Prevalence of enteric pathogens in HIV patients with chronic diarrhoea and their relationship with CD4 count

Background: HIV presently accounts for the highest number of deaths attributable to any single infective agent. Opportunistic infections (OIs) and associated complications account for a considerable proportion of such mortality. Diarrhoea is among the most common symptom of HIV infection. During the natural course of HIV infection, there is a progressive loss of CD4 T cells. Autors’ aim is to study the prevalence of enteric pathogens in HIV patients with chronic diarrhea and their relationship with CD4 count.Methods: We analysed 186 HIV positive patients out of which 126 had chronic diarrhea and 60 patients presenting without diarrhea as controls. The faecal samples were subjected to microscopic examination. Zeihl Neelson’s Stain for mycobacterium, Kinyoun’s acid fast stain for microsporodia, stool culture for salmonella and shigella. All patients had barium meal contrast studies, USG of abdomen and pelvis. FNAC of peripheral lymph nodes and finally CD4+ Tcell count using BD FACS.Results: Total of 68,10,01 patients of HIV diarrhoea with identifiable cause had CD4 <200, 200-250 and >350 respectively. Among HIV diarrhoea without any identifiable cause 22, 17, 08 patients had CD 4 <200, 200-250 and >350 respectively. All diarrhoeal stool samples with Isopora had CD 4 <200, M. tuberculosis 26 patients CD4 <200, 12 had 200-350 and 03 had >350. Microsporodium 03 patients had CD4 >350. Finally, among stool samples with Cyclospora, E. histolytica, Giardia and Strongyloides all patients had CD 4<200.Conclusions: The present study highlights the importance of testing intestinal pathogens in HIV. Chronic diarrhoea was more common in patients with low CD4 counts.

Investigação de Salmonella spp. em Psittaciformes exóticos e nativos mantidos em cativeiro na região central do Rio Grande do Sul / Investigation of Salmonella spp. in exotic and native Psittaciformes kept in captivity in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul

As doenças infecciosas são reconhecidamente causadoras de declínios populacionais de animais silvestres e algumas delas podem representar ameaça à saúde pública. O presente estudo objetivou investigar a ocorrência de Salmonella spp. em Psittaciformes exóticos e nativos mantidos em cativeiro na região central do Rio Grande do Sul, além de comparar os resultados obtidos por meio do método bacteriológico convencional e da reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), mediante a utilização de material fecal do ambiente, evitando-se o estresse da contenção. Durante os meses de agosto/2016 e setembro/2016 foram coletadas amostras de fezes frescas de 90 gaiolas em dois criatórios, representando 180 aves. Com as duas técnicas empregadas nas análises, as amostras foram negativas para Salmonella spp., contudo foram detectadas bactérias da família Enterobacteriaceae: Escherichia coli, Cedecea sp. e Citrobacter freundii. Considera-se importante a continuidade do monitoramento dos criatórios, já que o patógeno investigado pode estar em aves portadoras e se manifestar em situações de estresse, representando riscos enquanto zoonose e prejuízos à saúde das aves.(AU)

Infectious diseases are known to cause decline in wildlife population and some of them may represent a threat to public health. This study aimed to investigate the occurrence of Salmonella spp. in exotic and native Psittaciformes kept in captivity in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and to comparing the results obtained through the conventional bacteriological method and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using fecal matter collected from the environment, avoiding the containment stress. From August to September 2016, samples of fresh feces were collected from 90 cages in two breeding grounds, representing 180 birds. According to both analysis techniques the samples were negative for Salmonella spp., however, bacteria from the Enterobacteriaceae family: Escherichia coli, Cedecea sp. and Citrobacter freundii were detected. Continuous monitoring of breeding grounds is important since the pathogen investigated can be found in carrier birds and manifest itself in stressful situations presenting risks such as zoonosis and reduced bird health.(AU)

The study results of correlation between levels of contamination of Kharaa and Orkhon river’s water and rate of gastorintestinal infectious disease of people who live near to Selenge river basin / Шинэ санаа Шинэ нээлт

In recent years, many researches that is related to waterborne diseases, especially diarrhea and water quality, safety, personal sanitation, hygiene have been conducting in developing country. Kharaa and Orkhon river are tributaries of the Selenge river basin and the many industries,agriculture, mining, provinces, soums are located in the near of Selenge river basin. Also Tuul,Kharaa and Orkhon river water is very polluted (Mongolian human Development Report 2010: Water and Development report).The aim of the research is to study correlation between to Kharaa and Orkhon river’s water pollution level and rate of gastrointestinal infectious diseases of people who live in the near of Selenge river basin.We analysed Kharaa and Orkhon river’s water quality and statistical data of gastrointestinal infectious diseases (such as dysentery, diarrhea, hepatitis A virus and others). Then we conducted correlation analysis between to river water pollution level and rate of intestinal infectious diseases. Kharaa and Orkhon river’s water was determined “less polluted” by physical, chemical andorganic indicators. But total number of bacteria was determined highly and Proteus vulgaris,Citrobacter freundi, Enterobacter agglomerans pathogens were detected in these river’s water. There were significant positive correlations between level of nitrit in river water and incidence of dysentery and diarrhea. (r=0.38, p=0.022; r=0.291, p=0.005).

Prevalência de Aeromonas spp. em fezes diarréicas de crianças menores de 5 anos de idade na cidade de Goiânia, Goiás, no biênio 1995-1996 / The prevalence of Aeromonas spp. in the diarrheal feces of children under the age of 5 years in the city of Goiânia, Goiás in the 1995-1996 biennium

Foram analisadas 163 amostras de fezes de crianças com idade abaixo de 5 anos no período de 1995 a 1996, sendo 91 de fezes diarréicas e 72 de fezes não diarréicas. O material foi coletado em meio para transporte e submetido ao processo de enriquecimento a 4oC por 7 dias. Para o isolamento primário foi utilizado ágar amido ampicilina e incubado a 35oC por 18 a 24 horas. Foram isoladas 20 (21,9%) das seguintes espécies: Aeromonas A. caviae (7,7%), A. salmonicida salmonicida (6,6%), A. sobria (4,3%), A. hydrophila (2,2%) e Salmonicida achromogenes (1,1%). Nenhuma Aeromonas spp foi isolada dos 72 pacientes-controles. A susceptibilidade das amostras de Aeromonas spp aos antimicrobianos foi maior com a ciprofloxacina, diminuindo gradativamente com cloranfenicol, gentamicina, ampicilina e eritromicina.

From 1995 through 1996, 163 fecal specimens of children aged under 5 years were analysed, 91 being from diarrhea feces and 72 without diarrhea. The material was collected in transport medium and submitted to the enrichment procedure at 4 degrees C for 7 days. For the primary isolation starch ampicillin agar was used and incubated at 35 degrees C for 18 to 24 hours. Twenty (20.9%) from the following specimens were isolated: Aeromonas (A.) caviae (7.7%), A. salmonicida salmonicida (6.6%), A. sobria (4.3%), A. hydrophila (2.2%) and Salmonicida achromogenes (1.1%). No Aeromonas spp. was isolated from the 72 control subjects. The Aeromonas spp. susceptibility to antimicrobial was greater with ciprofloxacin, being this susceptibility gradually diminished with chloranphenicol, gentamicin, ampicillin and erythromycin.