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Abstract Background: In a society, children are the most vulnerable members of the population. Violence experienced in Mexico during the last decade has also affected children under ten years of age. Objective: Analyze the trend of homicides in children under ten years from 1998 to 2017. Methods: A longitudinal study of homicides in children under ten years of age was conducted in Mexico from 1998 to 2017. Several analytic techniques were applied to study the mortality tendency during the study period in this population. Results: 5,188 homicides occurred in children under ten years during the study period, 57% were in boys and 70% were in children under five years of age. Hanging and strangulation were the most common types of homicides for girls under one year of age. The home was the most frequently reported place of occurrence. Children between 5-10 years old were 3.1 times more likely to die from a firearm injury than those under 0-5 years old. It was also found that minors who resided in the Northern region of the country had a 2.7 times higher risk of firearm mortality compared to those who resided in the central region. Conclusions: It is important to implement protective measures, especially for those under one year, along with the need to create multi sectorial interventions that ensure protective environments for children. Moreover, observatory programs could be used to improve the quality of administrative records for decision-making.
Resumen Antecedentes: En una sociedad, los niños son los miembros más vulnerables de la población. La violencia vivida en México durante la última década también ha afectado a personas menores de 10 años. Objetivo: Analizar la tendencia de los homicidios en niños menores de 10 años de 1998 a 2017. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio longitudinal de homicidios en niños menores de 10 años en México de 1998 a 2017. Se aplicaron diversas técnicas analíticas para estudiar la tendencia de la mortalidad durante el período de estudio. Resultados: De los 5,188 homicidios ocurridos, el 57% fueron en niños y el 70% en menores de cinco años; el ahorcamiento y el estrangulamiento fueron los principales mecanismos de homicidio de niñas menores de 1 año. El hogar fue el lugar de mayor ocurrencia de homicidios. Los niños entre 5 y 10 años murieron 3.1 veces más por arma de fuego que los menores de 0 a 4 años. Los menores que residían en el norte del país tenían 2.7 veces más riesgo de mortalidad por armas de fuego en comparación con los que residían en la región central. Conclusiones: Es importante implementar medidas de protección, especialmente para los menores de un año, junto con la necesidad de crear intervenciones multisectoriales que aseguren ambientes de protección para los niños. Además, los observatorios podrían utilizarse como una estrategia para mejorar la calidad de los registros administrativos y focalizar la toma de decisiones.
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In this population-based cross-sectional study, we determined the prevalence of intentional injuries and associated factors among 1201 adolescents in Tehran, Iran. Overall, 63.9% of adolescents had at least one intentional injury behavior which was significantly higher in males. Gender preference for males by parents, very high or very low supervision, waterpipe smoking, and alcohol consumption were significantly associated with injuries in females. In addition, poor wealth index, parental punishment and smoking were incriminating factors in males.
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BACKGROUND: Injuries in Jamaica are a major public health problem as demonstrated by a hospital based computerized injury surveillance system established in 1999 that provides a risk profile for injuries. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Injury data from 2004 were selected to provide an annual profile, as comprehensive injury data were available from nine public hospitals. These nine public hospitals provide care for 70% of the Jamaicans admitted to hospitals annually. RESULTS: Data are presented on unintentional injuries where falls caused 44%, lacerations 27% and accidental blunt injuries were 17% of these. For motor vehicle related injuries, 55% were sustained while commuting by motorcars, 17% while riding motorbikes/bicycles and 16% of those injured were pedestrians. Most violence related injuries were due to fights (76%) with acquaintances (47%) who used sharp objects (40%) to inflict the injury. CONCLUSION: The Jamaica Injury Surveillance System (JISS) data, augmented by data collected on injuries from the health centres and the sentinel surveillance system, give a measure of the magnitude of the impact of injuries on the health services. The JISS provides data on the profile of injuries seen and treated at health facilities in Jamaica. In collaboration with police data and community-based surveys, it can be used to complete the risk profiles for different types of injuries. The data generated at the parish, regional and national levels form the basis for the design and monitoring of prevention programmes, as well as serve to support and evaluate policy, legislative control measures and measures that impact on interventions.
ANTECEDENTES: Las lesiones constituyen un problema importante de la salud pública en Jamaica, como lo demuestra el sistema de vigilancia computarizada de las lesiones, establecido en 1999, el cual proporciona un perfil de riesgo de las lesiones. SUJETOS Y MÉTODO: Datos de lesiones ocurridas en el 2004 fueron seleccionados a fin de ofrecer un perfil anual, ya que se disponía de un conjunto amplio de datos de nueve de los hospitales públicos. Estos nueve hospitales públicos dan atención al 70% de los jamaicanos ingresados a los hospitales cada año. RESULTADOS: Se presentan datos sobre lesiones no intencionales, según los cuales las caídas representaron el 44%, las laceraciones el 27% y las contusiones accidentales el 17%. En cuanto a las lesiones relacionadas con automóviles, el 55% fueron producidas durante la transportación diaria en vehículos automotores a centros de trabajo o estudio; el 17% se produjo en viajes en motos o bicicletas; y el 16% de los heridos fueron peatones. La mayoría de las lesiones relacionadas con la violencia se debieron a peleas (76%) con conocidos (47%) que usaron objetos perforocortantes (40%) para infligir las heridas. CONCLUSIÓN: Los datos del SVLJ, aumentados con los datos sobre lesiones recopilados en los centros de salud y el sistema de vigilancia centinela, dan una medida de la magnitud del impacto de las lesiones en los servicios de salud. El SVLJ proporciona datos sobre el perfil de las lesiones vistas y tratadas en los centros de salud de Jamaica. En colaboración con datos de la policía y encuestas a nivel de la comunidad, el sistema puede ser usado para completar los perfiles de riesgo en relación con diferentes tipos de lesiones. Los datos generados a nivel provincial, regional y nacional constituyen la base para el diseño y monitoreo de los programas de prevención. Asimismo, sirven para apoyar y evaluar políticas, legislaciones, medidas de control así como medidas relativas al impacto de las intervenciones.
Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Vigilância da População , Ferimentos e Lesões/epidemiologia , Coleta de Dados , Controle de Formulários e Registros , Sistemas de Informação Hospitalar , Hospitais Públicos , Jamaica/epidemiologia , Sistema de Registros , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
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Abstract: Introduction Violence is recognized as a Public Health problem around the world. In the specific case of Intímate Partner Abuse, which occurs at home, women are particularly vulnerable to be abused by their partners. In Mexico, as in other countries in Latin America, the systematic study of violence towards women is incipient. However, it is a highly predominant problem, which has a big impact on women's health, and represents a significant challenge to the Health System demanding health care due to intentional injuries. This paper analyzed information generated by the first National Survey of violence against women in 2003 (ENVIM, by his name in Spanish). Objective The main objective is to identify the factors associated with the health services utilization by women, because of partner abuse. Methodology A cross-sectional design was used, including women users of health care services on public institutions all over the country in 2003. Intimate partner abuse was defined as "the repetitive event of abuse from the male partner side towards the woman, that is characterized by coercive conducts that could include physical, emotional or sexual violence". It was measure in a scale of 27 items, using the Index of Spouse Abuse (ISA) and the Severity of Violence against Women Scale (SVAWS). Both indexes were vali-dated previously in Mexican population. A factorial analysis was used and the factors that explain the variability were obtained. The selection of women to be interviewed was done using a probabilistic stratify biethapic sample. For the first one, medical unites were selected, and for the second, women over 14 years old who went to those medical unities to demand any kind of health care services. The ethic considerations were resolved using the next procedures: participants received information about the research objectives and signed an informant consent letter endorsed by the ethical committee of the Institution. They also received a brochure with information about the local institutions where they can go in case of abuse. Interviewers trained in technical areas as well as abuse management using a questionnaire on private spaces did the data collection. The answer rate was of 98%. The analyzed variables were Socio demographic, search of support on the health staff or reasons for not doing this. An index of socio-economic level categorized as very low, medium and high. Type of institution and services used. The dependent variable was utilization of the health services to attend the injuries due to a partner abuse event, during the last 12 months. The analysis used was simple and bivariate using chi square, and binary logistic regression model. The final model included the variables that in the binary showed a value of p<0.25. We ad-justed the model using the Goodness of Fit Test of Pearson. Results From 24,958 women that utilized public health services 21% reported to have had a partner abuse event in the last year. From these, only 7.3% utilized health services. The more important variables were: age between 25 to 34 years old, elementary schooling and women having a job. Of the sample 94% belong to the very low and medium socio-economic levels; almost half of them (47%) do not have health insurance. More than 80% have a partner at present; 7.6% reported severe violence. From those who had injuries, 72% declared to have had just one minor injury (bruises, body aches), 25.5% reported more than one type of injuries, from which 10.8% were severe and required surgery or hospitalization. The type of injuries that demand more utilization of health services were those subsequent to sexual abuse as genital infection and genital bleeding. Only 45% of the women users' report to have medical insurance. Less than 6% of abused women talked with the health staff about their abuse situation and the main reason was the lack of trust. The factors associated to the utilization of health services were ages over 24 years(ORA 1.57, CI 95% 1.9 - 2.06) alcohol intake by the women (ORA =1.66 CI 95% 1.57-1.75) High Socio economic status (ORA =1.29 CI95% 1.07-1.54). The model was adjusted by severity index and to having medical insurance. There were not significative interactions (p>0.15) and the global adjusted model was p= 0.23. Discussion and conclusions There is a low percentage of abused women injured that utilize formal medical care. This is a very important result for the identification of prevention and control strategies of the partner abuse problem in the health services. The study shows the existence of different types of injuries or medical problems such as genital infections and bleedings, fainting spells, body aches that provoked on one hand that women did not seek medical attention immediately and on the other that the health staff could not identify this kind of health problems with intimate partner abuse. There is a group of more vulnerable women who do not use health services to take care of the consequences of abuse, because they are uninsured. This inequality reveals that it is urgent to provide support services to poor women in the country. The finding about the difficulty for battered women to report their injuries to the health staff because of their lack of trust, agrees with different studies that report the different obstacles found by abused women in facing the health services. The last situation reveals the obstacles to be solved for the NOM implementation too. It is important to mention the study limitations related with the design utilized, and the selection bias due to the inclusion only of users of services. This situation leaves at one side women with less resources, who confront big obstacles for the utilization of health services, and at the other, women from high socio-economic levels, who utilize private health services; therefore there is no accuracy the point out differences. The way in which the question about the utilization of health services was made, makes it difficult to know the number of times these were used. This variable must be explored in future studies. The information generated by the ENVIM allows the Health Sector to define identification-attention strategies of battered women and provides information about the importance of training the health staff to generate trust among in partner-abused women.