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Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a chronic debilitating condition that occurs in children affected with measles. SSPE is broadly distinguished as typical SSPE, the more rampant form, occurring over a period of years following primary measles infection, while the atypical has a more rapidly progressive course over weeks to months. SSPE can present with cognitive, epileptic, autonomic, pyramidal and ophthalmologic manifestations with scholastic decline being the primary feature. The management of SSPE focuses on improvement of quality of life and prolongation of survival which can be achieved with the use of supportive care modalities and immunomodulators respectively. This is a comprehensive review which discusses several parameters of SSPE such as epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentations, and detailed management protocol for this condition. As part of this review, we also discuss a case of rapidly progressive, fulminant and atypical SSPE in a five-year-old male presenting clinically with myoclonic jerks of lower extremities.
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Aims: This study was designed to evaluate the effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of stem bark from Trichilia emetica on the cellular immunity markers (TCD4+ count, Lymphocytes, WBC, RBC) in rats wistar. Study Design: Forty-two rats have been divided into seven groups of six and each was administered a single oral dose of the samples for 8 days. Experimental design was as follows: Group I served as control and received distilled water, group II received Isoprinosine at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight (b.w.), group III was administered Methylprednisolone (15 mg/kg b.w), group IV and group V received aqueous extract at a dose of 100 and 200 mg/kg b.w. respectively, group VI and VII were administered ethanolic extract at a doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg b.w. respectively. At the end of the treatment, some blood was collected in EDTA tubes for the determination of TCD4+ count by flow cytometry and hematological parameters by hemogram. Results: Concerning TCD4+ count, the results show that there is a significant difference (P<0.05) between the control group and all groups of the treated rats. There is also a significant difference between both extracts. But the ethanolic extract at a dose of 100 mg/kg b.w. showed pronounced activity by TCD4+ increasing in relation with control and all the treated groups. Thus, the haematological parameters show that there is no significant difference (p˃ 0.05) between the control group and the other treated groups by aqueous extract (100 and 200 mg/kg b.w.) and ethanolic extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg b.w. concerning WBC count and total lymphocytes level. However, there is a significant increase (P<0.05) of WBC and total lymphocytes in blood of rats treated by ethanolic extract at a dose of 100 mg/kg b.w. compared with control group. Conclusion: The present study revealed that both extracts of Trichilia emetica have positive effects on cellular immunity markers such as TCD4+, total lymphocytes, WBC, RBC. However, lower concentration of ethanolic extract showed much positive effects compared to the aqueous extract. The results of this preliminary study could be used to explore the spleenocyte proliferation and the analysis of spleen cells in order to see the real immunomodultory activity.
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Isopinosine (ISO, 25?100 mg/kg?d-1ip for 4 or 5d) significantly increased the production of serum hemolysin-and spleen plaque forming cell ( PFC) in normal mice immunized with SRBC. The same result was observed in immunosuppressive mice induced by cy clophospha-mide. In 16 month aged mice, ISO (ip for 5 d) showed potentiating effect on anti-SRBC PFC response at the dose of 2 .5 mg/kg, no significant effect at the dose of 5 .0 mg/kg, and inhibiting effect at the dose of 25 and 100 mg/kg respectively. 1SO(25,50 and 100 mg/kg?d-1 ip for 9 or 10 d ) remarkably enhanced delayed cutaneous hypersensiti-vity (DCH) to 2, 4 -dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) in normal mice as well as in immunosuppressive mice induced by cyclophospha-mide. ISO (5, 10 and 20 mg/L ) signficantly increased ConA-induced lymphocyte proliferation of spleen cells from C57BL/6J mice in vitro. There was also potentiating effect on lymphocyte proliferation induced by ConA in 16 month aged mice.