Policy Evolution,Implementation Dilemma and Breakthrough on Medical Service Price Items Normative Management and Its Enlightenment / 中国卫生经济

It reviewed the policies related to the standardized management of medical service price items,analyzed the current difficulties in the implementation of medical service price regulations:the technical specifications of national medical service price item are heavy and cannot be dynamically adjusted with technological innovation;provincial level item access control is not strict,and the elements of the same price item are not completely unified,affecting the horizontal comparison.The policy suggestions to speed up the improvement of the medical service price item specifications include:medical services that are allowed to be applied and have clear technical specifications are accepted as the scope of new price item declaration;promote the separation of technology and consumption,except for consumables and reagents,which are priced separately according to service items+special consum-ables;priority should be given to responding to the legitimate demand for medical technology improvement innovations through cur-rent price item compatibility;contrast technical specifications and item guidelines,integrating current price items,improving item standardization and compatibility;complete the innovation and economic evaluation of the newly declared item price,check the quality,and reasonably determine the increment.

Desenvolvimento e Evidências de Validade do Inventário de Avaliação dos Cinco Grandes Fatores e Facetas de Personalidade (IACGF-F) / Development and Validity Evidence of the Big Five Factors and Facets Personality Assessment Inventory (PAIBFF-F)

A personalidade é um construto central na pesquisa psicológica, podendo ser definida como uma estrutura relativamente estável do ser humano que influencia seus comportamentos diante de acontecimentos diários. Este estudo objetivou desenvolver e obter evidências de validade baseadas na estrutura interna do Inventário de Avaliação dos Cinco Grandes Fatores e Facetas de Personalidade (IACGF-F). A Teoria dos Cinco Grandes Fatores de Personalidade foi utilizada como referencial teórico para elaboração dos itens. Para o estudo piloto, 150 sujeitos responderam à versão do instrumento composta por 151 itens e questionário sociodemográfico. O estudo final contou com 285 sujeitos com média de idade de 22,6 anos que responderam à versão do IACGF-F com 129 itens, além do questionário sociodemográfico. Foi realizado um conjunto de sete análises fatoriais exploratórias, estimação da fidedignidade, bem como calibração dos parâmetros dos itens a partir da TRI. A versão final do instrumento ficou composta por 103 itens distribuídos em cinco fatores com variação de cinco a seis facetas por fator. Foram encontrados bons índices de fidedignidade (alfas entre 0,85 e 0,96), além de bons índices de dificuldade e discriminação. Sugere-se a utilização do IACGF-F em pesquisas nas quais a avaliação mais detalhada das facetas se faz necessária.

Personality is a central construct in psychological research and can be defined as a relatively stable structure of human beings that influences their behavior in the face of daily events. The purpose of this study wasd to develop and obtain validity evidence based on the internal structure of the Inventory for Assessment of the Big Five Personality Factors and Facets (PAIBFF-F). The Big Five Personality Factor Theory was used as the theoretical framework for item development. For the pilot study, 150 subjects answered the initial version of the instrument, which consisted of 151 items and a sociodemographic questionnaire. The final study included 285 subjects with a mean age of 22.6 years who answered a version of the PAIBFF-F with 129 items and sociodemographic questionnaire. Seven exploratory factor analyses, reliability estimation, as well as calibration of the item parameters from TRI were performed. The final version of the instrument was composed of 103 items distributed in five factors with a variation of five to six facets per factor. Good reliability indices were found (alphas between 0.85 and 0.96), in addition to good difficulty and discrimination indices. We suggest the use of the IACGF-P in research in which a more detailed evaluation of the facets is required.

Cuestionario de conocimientos nutricionales aplicados en el deporte: Propuesta inicial de instrumento

El conocimiento nutricional es clave para la formación de hábitos alimentarios y en la modulación del comportamiento alimentario. La alimentación y nutrición son cruciales durante la adolescencia sobre todo en jóvenes deportistas. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la validez teórica y los índices de discriminación y dificultad del cuestionario de conocimientos nutricionales aplicados en el deporte utilizando la teoría de respuesta al ítem en deportistas juveniles de 14 a 19 años. Este estudio instrumental se desarrolló en cinco fases: generación de ítems, revisión por panel de expertos, pilotaje, aplicación y depuración final. Participaron 261 adolescentes de 14 a 19 años e integrantes de disciplinas colectivas en selecciones Nacional y clubes profesionales. Se determinaron los índices de dificultad y de discriminación para cada uno de los ítems. Los ítems 1 (0,354) y 2 (0,285) del factor antes, 3 (0,315) y 6 (0,408) del factor durante, 7 (0,354) y 10 (0,408) del factor después, 3 (0,254) y 9 (0,231) del factor hidratación y, 2 (0,362) y 5 (0,323) del factor suplementación, fueron los que presentaron mayor grado de discriminación. El cuestionario de conocimientos nutricionales aplicados en el deporte está compuesto por 30 ítems divididos en cinco factores cada uno de ellos con seis ítems. La propuesta inicial del cuestionario es una herramienta valida teóricamente y con índices de dificultad y discriminación adecuados para evaluar el conocimiento nutricional en jóvenes deportistas. Su aplicación permite conocer potenciales brechas en conocimientos claves y diseñar estrategias educativas específicas para subsanarlas.

Nutritional knowledge plays a fundamental role in the formation of dietary habits and the modulation of eating behaviour. Nutrition and diet are crucial during adolescence, especially for young athletes. The purpose of this research was to analyse the theoretical validity and indices of discrimination and difficulty of the questionnaire on nutritional knowledge applied in sports using item response theory in youth athletes aged 14 to 19. This instrumental study was conducted in five phases: item generation, expert panel review, pilot testing, application, and final refinement. A total of 261 adolescents aged 14 to 19, who were members of national team and collective disciplines of professional clubs, participated. Difficulty and discrimination indices were determined for each item. Items 1 (0.354) and 2 (0.285) of the before factor, 3 (0.315) and 6 (0.408) of the during factor, 7 (0.354) and 10 (0.408) of the post factor, 3 (0.254) and 9 (0.231) of the hydration factor, and 2 (0.362) and 5 (0.323) of the supplementation factor showed the highest degree of discrimination. The questionnaire on nutritional knowledge applied in sports consists of 30 items divided into five factors, each with six items. The initial questionnaire proposal is a theoretically valid tool and with adequate difficulty and discrimination indices to evaluate nutritional knowledge in young athletes. Its application allows for identifying potential gaps in key knowledge and designing specific educational strategies to address them.

Nonparametric item response models: a comparison on recovering true scores / Modelos de resposta ao item não-paramétricos: comparando a recuperação de escores verdadeiros / Modelos de respuesta al item no-paramétricos: comparando la recuperación de puntuaciones verdaderas

Nonparametric procedures are used to add flexibility to models. Three nonparametric item response models have been proposed, but not directly compared: the Kernel smoothing (KS-IRT); the Davidian-Curve (DC-IRT); and the Bayesian semiparametric Rasch model (SP-Rasch). The main aim of the present study is to compare the performance of these procedures in recovering simulated true scores, using sum scores as benchmarks. The secondary aim is to compare their performances in terms of practical equivalence with real data. Overall, the results show that, apart from the DC-IRT, which is the model that performs the worse, all the other models give results quite similar to those when sum scores are used. These results are followed by a discussion with practical implications and recommendations for future studies.(AU)

Procedimentos não paramétricos são usados para adicionar flexibilidade aos modelos. Três modelos não paramétricos de resposta ao item foram propostos, mas não comparados diretamente: o Kernel smoothing (KS-IRT); a Curva Davidiana (DC-IRT); e o modelo semiparamétrico Rasch Bayesiano (SP-Rasch). O objetivo principal do presente estudo é comparar o desempenho desses procedimentos na recuperação de escores verdadeiros simulados, utilizando escores de soma como benchmarks. O objetivo secundário é comparar seus desempenhos em termos de equivalência prática com dados reais. De forma geral, os resultados mostram que, além do DC-IRT, que é o modelo que apresenta o pior desempenho, todos os outros modelos apresentam resultados bastante semelhantes aos de quando se usam somatórios. Esses resultados são seguidos de uma discussão com implicações práticas e recomendações para estudos futuros.(AU)

Se utilizan procedimientos no paramétricos para agregar flexibilidad a los modelos. Se propusieron tres modelos de respuesta al ítem no paramétricos, pero no se compararon directamente: Kernel smoothing (KS-IRT); la curva davidiana (DC-IRT); y el modelo bayesiano de Rasch semiparamétrico (SP-Rasch). El objetivo principal del presente estudio es comparar el desempeño de estos procedimientos en la recuperación de puntajes verdaderos simulados, utilizando puntajes de suma como puntos de referencia. El objetivo secundario es comparar su desempeño en términos de equivalencia práctica con datos reales. En general, los resultados muestran que, a excepción de DC-IRT, que es el modelo con peor desempeño, todos los otros modelos presentan resultados bastante similares a los obtenidos cuando se utilizan sumatorios. Estos resultados son seguidos por una discusión con implicaciones prácticas y recomendaciones para estudios futuros.(AU)

An application of cognitive diagnostic models in the evaluation of reading comprehension in Chilean university students

Introduction: Reading Comprehension skills are fundamental to the academic performance of university students. These abilities are not innate; therefore, systematic training is required before entering university. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the reading comprehension skills of Chilean University Students. Method: A sample of 579 students participated in the study, responding to four texts that comprise the Reading Comprehension Strategies for University Students (ELCU). An automated platform was used to apply and correct the test with immediate results and feedback. The tool allowed the use of a broad and representative sample of the various regions of Chile. The ELCU was developed using a cognitive diagnostic assessment (CDA) considering cognitive, metacognitive and linguistic strategies. The ana-lyses were performed using two different approaches: The Linear Logistic Test Model (LLTM) and the deterministic inputs, noisy "and" gate (DINA) model. Results: The rejection of the LLTM implies that the strategies do not differ in cognitive complexity (difficulty) while the adequate goodness of fit to the DINA model allows to characterise the students according to their reading abilities. Conclusion: The ELCU test provides reliable and valid information on the reading comprehension ability and metacognitive awareness of university students.

Introducción: Las habilidades de comprensión lectora son fundamentales para el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes universitarios. Estas habilidades no son innatas; por tanto, se requiere una formación sistemática antes de ingresar a la universidad. El objetivo principal de este artículo fue evaluar las habilidades de comprensión lectora de estudiantes universitarios chilenos. Método: En el estudio participó una muestra de 579 estudiantes que respondieron cuatro textos que componen las Estrategias de Comprensión Lectora para Estudiantes Universitarios (ELCU). Se utilizó una plataforma automatizada para aplicar y corregir la prueba con resultados y retroalimentación inmediatos. La herramienta permitió utilizar una muestra amplia y representativa de las distintas regiones de Chile. ELCU fue desarrollado mediante evaluación diagnóstica cognitiva (CDA) considerando estrategias cognitivas, metacognitivas y lingüísticas. Los análisis se realizaron mediante dos aproximaciones diferentes: The Linear Logistic Test Model (LLTM) y the Deterministic Inputs, Noisy "and" Gate (DINA) model. Resultados: El rechazo al modelo LLTM implica que las estrategias no difieren en complejidad cognitiva mientras que la adecuada bondad de ajuste al modelo DINA permiten caracterizar a los estudiantes según sus habilidades lectoras. Conclusión: La prueba ELCU permite obtener información confiable y válida sobre la capacidad de comprensión lectora y la conciencia metacognitiva de los estudiantes universitarios.

Sinonasal Outcomes Using Oral Corticosteroids in Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps and Positive Sinonasal Cultures

Abstract Introduction Patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and positive sinonasal bacterial cultures may be recalcitrant to topical therapy alone due to the additional local inflammatory burden associated with bacterial infection/colonization. Objectives To evaluate sinonasal outcomes in CRSwNP patients with a positive perioperative bacterial culture, who were treated with postoperative intranasal corticosteroids (INCS) alone versus INCS in combination with a short-term course of oral corticosteroids (OCS). Methods This is a retrospective chart review of CRSwNP patients. A total of 59 patients met inclusion criteria, including positive perioperative bacterial culture and treatment with INCS with or without concomitant use of OCS. Two cohorts were formed based on the chosen postoperative medical treatment; 32 patients underwent postoperative INCS alone, while 27 underwent INCS plus a ≤ 2-week course of OCS. The 22-item sinonasal outcome test (SNOT-22) scores and Lund-Kennedy scores (LKS) were assessed preoperatively, and at 2-week, 4-week, and 4 to 6 months after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Results There were no statistically significant differences in postoperative sinonasal symptoms or endoscopic scores between the cohorts treated with INCS plus OCS versus those prescribed INCS alone (p > 0.05). Our regression model failed to demonstrate a relationship between the use of OCS and better sinonasal outcomes at 2-week, 4-week, and 4 to 6 months after ESS (p > 0.05). Conclusions Our study suggests that in a cohort of CRSwNP patients with recent bacterial infections, the postoperative use of combined OCS and INCS did not result in a statistical improvement of endoscopic and symptomatic outcomes over INCS irrigation alone. However, both treatment groups had a clinically significant improvement based on the Minimal Clinically Important Difference.

Reliability and validity of the 6-item UCLA Loneliness Scale(ULS-6)for application in adults / 南方医科大学学报

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the psychometric properties and applicability of the 6-item University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Loneliness Scale (ULS-6) in adults.@*METHODS@#We conducted 2 surveys to assess the validity of different measurement scales and questionnaires. In Survey 1, a total of 1480 adults were measured using the UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) and Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS), and the data were used for item analysis and assessment of the reliability, validity and measurement invariance. In Survey 2, UCLA Loneliness Scale was used for measurement in 652 college students, and the data were used for analysis of the criterion validity of ULS-6; 3 weeks later, 300 of the students were retested using ULS-6 to assess the retest reliability of the scale.@*RESULTS@#Item analysis suggested that the items in ULS-6 all had good discrimination power with discrimination indexes all above 0.775 (r=0.775-0.820, P < 0.001). Measuring only one dimension, ULS-6 had an internal consistency reliability of 0.891, a split-half reliability of 0.875, and a retest reliability of 0.726. The correlation coefficients of ULS-6 with ULS, ULS-8, PHQ-9 and PSSS were 0.882, 0.967, 0.528 and -0.532, respectively. The measurement invariances of ULS-6 across genders and age groups were all acceptable. Among the adult participants, the mean total score of ULS-6 was 12.97 ± 3.96; While only 20% of the adults had no loneliness, 80% of them exhibited varying degrees of loneliness, ranging from mild (39.6%) and moderate (25.7%) to intense (14.7%) feelings of loneliness.@*CONCLUSION@#The ULS-6 has good reliability, validity and applicability for measurement of loneliness in Chinese adults.

Practice of refined cost management of medical service charging items based on hospital intelligent agent / 中华医院管理杂志

In recent years, public hospitals have been facing pressure from the reform of medical insurance payment methods. It is urgent to strengthen the operation and management of public hospitals. In June 2022, a tertiary public hospital utilized hospital intelligent agents to carry out refined cost management practices for medical service charging projects, sorted out medical service charging projects, designed management paths, and calculated project costs. The hospital conducted refined management on the cost of medical service charging items from three control dimensions of project unit cost with manpower, equipment and consumables, and two comparative directions with horizontal and vertical. The refined cost management practice not only pointted out the direction for global refinement cost control within the hospital, but also reduced the proportion of hospital consumption, which provided reference for improving the level of refined operation and management of public hospital hospitals.

Status, problems and development advices on medical service price management / 中华医院管理杂志

The reform of medical service prices in China has been launched, and the reasonable pricing and management of medical technology services are of great significance for improving patient well-being and advancing the reform of our medical system. The author provided a detailed review of the policy evolution, current management status, and main issues of medical service price management in China since 2000. The medical service price management policies in China since 2000 were divided into four evolutionary stages: initial exploration of decentralization, substantial development, continuous advancement, and deep promotion. The author also described the formation mechanism and pricing methods of international medical service prices, and compared the similarities and differences in medical service price management at home and abroad. Some suggestions were put forward for improving the macro reform of medical service price management in China.

Analysis on the medical service item settings and medical insurance payment of exercise prescription in China / 中华医院管理杂志

The popularization and promotion of exercise prescription plays a crucial role in the effective prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. In order to promote the development of sports-medicine integration and the clinical application of exercise prescription, the authors analyzed the basic connotation of exercise prescription, screened out 135 medical service items related to exercise prescription, including 114 exercise practice-type items, 13 experimental inspection-type items and 8 monitoring and evaluation-type items through searching the information query database of the National Medical Insurance Service Platform (data updated to June 2023), and explored the current situation of medical insurance payment for exercise prescription. Then the authors sorted out the existing problems of medical insurance payment for exercise prescription in China, and put forward such suggestions, as strengthening the standardized management of medical service items for exercise prescription, enhancing the enthusiasm of hospitals to apply exercise prescription, guaranteeing the seamless transition of the implementation of exercise prescription both inside and outside the hospitals, perfecting the evaluation system of the effect of exercise prescription medical service as well as advancing the medical insurance payment for exercise prescription.

Tangeretin inhibits tumor stemness of non-small cell lung cancer by regulating PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Objective    To study the effect of Tangeretin on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and the tumor stemness, and to find the molecular mechanism of its effect. Methods    We used cell counting and cell cloning experiments to study the effect of Tangeretin on the proliferation of NSCLC cells in vitro. The effect of Tangeretin on the invasion of NSCLC cells was detected by transwell assay. We detected the effect of Tangeretin on the proliferation of NSCLC cells in vivo by nude mouse tumor-bearing experiment. The effect of Tangeretin on tumor stemness of NSCLC cells was detected by self-renew assay, and CD133 and Nanog protein expressions. The expressions of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway-related proteins were detected by Western blotting (WB). Results    Tangeretin had a good inhibitory effect on the proliferation of NSCLC cells in vivo and in vitro. Cell counting experiment, clonal formation experiment and nude mouse tumor-bearing experiment showed that Tangeretin could inhibit the proliferation activity, clonal formation ability, and tumor size of NSCLC cells in vivo. Self-renew experiments showed that Tangeretin could inhibit the self-renew ability of NSCLC cells. WB experiments showed that Tangeretin inhibited the expressions of tumor stemness markers CD133 and Nanog in NSCLC cells. Tangeretin could inhibit the activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway-related proteins in NSCLC cells, and the activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway could partially remit the inhibitory  effect of Tangeretin on tumor stemness of NSCLC cells. Conclusion    Tangeretin can inhibit the tumor stemness of NSCLC cells, which may be related to the regulation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.

3. Test Theory Underpinning Learner Assessment / 医学教育

This paper describes test theory, which is the theoretical foundation of learner assessment, in relation to its application in Common Achievement Tests. To be specific, classical test theory and the reliability coefficients, generalizability theory, and item response theory are taken up. In classical test theory, the observed score X is expressed as the sum of a true-score component T and an error component E. The ratio of the true-score variance to the observed score variance defines the reliability coefficient. Generalizability theory is an extension of the notion of reliability in classical test theory. Item response theory overcomes the limitations of classical test theory and can express the properties of items (difficulty and discrimination) and examinees’ abilities separately.

Current Situation and Thinking of Financial Classification of Medical Service Item / 中国卫生经济

Based on the research of current domestic medical service item and the financial classification policy,combined with the existing problem during the practice,it analyzes the existing problem of financial classification in medical service item cost,and discusses the proposal of nationwide unified mapping between medical service item and their financial classification,the practice path-way of implementation,it can be the valuable reference for hospital's refined financial management and payment reform.

Item Analysis on Quality of Life Instruments for Chronic Pulmonary Heart Disease QLICD-CPHD(V2.0)based on Classical Test Theory and Item Response Theory / 中国卫生统计

Objective To analyze and evaluate the items of the QLICD-CPHD(V2.0)scale for chronic pulmonary heart disease using classical test theory(CTT)and item response theory(IRT).Methods 184 patients with chronic pulmonary heart disease were investigated by QLICD-CPHD(V2.0)scale.The items of the QLICD-CPHD(V2.0)scale was evaluated by some statistical methods based on CTT including correlation coefficient method,variance method,factor analysis method and Cronbach's α coefficient method.Meanwhile,Samejima hierarchical response model of item response theory was utilized to calculate the difficulty,information and differentiation coefficient content of each item in the scale.Results CTT results showed that 7 items failed meet at least three or more statistical requirements,including 6 items in the general module and 1 item in the disease specific module.IRT results showed that the range of item differentiation was 1.18～1.44,which was suitable.The difficulty coefficient increases monotonously with the increase of the difficulty level(B1→B4),and some items exceed the standard value range.The average information amount of each item ranges from 0.185～0.576.Conclusion By CTT and IRT analysis,most items of the QLICD-CPHD(V2.0)scale have good performance and good differentiation,but a few items still need further revision.

Validity and reliability of the Chinese version of children’s trust in general nurses scale / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To translate the Children's trust in general nurses scale (CTGNS) into Chinese, and conduct item response theory (IRT) analysis and reliability and validity evaluation.Methods:Following Brislin's translation model, the CTGNS was translated, back-translated, and cross-culturally adapted to form the Chinese version of the CTGNS.A total of 502 pediatric inpatients from a pediatric hospital in Nanjing city were surveyed from July to August 2022.The Samejima graded response model in IRT was used to calculate the difficulty and discrimination parameters of each item, while item characteristic curves were plotted.The reliability and validity of the Chinese version CTGNS were evaluated.SPSS 26.0, Mplus 8.0 and MULTILOG 7.03 softwares were used for data analysis.Results:The item discrimination of the Chinese version CTGNS ranged from 0.088 to 2.730.The difficulty parameters ranged from -4.667 to 26.094 and increased with increasing difficulty levels without any reverse thresholds.The item characteristic curves exhibited sound shapes for all items except for item 9.Based on the selection criteria of the corresponding parameters, 8 items were retained.The revised Chinese version CTGNS (8 items) consisted of 3 dimensions.The content validity index (CVI) of each item ranged from 0.833 to 1.000, and the total scale CVI was 0.960.The Cronbach's α coefficient for the overall scale was 0.822, and the Cronbach's α coefficients for each dimension ranged from 0.752 to 0.852.The test-retest reliability of the scale was 0.87.Exploratory factor analysis yielded 3 common factors with a cumulative variance contribution rate of 73.468%.Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a good model fit( χ2/ df=2.674, RMSEA=0.082, SRMR=0.046, CFI=0.964). Conclusion:The revised Chinese version CTGNS demonstrates sound reliability and validity and can be used as an assessment tool for measuring children's trust in nurses.

European health literacy survey questionnaire short form (HLS-Q12): adaptation and evidence of validity for the Brazilian context

Abstract Health literacy (HL) refers to knowledge, motivation and skills to understand, evaluate and apply health information, enabling appropriate decision making in daily life on health care and health promotion. Studies show that HL is associated with several social determinants, health outcomes, and health promotion. In Brazil, studies on the thematic are still scarce. Thus, the present study aimed to adapt, seek evidence of validity, reliability and estimate the parameters of the items of the European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire Short Form (HLS-Q12) for the Brazilian context. 770 individuals participated, recruited through advertisements in the media and social networks, 82.1% female, aged between 18 and 83 (M = 35.5, SD = 13.52), from 21 Federative Units of Brazil and the Federal District. The subjects answered the HLS-Q12 and a sociodemographic questionnaire. Exploratory factor analysis indicated a unifactorial structure with good psychometric characteristics (GFI = 0.98; CFI = 0.98; RMSEA = 0.08; RMSR = 0.07). Cronbach's alpha, Guttman's lambda 2 and McDonald's omega reliability indicators were equal to 0.87. We conclude that the HLS-Q12 is an adequate instrument to assess the level of HL in the Brazilian population.

Burnout Syndrome Assessment Scale in Public Safety: Psychometric Parameters / Escala de Avaliação da Síndrome de Burnout na Segurança Pública: Parâmetros Psicométricos

ABSTRACT The burnout variable has been studied in different professions; however, it presents challenges in its measurement. The present study provides evidence of validity based on the internal structure of the Burnout Syndrome Assessment Scale in Public Security Workers (EASB-SP) and presents the estimation of item parameters through the Item Response Theory (IRT). A total of 10,885 public security agents from all states of Brazil participated in the study. The analyses indicated a three-factor structure, with adequate reliability indices and discrimination of the items. The Professional Fulfillment factor presented a lower theta value to be endorsed. The instrument was shown to be an adequate measure, with evidence of validity for the context of Brazilian public security.

RESUMO O Burnout tem sido uma variável estudada em diferentes profissões, embora com desafios em sua medida. O presente estudo apresenta evidências de validade baseada na estrutura interna da Escala de Avaliação da Síndrome de Burnout (EASB-SP) para a segurança pública, além de apresentar a estimativa dos parâmetros dos itens por meio da Teoria de Resposta ao Item (TRI). Participaram do estudo 10.885 agentes da segurança pública de todas as unidades federativas do Brasil. As análises indicaram uma estrutura tri-fatorial, com índices de fidedignidade e discriminação dos itens adequados. O fator de realização profissional indicou menor theta para ser endossado. O instrumento em questão apresenta-se como uma medida adequada e com evidências de validade para o contexto de segurança pública brasileira.

Cuestionario de Gratitud-20 (G-20): evidências psicométricas e parâmetros de seus itens no Brasil / Gratitude Questionnaire-20 (G-20): psychometric evidences and parameters of their items in Brazil / Cuestionario de Gratitud-20 (G-20): evidencias psicométricas y parámetros de sus ítems en Brasil

Objetivou-se explorar os parâmetros psicométricos do Cuestionario de Gratitud por meio da Teoria de Resposta ao Item (TRI), utilizando o Modelo de Resposta Graduada. Para tanto, participaram 533 respondentes (M idade = 29,9), a maioria mulheres (67,7%). Inicialmente, checou-se a dimensionalidade da escala, que apoiou uma estrutura quadrifatorial (CFI = 0,99; TLI = 0,99). Os parâmetros dos itens foram realizados separadamente para cada fator, e os resultados indicaram que todos os itens discriminam adequadamente os participantes. Os itens do fator Reconhecimento de Dons exigiram uma maior quantidade de theta para serem completamente endossados e o fator Gratidão Interpessoal demandou menor quantidade de theta para ser a opção de reposta, talvez por ser melhor aceito socialmente. Estima-se que os objetivos do estudo foram alcançados, conhecendo evidências psicométricas de uma medida que avalia a gratidão numa perspectiva mais integradora, recomendando-se o seu uso em possibilidades futuras. (AU)

The aim of this study was to explore the psychometric parameters of the Gratitude Questionnaire through the Item Response Theory (IRT), using the Graduated Response Model. Therefore, 533 respondents participated (Mage = 29.9), mostly women (67.7%). At the beginning, we checked the dimensionality of the scale, which supported a quadratic structure (CFI = 0.99; TLI = 0.99). The parameters of the items were performed separately for each factor, and the results indicated that all items adequately discriminate participants. The items of the Gift Recognition factor required a greater amount of theta to be fully endorsed and the Interpersonal Gratitude factor required less amount of theta to be the answer option, perhaps because it is better accepted socially. It is estimated that the objectives of the study were reached, knowing psychometric evidence of a measure that evaluates gratitude in a more inclusive perspective, recommending its use in future possibilities. (AU)

Se objetivó conocer los parámetros psicométricos del Cuestionario de Gratitud por medio de la Teoría de Respuesta al Item (TRI), utilizando el Modelo de Respuesta Graduada. Participaron 533 sujetos (M edad = 29,9), la mayoría mujeres (67,7%). Inicialmente, se verificó las dimensiones de la escala, que apoyó una estructura cuadrifatorial (CFI = 0,99; TLI = 0,99). Los parámetros de los ítems fueron realizados separadamente para cada factor, y los resultados indicaron que los ítems discriminan adecuadamente a los participantes. Los elementos del factor Reconocimiento de Dons requirieron una mayor cantidad de theta para ser completamente endosados y el factor Gratitud Interpersonal demandó menor cantidad de theta para ser la opción de respuesta, tal vez por ser mejor aceptado socialmente. Se estima que los objetivos del estudio se alcanzaron, conociendo evidencias psicométricas de una medida que evalúa la gratitud en una perspectiva más integradora, recomendándose su uso en posibilidades futuras. (AU)

Cognitive Interview in the Search for Validity Evidence Based on Response Processes / Entrevistas Cognitivas na Busca de Evidências de Validade Baseadas no Processo de Resposta / Entrevistas Cognitivas en la Búsqueda de Evidencia de Validez Basada en el Proceso de Respuesta

Abstract Cognitive interviews can provide validity evidence for instruments based on item response processes; however, use of focus groups still prevails in Brazilian literature. Moreover, semantic analysis has only been considered when searching for validity evidence based on test content. This paper presents a proposal for qualitative data analysis based on cognitive interviewing, thus providing researchers with a protocol that enables best practices in carrying out this technique, and consolidating it in the Brazilian literature as an option to search for validity evidence based on item response processes. To conclude, we present some criticisms regarding current procedures for validity evidence based on test content and discuss some possibilities.

Resumo As entrevistas cognitivas podem fornecer evidências de validade para os instrumentos com base no processo de resposta aos itens. Na literatura brasileira, entretanto, o uso de grupos focais ainda prevalece. Além disso, a análise semântica tem sido considerada apenas na busca de evidências de validade baseada no conteúdo do teste. Esse manuscrito apresenta uma proposta para análise de dados qualitativos de entrevistas cognitivas. O objetivo é fornecer aos pesquisadores um protocolo que viabiliza as melhores práticas na realização desta técnica, consolidando-a na literatura brasileira como uma opção para busca de evidência de validade baseada no processo de resposta dos itens. Por fim, são apresentadas algumas críticas em relação aos atuais procedimentos de busca de evidências de validade baseadas no conteúdo e possibilidades são discutidas.

Resumen Las entrevistas cognitivas pueden proporcionar evidencia de validez para los instrumentos basados en el proceso de respuesta al ítem. En la literatura brasileña, sin embargo, aún prevalece el uso de grupos focales; además, el análisis semántico solo se ha considerado en la búsqueda de evidencias de validez basadas en el contenido de la prueba. Este manuscrito presenta una propuesta para el análisis de datos cualitativos de entrevistas cognitivas. El objetivo es proporcionar a los investigadores un protocolo que posibilite las mejores prácticas en la realización de esta técnica, consolidándola en la literatura brasileña como una opción para la búsqueda de evidencias de validez a partir del proceso de respuesta a los ítems. Finalmente, se presentan algunas críticas en relación a los procedimientos actuales de búsqueda de evidencias de validez en base al contenido y se discuten posibilidades.

Teste de regulação de emoções: análise com a teoria de resposta ao item / Emotion regulation test: analysis with item response theory / Test de regulación de la emoción: análisis con teoría de respuesta al ítem

A regulação de emoções é uma habilidade relacionada à inteligência emocional que tem mostrado impactos importantes sob diversos aspectos da vida. Este trabalho teve o objetivo de analisar as pro-priedades psicométricas do Teste de Regulação de Emoções, com auxílio da Teoria de Resposta ao Item. O instrumento foi aplicado pela internet a 289 participantes, predominantemente jovens adultos, do sexo feminino e estudantes universitários. Os resultados informam sobre propriedades psicométricas do instrumento, que pode ser melhorado quanto à fidedignidade e no preenchimento de lacunas no contínuo de habilidades avaliadas pelo teste. Entretanto, foi adequado quanto ao equilíbrio entre os níveis de dificuldade dos itens e de habilidade dos respondentes, e proporcionou a compreensão dos aspectos que influenciam o aumento da dificuldade dos itens, com implicações clínicas e para a avalia-ção desse construto.

Emotional regulation is a skill related to emotional intelligence, which has shown important impacts on several aspects of life. This work aimed to analyze the psychometric properties of the Emotion Regulation Test based on the Item Response Theory. The instrument was applied over the internet to 289 participants, predominantly young adults, female and university students. The results inform about the instrument's psychometric properties, which can be improved in terms of reliability and in filling gaps in the skills continuum assessed by the test. However, it was adequate regarding the balance between the items' difficulty and the respondents' ability levels and provided information about aspects that influence the increase of the items' difficulty, which has clinical and assessment implications.

La regulación emocional es una habilidad relacionada con la inteligencia emocional, que ha mostrado importantes impactos en varios aspectos de la vida. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la Prueba de Regulación de la Emoción, con la ayuda de la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem. El instrumento se aplicó vía internet a 289 participantes, predominantemente adultos jóvenes, mujeres y estudiantes universitarios. Los resultados informan sobre las propiedades psicométricas del instrumento, que pueden mejorarse en términos de confiabilidad y en llenar vacíos en el continuo de habilidades evaluadas por la prueba. Sin embargo, fue adecuado con respecto al equilibrio entre los niveles de dificultad de los ítemes y las habilidades de los encuestados y proporcionó una comprensión de los aspectos que influyen en el aumento de la dificultad de los ítemes, con implicaciones clínicas y para la evaluación de este constructo.