaliação qualitativa e usos da tecnologia para o desdobramento de estratégias cognitivas. Conclusão. Estes resultados sugerem a necessidade de promover nos professores a apropriação dos usos educativos das TIC para o desenho de tarefas para favorecer aprendizagens autorreguladas.

The National Resuscitation Council, Singapore, and 34 years of resuscitation training: 1983 to 2017

Training in the modern form of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) started in Singapore in 1983. For the first 15 years, the expansion of training programmes was mainly owing to the interest of a few individuals. Public training in the skill was minimal. In an area of medical care where the greatest opportunity for benefit lies in employing core resuscitation skills in the prehospital environment, very little was being done to address such a need. In 1998, a group of physicians, working together with the Ministry of Health, set up the National Resuscitation Council (NRC). Over the years, the NRC has created national guidelines on resuscitation and reviewed them at five-yearly intervals. Provider training manuals are now available for most programmes. The NRC has set up an active accreditation system for monitoring and maintaining standards of life support training. This has led to a large increase in the number of training centres, as well as recognition and adoption of the council's guidelines in the country. The NRC has also actively promoted the use of bystander CPR through community-based programmes, resulting in a rise in the number of certified providers. Improving the chain of survival, through active community-based training programmes, will likely lead to more lives being saved from sudden cardiac arrest.

Research on the Current Situation and Promotion Path of Instructors' Professional Quality in Medical Universities and Colleges in Xinjiang / 中国医学伦理学

The professional quality of counselors directly affects the growth of medical students and the effect of school education management.At present,the counselors' professional quality is at an overall high level in medical universities and colleges in Xinjiang that can be competent for the job requirements.However,there still exist some problems.For example,the structure of cultural knowledge is unreasonable,the professional proficiency needs to be improved,the psychological quality needs to be strengthened,and so forth.Changing the knowledge and ideas,establishing a long-term mechanism,and the counselors themselves recognizing consciously and promoting initiative are the way to improve the counselors' professional qualities in medical universities and colleges in Xinjiang.

A voz do professor: um instrumento que precisa de cuidado / La voz del profesor: un instrumento que necesita cuidado / The voice of the teacher: a tool that needs care

Objective: To describe the experiences of the participants of the extension project “Educating the educator: Promoting the occupational health of the teacher” during educative initiatives directed towards the teachers´ preservation of the voice awareness. Method: Case of study, descriptive nature that covered teachers of the urban zone of the municipal network of Cuité-PB, performed in the academic semesters of 2012, with weekly workshops that adopted the following steps: Reception dynamic, previous knowledge rescue, explanation about a theme, doubt clarifications and vocal exercises. Results: There was awareness by the teachers regarding the prevention of vocal health, inducing them to reflect about their own habits, above all the unhealthy ones, as well as to correct them. Conclusion: Due to the lack of care with the health of teachers and the importance of life quality changes, the positive response to the project is a feedback of the necessity of the attention to the instructor's health especially vocal health.

Objetivo: Descrever a vivência de participantes do projeto de extensão “Educando o educador: promovendo a saúde ocupacional do professor” durante ações educativas direcionadas à conscientização da preservação da voz do professor. Método: Relato de experiência de natureza descritiva que abrangeu professores da zona urbana da rede municipal de ensino de Cuité-PB, realizado nos semestres acadêmicos de 2012, com oficinas semanais que adotaram as seguintes etapas: dinâmica de acolhimento, resgate do conhecimento prévio, explanação acerca do tema, esclarecimento de dúvidas e exercício vocal. Resultados: Houve a sensibilização dos professores quanto à prevenção da saúde vocal, levando-os a refletir sobre seus hábitos, sobretudo, os prejudiciais, para assim corrigi-los. Conclusão: Diante da falta de cuidados com a saúde do professor e da importância de transformação na sua qualidade de vida, a resposta positiva ao projeto é um feedback da necessidade de atenção à saúde docente, principalmente a vocal.

Objetivo: Describir la vivencia de participantes del proyecto de extensión “Educando el educador: promoviendo la salud ocupacional del profesor” durante acciones educativas direccionadas a la concienciación de la preservación de la voz del profesor. Método: Relato de experiencia de naturaleza descriptiva que alcanzó profesores de la zona urbana de la red municipal de enseñanza de Cuité-PB, realizado en los semestres académicos de 2012, con oficinas semanales que adoptaron las etapas a continuación: dinámica de acogimiento, rescate del conocimiento previo, explanación acerca del tema, aclaración de dudas y ejercicio vocal. Resultados: Hubo la sensibilización de los profesores en cuanto a la prevención de la salud vocal, llevándolos a reflejar sobre sus hábitos, sobre todo los prejudiciales, con vistas a corregirlos. Conclusión: Delante de la falta de cuidados con la salud del profesor y la importancia de transformación en su calidad de vida, la respuesta positiva al proyecto es un feedback de la necesidadde atención a la salud docente, principalmente la vocal.

Experience of holding a workshop for clinical training instructors at Daido hospital / 医学教育

　To improve hospital quality, the development of authorized clinical instructors is urgently needed. Therefore, we held a workshop to develop clinical instructors. At a monthly meeting of the clinical training committee in June 2014, an agenda for holding a workshop was proposed. At the meeting in July 2014, most committee members said they were reluctant to hold a workshop because of heavy clinical duties. However, the hospital president strongly suggested that a workshop might be a foundation for reforming the stagnated hospital and persuaded committee members to hold a workshop to improve the instructors’ skill in teaching residents. At the September meeting, the workshop schedule was discussed. All members of the taskforce, except the chief coordinator and a lecturer, were selected from hospital physicians, and 3 preparatory meetings and 1 rehearsal were held. With the help of administrative staff, our first workshop for clinical instructors was held at Daido Hospital in February 2014. Our workshop helped create new hopes for improving educational tasks at our teaching hospital and improved the educational skills of participants. We also achieved mutual understanding as a team to accomplish a single goal.

Risco e aventura por entre as montanhas de Minas: a formação do profissional de esporte de aventura / Riesgo y aventura por las montañas de Minas Gerais: la formación de profesional de deportes de aventura / Adventure and risk in mountais of Minas Gerais: professional training for extreme sport

O presente estudo buscou analisar a formação dos profissionais de esporte de aventura no estado de Minas Gerais. Realizouse um estudo descritivo exploratório com um grupo amostral composto por 121 instrutores atuantes em diferentes modalidades de esporte de aventura no Estado de Minas Gerais. Verificou-se que a categoria desses profissionais se apresenta a partir de indivíduos com formações diversificadas (nível médio, graduação em Educação Física e em outras áreas do ensino superior). Esses profissionais mobilizam os saberes necessários à atuação do instrutor de esporte de aventura de formas variadas como vivências práticas em uma ou mais modalidades e compartilhamento de informações entre amigos de profissão.

Este estudio investiga la formación de los monitores de deporte de aventura en el estado de Minas Gerais. Se realizó un estudio exploratorio descriptivo, con un grupo de muestra compuesta de 121 profesores que trabajan en diferentes tipos de deporte de aventura en el Estado de Minas Gerais. Se encontró que la categoría de los profesionales se otorga a personas de diversos orígenes (la escuela secundaria, pregrado en la educación física y otras áreas de la educación superior). Estos profesionales movilizar los conocimientos necesarios para el instructor profesional en el deporte de aventura como diversas experiencias prácticas en uno o más términos y el intercambio de información entre amigos en la profesión.

In this study, we aimed at assessing the professional training for extreme sport in the State of Minas Gerais (Brazil). We performed an exploratory and descriptive study with a sample group composed of 121 teachers, working in different types of extreme sport in Minas Gerais. We found that the category of such professionals presents from individuals with diverse backgrounds (secondary school, degree in Physical Education and other areas of higher education). Such professionals rise the knowledge necessary to extreme sport instructor act in various forms, e.g. practical experience in one or more types of sports and information sharing among friends in the profession.

A Reflection on Clinical Teaching in Obstetrics and Gynecology / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Clinical noviciate teaching in obstetrics and gynecology is an important component of China's higher education in medical sciences.It is necessary to strengthen the training of instructors,motivate students' interest in learning and adopt various types of teaching methods.These measures can improve the quality of clinical teaching in obstetrics and gynecology and enhance its educational effectiveness.

Exploration of the assessment method about the work achievements inspection of university instructors / 中华医学教育探索杂志

The present assessment about the work achievements inspection of university in-structors turns out such a actuality as excessive qualitative ingredient,the insufficient quota ingre-dient,incomprehensive inspection project and limited inspection scope.This article made a theoreti-cal analysis of the establishment of the pertinent inspection target system and the quota inspection method,aiming to establish an inspection system with the leaders,the colleagues,the students as the appraisal main body,and proposed the concrete implementation means of the work achievements in-spection of university instructors.

A Survey on Undergraduate Clinical Training with Special Reference to Clinical Procedures Performed by Medical Students on Patients / 医学教育

A questionnaire survey on clinical procedures performed by medical students on patients during undergraduate clinical training was conducted in february 1996. Responses were received from 1328 clinical departments of university cospitals at 80 medical schools. Basic clinical procedures that medical students were permitted to perform on patients were recommended by a committee of the Ministry of Health and Welfare. These procedures are divided into three categories: level 1; procedures that medical students are permitted to perform under the supervision of an instructor; level 2; procedures medical students are permitted to perform with supervision under certain conditions; and level 3; procedures for which medical students are generally limited to assisting instructors or to attending and observing patients. The status of performance of the procedures was investigated. Of level-1 procedures (36 procedures), 8 were performed by medical students at more than 80 % of university hospitals, 19 were performed at from 50% to 70%, 9 were performed at less than 50%. Of level-2 procedures (15 procedures), 8 were performed at from 55% to 79% of hospitals and 7 were performed at less than 50%. For level-3 procedures (15 procedures), medical students were permitted to assist and observe 4 procedures at from 82% to 86% of hospitals, 11 at from 50% to 79%, and 1 at40%. In addition, students were permitted to perform 13 level-3 procedures at from 10% to 44% of hospitals and to perform 3 at from 6% to 9%. In many clinical departments, other kinds of procedures specific to the departments were adopted. Teaching media, such as standardized patients' computer-assisted instruction models, and animal materials, were used, and facilities in the community cooperated in training. Respondents wrote many suggestions and opinions about the difficulties and concerns with the legality of students' performing clinical procedures, patients' consent or agreement, minimal essentials of clinical competence of students, the shortage of instructors, and the training and guidelines for instructors.