Trocas Afetivas Mãe-bebê: Revisão Integrativa da Literatura / Mother-Baby Affective Exchanges: Integrative Literature Review / Intercambios Afectivos Madre-bebé: Revisión Bibliográfica Integradora

Bebês buscam ativamente interações sociais, favorecendo trocas afetivas consideradas essenciais ao desenvolvimento. Investigações a respeito propiciam maior compreensão do processo de desenvolvimento emocional infantil. O objetivo deste estudo foi traçar um panorama atual acerca das trocas afetivas mãe-bebê, examinando características das publicações científicas nessa temática entre 2008 e 2018. Realizou-se uma revisão integrativa da literatura que permite uma síntese de conhecimentos a respeito, tendo-se empreendido uma busca nas bases de dados Web of Science, PsycNet, PUBMED, Scielo e LILACS. Foram selecionados 17 artigos para análise, após aplicação de critérios de inclusão e exclusão, sendo pré-estabelecidas categorias para analisar os estudos. Os resultados indicaram baixo número de publicações sobre o tema no período considerado (sendo 2018 o ano com maior número), predomínio de estudos transversais, em grandes centros urbanos, com crianças de zero a 36 meses. A temática geral mais abordada foi a da dinâmica e circunstâncias das trocas afetivas iniciais. Foi possível apontar lacunas quanto à necessidade de estudos voltados para a diversidade cultural, contemplando diferença de sexo dos bebês e que incluam microanálises de comportamentos afetivos e turnos nas trocas afetivas. Argumenta-se ainda a necessidade de novos estudos brasileiros em que se explorem contextos socioeconômicos diversos. (AU)

Babies actively seek social interactions, favoring affective exchanges considered essential for development. Investigations about this provide a better understanding of the process of the child emotional development. This study aimed to draw a current panorama about the mother-baby affective exchanges, examining characteristics of scientific publications on this theme, between 2008 and 2018. An integrative literature review was carried out, allowing a synthesis of knowledge about it. A search was made in the Web of Science, PsycNet, PUBMED, Scielo and LILACS databases. Seventeen articles were selected for analysis, after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, and categories were pre-established to analyze the studies. The results indicated a low number of publications on the subject in the considered period (2018 being the year with the largest number), predominance of cross-sectional studies in large urban centers, with children from zero to 36 months old. The most addressed general theme was the dynamics and circumstances of the initial affective exchanges. It was possible to point out gaps regarding the need for studies focused on cultural diversity, including gender differences in babies and including microanalysis of affective behaviors and shifts in affective exchanges. It is also argued the need for new Brazilian studies exploring different socioeconomic contexts. (AU)

Bebés buscan activamente las interacciones sociales, favoreciendo intercambios afectivos considerados esenciales para el desarrollo. Investigaciones sobre esto proporcionan una mejor comprensión del proceso de desarrollo emocional del niño. El objetivo de este estudio fue dibujar un panorama actual sobre intercambios afectivos entre madre y bebé, examinando las características de publicaciones científicas sobre este tema (2008 a 2018). Se realizó una revisión integradora, que permitió una síntesis del conocimiento al respecto, buscando en las bases de datos Web of Science, PsycNet, PUBMED, Scielo y LILACS. Diecisiete artículos fueron seleccionados para análisis, después de aplicar criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Categorías fueron preestablecidas para el análisis. Resultados indicaron bajo número de publicaciones sobre el tema en el período considerado (2018, año con el mayor número), predominio de estudios transversales en grandes centros urbanos, con niños de cero a 36 meses. El tema general más abordado fue la dinámica y las circunstancias de intercambios afectivos iniciales. Fue posible señalar lagunas con respecto a necesidad de estudios centrados en la diversidad cultural, incluidas las diferencias de género en los bebés y el microanálisis de comportamientos afectivos y cambios en intercambios afectivos. Se argumenta la necesidad de nuevos estudios brasileños que exploren diferentes contextos socioeconómicos. (AU)

Variaciones de las vocalizaciones del bebé y del habla materna en función de la depresión posparto: Modulaciones según edad y sexo infantil / Variations of Babies Vocalizations and Maternal Speech Depending on Postpartum Depression: Modulations According to Infant's Age and Sex

Resumen El presente trabajo indaga sobre la influencia de la depresión posparto (DPP) materna en las características prosódicas del Habla Dirigida al Bebé (HDB) y las emisiones preverbales infantiles en diversos contextos de interacción madre-hijo/a. Participaron 40 madres y sus bebés entre 3 y 6 meses de edad. Las madres fueron evaluadas con la Escala de DPP de Edimburgo (Cox, Holden y Sagoysky, 1987) y las díadas madre-hijo fueron filmadas en sesiones de juego no estructurado; 27 madres no presentaron indicadores de DPP y 13, sí. Las madres con DPP emitieron menor cantidad de vocalizaciones que las del grupo control y presentaron menor intensidad media y máxima al hablarle a sus bebés de 5-6 meses y esto fue particularmente observable en bebés varones (p < .07). Además, estas madres usaron menos curvas descendentes al dirigirse a bebés más pequeños (3-4 meses) y curvas ascendentes y descendentes al dirigirse a sus hijos varones (p < .01). En los bebés -tanto en los de 5-6 meses como en varones- (con madres con DPP se observó menor producción de emisiones preverbales, aunque sin ser significativa. La DPP materna impactó en los bebés más pequeños observándose una disminución de la frecuencia fundamental (p < .01) y de las intensidades media y máxima, pero solo en bebés varones (p < .05). También se halló una ausencia de curvas con forma de U en los varones e hijos de madres con DPP (p < .05). Aparentemente, la DPP afecta el HDB materno, el que varía a nivel acústico y prosódico en función de la edad del bebé afectando las emisiones preverbales, siendo mayor el impacto en los varones.

Abstract The present work aims to study the influence of postpartum depression (PPD) on the acoustic and melodic characteristics present in the vocal interaction between the mother and her baby. We analyze acoustic qualities of the mother's voice when she is talking to her baby (Infant-Directed Speech) such as fundamental frequency (F0 maximum, medium and minimum values) and intensity (maximum, medium and minimum values). The changes of F0 during a vocalization (intonation contours such as rising, falling, bell-shape, U-shape and sinusoidal and flat contours) were also examined. The same prosodic parameters were investigated in regard to prelinguistic vocalizations. The mothers were healthy, primiparous and native speakers of argentinian spanish. The babies were 3 to 6 month old, and those with congenital diseases or diseases that could affect the assessment of the variables under consideration were excluded. We evaluated 40 dyads of mother and child who attend the University Hospital of Maternity and Neonatology of Córdoba, Argentina. The presence of indicators for PPD was examined through the Edinburgh postpartum depression Scale (Cox, Holden & Sagoysky, 1987). The mother-infant interactions were filmed in unstructured play sessions. The categorization of different contexts in which those interactions occur were taken into account for the acoustic and melodic analysis. The types of interactional contexts were distinguished according the classification made in Papousek, Papousek & Symmes (1991). The results showed that 27 mothers did not present indicators of PPD and 13 did. Acoustically, the infant-directed speech of mothers who exhibit the presence of postpartum depression indicators featured lower values of medium and maximum intensity (p < .07, in both measures) in babies between 5 and 6 months old, and in male babies in particular (F0 medium p < .04 and F0 maximum p < .03). According to the melodic characteristics of IDS, less use of falling contours (p < .01) was found in mothers with PPD when addressing smaller babies -3 and 4 month old- and the same happened with the rising (p < .02) and falling (p < .01) contours when their children were males. In preverbal vocalizations, children whose mothers had indicators of postpartum psychopathology showed a lower number of emissions at a later age (p < .1) and in males (p < .1). Also, lower values of F0 were found in smaller babies (F0 minimum p < .01 and F0 medium p < .002). Male infants of mothers with PPD also presented a decrease in intensity (medium p < .05 and maximum p < .03). Finally, at the melodic analysis, the rising contours were not used at all for the oldest babies (p < .01) nor the U-shaped contours in males (p < .02). In conclusion, the findings of the present study not only confirm -through physiological measures- the effect of the interaction of mothers with their babies as a function of the presence of signs of postpartum depression, already from the first months of childhood life, but also that these alterations are modulated by the age and the gender of the infant. It is essential, therefore, to continue investigating whether these difficulties related to the primary bond that each mom and her child share are perpetuated over time. It is also necessary to adopt a gender perspective of maternal and child relationships and the importance of therapeutic approach and intervention of the dyad as early as the first months after birth. At the same time, the exhaustive and immediate diagnosis of PPD cases is a matter of primary healthcare and the multidisciplinary intervention is urgent from the beginning in order to ensure maternal-infant metal health and harmonic social, cognitive and emotional development in children.

Análisis de la conversación: psicoterapia de adolescentes depresivos con intento de suicidio en contexto hospitalario / Analysis of the conversation: psychotherapy of depressed adolescents with attempted suicide in a hospital context

Resumen Investigaciones recientes en psicoterapia muestran que el estudio de la interacción psicoterapéutica al centrar su atención en la conversación de interlocutores, entrega señales que permiten analizar el cambio terapéutico. El propósito del presente estudio de caso es analizar el movimiento de una Estructura de Intercambios Terapéuticos en la conversación de procesos psicoterapéuticos completos de adolescentes depresivos con intento de suicidio en contexto hospitalario. Se analizó el uso del tiempo de los intercambios comunicacionales entre terapeuta y paciente durante las sesiones, que fueron segmentadas en inicio, desarrollo y cierre. Los resultados muestran que los intercambios se producen según su utilidad en la psicoterapia y que su ocupación es sensible y ajustada al trabajo y objetivos terapéuticos que van surgiendo en la interacción. Adicionalmente se identificaron intercambios que son funcionales al inicio, desarrollo y cierre de cada sesión, y otros que deben utilizarse con cautela por parte del psicoterapeuta. La investigación verifico que el psicoterapeuta debe saber cuál, cuándo y cómo utilizar la Estructura de Intercambios Terapéuticos.

Abstract Recent research in psychotherapy shows that the study of psychotherapeutic interaction by focusing attention on the conversation of interlocutors, provides signals to analyze the therapeutic change. The purpose of the present case study is to understand the movement of a Therapeutic Exchange Structure in the conversation of complete psychotherapeutic processes of depressed adolescents with attempted suicide in a hospital context, analyzing the use of the time of the exchanges in the sessions, which were segmented in start, development and closure. The results show that the exchanges are managed according to their usefulness in psychotherapy that their occupation is sensitive and adjusted to the work and therapeutic objectives that arise in the interaction. In addition, there would be exchanges that are functional at the beginning, development and closure of each session, and others that should be used with caution. The psychotherapist must know what, when and how to use the Structure of Therapeutic Exchanges.

Trocas Afetivas de Crianças em Acolhimento Institucional / Affective Exchanges of Children in Institutional Care / Intercambios Afectivos de Niños en Acogida Institucional

Trocas afetivas presentes nas interações com pares e educadores auxiliam a criança institucionalizada a enfrentar o acolhimento, que pode ter como consequência variadas privações. O objetivo desse estudo foi identificar e caracterizar as trocas afetivas e tentativas destas, em contextos de interação criança-criança e criança-educador. Participaram dez crianças, de ambos os sexos, de seis a onze anos e seus educadores. Utilizou-se a técnica do sujeito focal, com observações registradas em vídeo, em situações livres, realizadas em duas instituições de acolhimento. As análises se basearam nas categorias predefinidas de tentativas de trocas afetivas (TTA), trocas afetivas (TA) e comportamentos afetivos. Os resultados revelaram que as TTA foram mais frequentes do que as TA. Houve um percentual de 94% dos episódios reunindo TTA e TA que se efetivaram entre crianças e seus pares, indicando que estas tentativas e trocas foram bem mais frequentes do que entre crianças e educadores. Dos comportamentos afetivos observados, rir/sorrir foi o que teve a frequência mais elevada (65,64% do total de ocorrências). As crianças manifestaram mais comportamentos afetivos em momentos de brincadeira. Com base nas evidências obtidas, entende-se que, ainda que as interações com os educadores sejam mais restritas e ocorram com menos frequência, nas interações com pares as crianças encontram maiores possibilidades de fortalecer os vínculos afetivos formados na instituição, o que pode auxiliá-las a lidar com intercorrências negativas próprias da situação de institucionalização....(AU)

Affective exchanges present in the interactions with peers and caregivers help the institutionalized child to face the reception, which can result in various deprivations. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize the affective exchanges and attempts of exchanges, in contexts of interaction child-child and child-caregivers. Ten children of both sexes, from six to eleven, and their caregivers participated. We used the technique of the focal subject, with observations recorded in video, in free situations, performed in two host institutions. The analyses were based on the predefined categories of affective exchanges attempts (AEA), affective exchanges (AE) and affective behaviors. The results revealed that AEA were more frequent than AE. There was a 94% percentage of the AEA and AE episodes that occurred among children and their peers, indicating that attempts and exchanges were much less frequent among children and caregivers. From the affective behaviors observed, laughing/smiling was the one that had the highest frequency (65.64% of the total occurrences). Children manifested more affective behavior in moments of play. Based on the evidence obtained, it is understood that, although interactions with caregivers are more restricted and occur less frequently, in interactions with pairs children find greater possibilities to strengthen the affective bonds formed in the institution to deal with negative intercurrences of the situation of institutionalization....(AU)

Affective exchanges present in the interactions with peers and caregivers help the institutionalized child to face the reception, which can result in various deprivations. The aim of this study was to identify and characterize the affective exchanges and attempts of exchanges, in contexts of interaction child-child and child-caregivers. Ten children of both sexes, from six to eleven, and their caregivers participated. We used the technique of the focal subject, with observations recorded in video, in free situations, performed in two host institutions. The analyses were based on the predefined categories of affective exchanges attempts (AEA), affective exchanges (AE) and affective behaviors. The results revealed that AEA were more frequent than AE. There was a 94% percentage of the AEA and AE episodes that occurred among children and their peers, indicating that attempts and exchanges were much less frequent among children and caregivers. From the affective behaviors observed, laughing/smiling was the one that had the highest frequency (65.64% of the total occurrences). Children manifested more affective behavior in moments of play. Based on the evidence obtained, it is understood that, although interactions with caregivers are more restricted and occur less frequently, in interactions with pairs children find greater possibilities to strengthen the affective bonds formed in the institution to deal with negative interc urrences of the situation of institutionalization....(AU)

Los intercambios afectivos presentes en las interacciones con pares y educadores ayudan a los niños institucionalizados a enfrentar la acogida, que puede tener como consecuencia variadas privaciones. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar y caracterizar los cambios afectivos e intentos de éstas, en contextos de interacción niño-niño y niño-educador. Participaron diez niños, de ambos sexos, de seis a once años y sus educadores. Se utilizó la técnica del sujeto focal, con observaciones registradas en video, en situaciones libres, realizadas en dos instituciones de acogida. Los análisis se basaron en las categorías predefinidas de intentos de intercambios afectivos (IIA), los cambios afectivos (IA) y los comportamientos afectivos. Los resultados revelaron que las IIA fueron más frecuentes que las IA. Hubo un porcentaje del 94% de los episodios reuniendo IIA y IA que se realizaron entre niños y sus pares, indicando que estos intentos e intercambios fueron mucho más frecuentes que entre niños y educadores. De los comportamientos afectivos observados, reír/sonreír fue el que tuvo la frecuencia más elevada (65,64% del total de ocurrencias). Los niños manifestaron más comportamientos afectivos en momentos de broma. Con base en las evidencias obtenidas, se entiende que, aunque las interacciones con los educadores son más restringidas y ocurren con menos frecuencia, en las interacciones con pares los niños encuentran mayores posibilidades de fortalecer los vínculos afectivos formados en la institución, lo que puede auxiliarlas a lidiar con intercurrencias negativas propias de la situación de institucionalización....(AU)

A economia das trocas simbólicas no campo do Taekwondo / The symbolic trade economy in Taekwondo field / La economía de los intercambios simbólicos en campo del Taekwondo

O presente artigo objetivou identificar como se constitui a economia das trocas simbólicas no campo esportivo do Taekwondo. Analisaram-se cinco entrevistas semiestruturadas dos "mestres" dessa arte marcial, agentes atuantes no Estado de São Paulo (2007), para identificar essa economia possivelmente reproduzida nesse campo. Usou-se o referencial teórico de Pierre Bourdieu para análise das entrevistas. Considerou-se que essas imposições simbólicas são reproduzidas e ressignificadas e servem como ferramenta de manutenção de poder e posições no interior do campo esportivo do Taekwondo.

The present article aimed to identify how the economy of symbolic exchanges is constituted in the sport field of Taekwondo. We analyzed five semi-structured interviews of the "masters" of this martial art, agents in the State of São Paulo (2007), in order to identify this economy which is possibly reproduced in this field. We used the theoretical framework of Pierre Bourdieu to analyze the interviews. It was considered that these symbolic impositions are reproduced and resignified, and they serve as a tool for maintaining both power and positions within the sports field of Taekwondo.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo identificar cómo la economía de los intercambios simbólicos se constituye en el campo del deporte de Taekwondo. Se analizaron cinco entrevistas semi-estructuradas de los "maestros" de este arte marcial, agentes en el Estado de São Paulo (2007), con el fin de identificar a esta economía que, posiblemente, se reproduce en este campo. Se utilizó el marco teórico de Pierre Bourdieu para analizar las entrevistas. Se consideró que estas imposiciones simbólicas se reproducen y se resignifican, y sirven como una herramienta para mantener tanto poder como posiciones dentro del campo de deportes de Taekwondo.

Transnational dialogues between specialist and institutional knowledge in occupational accident legislation, first half of the twentieth century / Diálogos transnacionales entre los saberes técnicos e institucionales en la legislación sobre accidentes de trabajo, primera mitad del siglo XX

In the early twentieth century, Argentina began legislating occupational safety. Law no.9.688 legislated accidents in the workplace (1915) and granted legal jurisdiction to work-related problems. The approval of this legislation was in dialogue with proposals being produced in other regions. The links established between local figures and colleagues elsewhere are useful for examining the circulation, reception and legitimation of knowledge on a regional scale. The objective of this article is to examine the transnational references in local discussions about occupational accidents in Peru and Chile during the first half of the twentieth century.

A partir del siglo XX, se inició en la Argentina la legislación protectora del trabajo. La ley n.9.688 legisló sobre accidentes de trabajo (1915) y otorgó jurisdicción legal a los problemas relativos al trabajo. La sanción de este corpus estuvo en diálogo con las propuestas que se producían en otras latitudes. Los vínculos que se establecieron entre los referentes locales y sus colegas son de utilidad para abordar el estudio de circulación, recepción y legitimación de los saberes dentro de una escala regional. Así pues, el objetivo de este trabajo es revisar las referencias transnacionales en las discusiones locales sobre los accidentes laborales en Perú y Chile durante la primera mitad del siglo XX.

Estudo psicológico de um caso de distúrbio de linguagem / Psychological study of a case of language disorder / Estudio psicológico de un caso de perturbación del language

Buscamos descrever o caso de um menino de 6 anos, portador de distúrbio de linguagem associado a transtornos neurológicos, em terapia da linguagem. Relacionando as características psicopatológicas do paciente com um comprometimento neurológico pré-frontal, entendemos que os dois resultam em manifestações de agressividade verbal e física, bem como no distúrbio severo da linguagem. Esperamos ter contribuído para a compreensão dos distúrbios da comunicação associados aos sintomas psicogênicos e de transtornos neurológicos.

Our intention was to describe the case of a six-year-old boy, carrier of a language disturbance associated to neurological disorders, in language therapy. Our goal was to build instruments for the diagnosis of similar cases. Relating the patient's psychopathological characteristics with a neurological disease, we understood that both results in manifestations of verbal and physical aggressiveness as well as in the severe disturbance of the language. We hope we have contributed to the understanding of the disturbances of communication associated to psychogenic symptoms and of neurological disorders.

Nuestra intención fue describir el caso de un niño de seis años, portador de una perturbación del lenguaje asociado a un problema neurológico, en la terapia del lenguaje. Relacionando las características psicopatológicas del paciente con un compromiso neurológico prefrontal, entendemos que los dos resultan en manifestaciones de agresividad verbal y física, así como en la perturbación severa del lenguaje. Esperamos haber contribuido a la comprensión de las perturbaciones de la comunicación asociadas a los síntomas psicogénicos y de problemas neurológicos.