Modelos neuroeconómicos explicativos de la relación entre aversión al riesgo, impulsividad y cardiocepción en estudiantes universitarios: revisión de alcance / Explanatory neuroeconomics models of the relation between risk-aversion, impulsivity and cardioception in university students: a scoping review

Introducción: los modelos neuroeconómicos explican la toma de decisiones a partir de procesos neurofisiológicos, cognitivos y emocionales. La toma de decisiones se estudia a partir de otros subprocesos como la aversión al riesgo. La relación entre aversión al riesgo, impulsividad y/o interocepción es importante para determinar el rol de la conducta y cognición humanas en el mantenimiento de problemas de salud. Esto se ha estudiado en población universitaria, en la que se presentan factores de riesgo para la salud. Objetivo: sintetizar los modelos neuroeconómicos descritos en la literatura para establecer la relación entre la aversión al riesgo, impulsividad y/o la cardiocepción en estudiantes universitarios. Metodología: revisión tipo alcance realizada del 01 de junio al 30 de septiembre de 2021 en los recursos; PubMed, PsyInfo, Google Scholar, Sciencedirect, Scopus, Open dissertations y OpenGrey. Como criterio de inclusión se estableció que se tratara de investigaciones experimentales y observacionales en inglés o español en estudiantes universitarios que evaluaran la relación entre toma de decisiones, impulsividad y/o interocepción. No se filtró por fecha ni por tipo de acceso. Resultados: se rastrearon 1035 documentos, 14 cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Se identificaron cuatro modelos: neuroeconómico conductual, paradigma de descuento temporal, teoría biopsicológica de Gray y diferencias individuales. Se hallaron correlaciones positivas y negativas entre impulsividad, aversión al riesgo e interocepción. Conclusiones: según los estudios existe una relación entre impulsividad y aversión al riesgo, que dependiendo del modelo implementado será positiva o negativa. Las asociaciones con interocepción son poco concluyentes y requieren mayor investigación.

Introduction: neuroeconomic models explain decision making based on neurophysiological, cognitive, and emotional processes. Decision making is studied from other threads such as risk aversion. The relationship between risk aversion, impulsivity and/or interoception is important to determine the role of human behavior and cognition in the maintenance of health problems. This has been studied in the university population, in which health risk factors are present. Objective: to synthesize the neuroeconomic models described in the literature to establish the relationship between risk aversion, impulsivity and/or cardioception in university students. Methodology: scoping review carried out from June 1 to September 30, 2021, in the resources; PubMed, PsyInfo, Google Scholar, Sciencedirect, Scopus, Open dissertations, and OpenGrey. As inclusion criteria, it was established that they were experimental and observational investigations in English or Spanish in university students that evaluated the relationship between decision-making, impulsivity and/or interoception. It was not filtered by date or by type of access. Results: 1035 documents were searched, 14 met the inclusion criteria. Four models were identified: behavioral neuroeconomic, delaying discount paradigm, Gray's biopsychological theory, and individual differences. Positive and negative correlations were found between impulsivity, risk aversion, and interoception. Conclusions: according to the studies, there is a relationship between impulsivity and risk aversion, which depending on the model implemented will be positive or negative. Associations with interoception are inconclusive and require further investigation.

The Concept of Interoception in Modern Psychology and Its Clinical Applications from the Perspective of Traditional Chinese Medicine / 中医杂志

This study critically examines the current status of interoception research in modern psychology， taking into account perspective of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， encompassing both foundational studies and clinical applications. The investigation highlights a deep interconnection between psychosomatic theories in TCM， such as the TCM emotions and viscera theory and the view of body-spirit syncretism， and the concept of interoception at the cognitive level. Moreover， philosophical principles， particularly the “Zhi Yi Lun” in TCM， align naturally with the three-dimensional interoception model. Importantly， this comparative analysis emphasizes that Western and Chinese medicine place different emphasis on interoception research with the former focusing on diagnosis and the latter on treatment. These differing approaches complement each other and provide opportunities for cross-fertilization. At the practical level of interoception application， “five-state personality classification” demonstrates promising potential for further clinical application. In addition， TCM has valuable insights for contemporary medical practices in terms of emotional regulation. TCM methods for emotional regulation， known as “Daoyin”， provide important knowledge in this area. One concept developed by TCM for clinical intervention targeting interoception is “Tiao Qi” （regulating qi）. This concept is used during diagnosis and treatment in TCM and plays a crucial role in managing interoceptive states. This paper aims to explain the cognitive and applied aspects of interoception in TCM， offering a perspective for future research and clinical application. By integrating modern psychology's psychosomatic medicine model， TCM can enhance its relevance and efficacy in contemporary medical contexts. This integration promotes a balanced relationship between the mind and body. TCM researchers have a responsibility to explore the inherent strengths and practical value of TCM in interoception research， and contribute to the advancement of TCM.

Self-reported interoception, worries and protective behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal study

Background Protective behaviors were essential for minimizing the spread of the virus during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. It is often assumed that awareness of bodily sensations (interoception) can improve decision-making and facilitate adaptive behavior. Objective This paper investigates cross-sectional and longitudinal relationships between different aspects of self-reported interoception, trait anxiety, COVID-related worry, and health protective behaviors. Methods The study was conducted on a community sample of 265 adults. The two data collection phases took place online, before (baseline) and during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Hungary. Results Contrary to our expectations, neither cross-sectional nor longitudinal associations were found between protective behaviors and indicators of self-reported interoception. However, worry at baseline predicted protective behaviors during the second wave, even after controlling for socio-economical characteristics and protective behaviors at baseline. Conclusion Our results highlight the adaptivity of health-related worry when behavioral steps to avoid threats are known and available. Also, higher level of perceived interoception did not appear to be health protective under these circumstances. (AU)

The relationship study on alexithymia and interoception in patents with panic disorder / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective To explore the characteristics of alexithymia and interoception in patients with panic disorder(PD) and its relationship. Methods Thirty-seven patients with PD and 45 healthy con-trols who met the diagnostic criteria of DSM-Ⅳ were selected. Toronto Alexithymia Scale ( TAS) and state-trait anxiety inventory ( STAI) were used to assess the characteristics of alexithymia and anxiety symptoms respectively. The heartbeat perception levels were tested by the Mental Tracking Paradigm. Results The de-tection rate of alexithymia in patients with panic disorder was 37. 83% (14/37),but the rate in the normal control group was only 4. 44%(2/45),and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=14. 42,P<0. 05). The total score of TAS (55. 11±10. 99),factor Ⅰ (20. 62±6. 78) and factor Ⅱ (14. 68±3. 70) in the PD group were higher than those in the control group (42. 93± 9. 25,12. 82± 4. 99,11. 42±3. 04; F=20. 72, 31. 08,15. 31,P<0. 01). The levels of the heartbeat perception were higher in the PD group than that in the control group (0. 75±0. 15,0. 58±0. 19;t=4. 13,P<0. 05). In PD group,the score of STAI were positively correlated with TAS total score and factor Ⅰ and Ⅱ scores( r=0. 57,0. 61,0. 47;r=0. 54,0. 62,0. 39,P<0. 05). There was no significant correlation between the scores of STAI and the level of interoception. The mediating effect of interoception level on alexithymia and state anxiety was not significant while the mediating effect on alexithymia and trait anxiety was also not significant. Conclusions The alexithymia detection rate and interoception sensitivity in patients with panic disorder were higher than those of healthy people. There may be interaction between alexithymia and anxiety symptoms. Interoception may be a clinical feature of panic disorder.

Utilização de cooling central para preservar a regulação do exercício em ambientes quentes / Using central cooling to preserve the exercise regulation in hot environments

As respostas de termorregulação derivam de mecanismos centrais e periféricos que se baseiam na estimulação sensorial de áreas cerebrais termosensíveis. A estes mecanismos, denomina-se interocepção. Funções corporais vitais como a termorregulação parecem interferir sob uma dinâmica complexa para o ajuste do recrutamento muscular e ritmo de exercício. Neste sentido, é provável que técnicas de resfriamento (cooling) possam reduzir a transmissão de informações sensoriais que alcançam os centros cerebrais superiores, alterando a regulação do exercício. O cooling é um método utilizado com finalidades terapêuticas e esportivas, a fim de obter vantagens termorregulatórias. No contexto do desempenho esportivo, o cooling é utilizado para atenuar o ganho e o estoque de calor corporal, reduzindo assim, a sinalização realizada por vias de interocepção. Há indicativos de que atletas podem se beneficiar do resfriamento corporal quando competem em ambientes quentes e úmidos. Há a necessidade, no entanto, de se testar os efeitos do cooling em diferentes instantes, antes e durante exercícios de longa duração, assim como em diferentes modelos de exercício...(AU)

The thermoregulation responses derive from central and peripheral mechanisms, which are based on sensorial stimulation of thermal-sensitive brain regions. These mechanisms are named as interoception. Vital body functions such as thermoregulation seem to affect, in a dynamic-complex manner, the muscular recruitment and pacing adjustments. In this regard, it is likeles that cooling techniques may reduce the sensorial information transmission that reach the upstream cerebral centers, thus altering the exercise regulation. The cooling is a tool used with therapeutic and sporting proposes, in order to obtain thermoregulatory benefits. In the performance context, the cooling is used to attenuate the rate of body heat storage, thereby reducing the signalization provided by interoception means. There are suggestions that athletes may benefit from the body cooling when they compete in humid, hot environment. It is necessary, however, to test the effects of cooling in different instants, before and during long-term exercises, as well as in different exercise modes...(AU)

Dolor crónico y modificaciones de la conciencia corporal / Chronic pain and disturbances in body awareness

Este artículo aborda la relación entre el dolor crónico y la conciencia corporal. El dolor crónico se refiere a un conjunto de patologías que se caracterizan por la presencia constante de dolor, cuya intensidad y duración no pueden ser explicadas en términos de lesiones del sistema nervioso periférico. La falta de explicación en términos de daño periférico ha llevado a los investigadores a suponer que el sistema nervioso central desempeña un papel crucial en estos síndromes. En particular, se ha propuesto que la cronicidad del dolor causada posiblemente por una perturbación de los mecanismos involucrados en lo que podría llamar-se la conciencia corporal 'exteroceptiva'. En la primera parte de este artículo presento estudios que muestran una relación bidireccional entre el dolor crónico y la conciencia corporal exteroceptiva, así como la hipótesis que el este dolor resulta de la perturbación de los mecanismos subyacentes a este tipo de conciencia corporal. A continuación, presento algunos problemas que esta hipótesis no logra explicar, y considero la relación entre el dolor crónico y el sistema nervioso autónomo. Por último, considero esta última relación a la luz de la noción de conciencia corporal 'interoceptiva', y sugiero que la comprensión de los mecanismos que relacionan los aspectos exteroceptivos e interoceptivos de la conciencia corporal, podrían contribuir a la comprensión de la naturaleza y el desarrollo de dolor crónico.

This review article addresses the relationship between chronic pain and body awareness. Chronic pain refers to an ensemble of pain conditions whose common characteristic is the fact that peripheral lesions cannot explain the duration and intensity of the pain. The lack of explanation in terms of peripheral damage has led researchers to assume that the central nervous system plays a crucial role in these conditions. In particular, one suggestion about how such central factors might operate is by influencing patients’ body awareness. In the first part of this article I present evidence showing a bidirectional relationship between chronic pain and what might be called ‘ exteroceptive’ body awareness, as well as the related hypothesis that pain results from a disruption in the mechanisms underlying exteroceptive body awareness. Next, I discuss some issues that this hypothesis fails to explain, and I consider the relationship between chronic pain and the autonomic nervous system. Finally, I relate this latter relationship to the notion of ‘interoceptive’ body awareness, and explore the idea that understanding the mechanisms that relate exteroceptive and interoceptive aspects of body awareness might shed light on the nature and development of chronic pain.

Interocepción y corteza insular: convergencia multimodal y surgimiento de la conciencia corporal / Interoception and insular cortex: multimodal convergence and the emergence of body awareness

La interocepción como censado del estado homeostático y visceral, ha sido recientemente postulada como requisito para la conciencia de estados emocionales corporales (Craig, 2009). Vías parasimpáticas y espinotalámicas que codifican esta información corporal tienen relevo en la corteza insular. Simultáneamente, han sido descriptas otras funciones insulares implicadas en procesos conscientes, como la intencionalidad, la toma de decisiones, la conciencia sensorio-motora, la percepción temporal, reconocer la imagen visual de uno mismo o percibir confiables a otros individuos (Craig, 2009; Ibanez, Gleichgerrcht, & Manes, 2010). Esta evidencia, sumada a resultados de estudios de lesión y neuroimágenes funcionales, sugiere que la corteza insular anterior (IA) sería la encargada de integrar señales multimodales cognitivas, emocionales y sociales para dirigir las conductas motivacionales que entrañan la supervivencia del individuo. En esta revisión analizamos el cúmulo de evidencia que involucran a la interocepción y al procesamiento insular integrativo en el surgimiento de estados emocionales conscientes, a través de estudios de lesiones y de técnicas de conectividad funcional en resonancia magnética funcional (RMF).

Recent research have suggested that interoception, defined as the sensing of homeostatic and visceral state, is a prerequisite for the emerging of conscious body feelings (Craig, 2009). Parasympathetic and spinothalamic pathways coding such information from the body have their final station in insular cortex neurons. At the same time, several other cognitive functions related to awareness, have been associated with insular activation such as intentionality, decision making, sensory motor consciousness, time perception, recognition of self´s image, or trust on someone else (Craig, 2009; Ibanez et al., 2010). Lesion studies and functional neuroimaging research is in line with this evidence, suggesting that anterior insular cortex would be engaged in integrate multimodal cognitive, emotional and social information in order to modulate motivational behavior leading to the survival of the individual. In this review, we analyze last research works on interoception and integrative insular processing through lesion studies and functional connectivity in functional magnetic resonance imaging (FC-fMRI).