RESUMO
Objective@#This research studied the clinical manifestation, classification and countermeasure of nipple ischemia after the corrective surgery of congenitally inverted nipples using a tractor.@*Methods@#From October 2014 to October 2016, the symptoms, treatments and outcomes of postsurgical nipple ischemia (n=81) of 43 patients were collected and analyzed to propose a clinical classification theory.@*Results@#This theory divided nipple ischemia into 3 categories of incidence: Grade Ⅰ at 13.58% (11/81), Grade Ⅱ at 11.11% (9/81), and Grade Ⅲ at 2.47% (2/81). After changing dressing for 7-34 days (the average of 15 days), all GradeⅡand Ⅲ wounds healed eventually.@*Conclusions@#The clinical classification theory of nipple ischemia can provide significant guidance for clinical observations, treatments and prognosis.
RESUMO
Plastic surgery of the breast includes; augmentation, reduction, reconstruction of the breast and correction of inverted nipples. For breast augmentation I herein introduce a technique of augmentation while preventing the occurrence of capsular contracture. For reduction surgery, I emphasize a short scar, preservation of nipple sensation and lactation. For reconstruction I suggest that a general surgeon should have a keen interest in reconstruction after mastectomy for better outcomes and improvement in quality of life of the patient. Finally I discuss correction surgery for inverted nipples, which is a challenging field in breast surgery because of its high recurrence rate and possibility of compromised breast-feeding after surgery.