Validation of the Short-Facebook Jealousy Scale among Colombian Men and Women

Social networks, particularly Facebook, influence romantic relationships, as they can generate jealousy and conflict between members of the couple. The Facebook Jealousy Scale (FJS) is an instrument that assesses jealousy about using Facebook, but no similar instrument is available in Colombia. The main aim was to examine the psychometric properties of the FJS in a Colombian sample of 485 men and 727 women. Participants answered the socio-demographic questionnaire, the adaptation of the Facebook Jealousy Scale, Romantic Partner Conflict Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Romantic Jealousy Scale. The final version of the FJS was made up of 15 items which were distributed across three dimensions: Partner's Activity, Partner's Surveillance, Partner's Romantic and Sexual relationship. Ordinal's alpha values from its three factors ranged between .90 and .95. Concurrent validity was also provided, as the measure was associated with dimensions from partner conflict, self-esteem, and romantic jealousy. An invariance test by gender was also performed, resulting in compliance with metric invariance. Therefore, the FJS is a useful tool for clinicians and researchers who work on issues related to romantic relationships. Research analyzing Facebook jealousy provides an interesting indicator of couple's monitoring and controlling behaviors, which are features of psychological abuse, a subtype of intimate partner violence.

Las redes sociales, particularmente Facebook, influyen en las relaciones sentimentales, ya que pueden generar celos y conflictos entre los miembros de la pareja. La Escala de Celos de Facebook (FJS) es un instrumento que evalúa los celos por el uso de Facebook, y no hay ningún instrumento similar disponible en Colombia. El objetivo principal fue examinar las propiedades psicométricas del FJS en una muestra colombiana de 485 hombres y 727 mujeres. Los participantes completaron un cuestionario sociodemográfico, la adaptación de la Escala de Celos de Facebook, la Escala de Conflicto de Pareja Romántica, la Escala de Autoestima de Rosenberg y la Escala de Celos Románticos. La versión final de la FJS estuvo conformada por 15 ítems que, a su vez, conformaron tres dimensiones: Actividad de la pareja, Vigilancia de la pareja, Relación romántica y sexual de la pareja. Los valores de alfa ordinal de los tres factores oscilaron entre .90 y .95. También se demostró validez concurrente con otras dimensiones relacionadas con conflicto en la pareja, autoestima y celos románticos. El análisis de invarianza según género resultó en un nivel de invarianza métrica. El FJS es una medida que puede ser útil para la práctica clínica y los investigadores que trabajan en temas relacionados con las relaciones románticas. La investigación que analice los celos asociados al Facebook ofrecerá un interesante indicador de la supervisión en el contexto de pareja y las conductas de control, elementos clave del abuso psicológico, un subtipo de la violencia de pareja.

Analysis of the influencing factors and intervention methods of sibling jealousy in children / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#With the successive liberalization of the two child and three child policies in China, the issue of sibling relationships has been paid more and more attention by society. Severe sibling jealousy has a negative impact on the physical and mental health development of both young children and their siblings. The study reviewed the influencing factors of sibling jealousy, and analyzed the effect of applying six related intervention methods to the sibling jealousy intervention.The review aims to provide theoretical and empirical basis for children s sibling jealousy intervention, to reduce the level of sibling jealousy through the intervention, and to promote the physical and mental health of young children and their brothers and sisters.

Attachment, Jealousy, and Conjugal Violence / Apego, Ciúme e Violência Conjugal

Abstract Psychological aggression is the most common manifestation of intimate partner violence. Literature demonstrates that attachment and jealousy can predict intimate partner violence. The aim of this study was to test a theoretical model in which jealousy is a mediator between attachment and psychological aggression. This is a quantitative study, with cross-sectional and explanatory design. A sample of 600 people, aged between 18 and 65 years old, residing in 13 Brazilian states, was investigated. A Sociodemographic data questionnaire, Psychological Aggression Sub-scales (CTS2), Questionnaire on the Affective Relationships (QAR), Interpersonal Jealousy Scale (IJC) and Adult Attachment Scale (AAS 2) were used. Structural equation modeling indicated that jealousy functioned as a mediator between attachment and psychological aggressions, alerting to the possibility of prevention in conjugality through early interventions.

Resumo A agressão psicológica é a manifestação mais comum da violência conjugal. A literatura demonstra que o apego e o ciúme podem predizer a violência conjugal. O objetivo deste estudo foi testar um modelo teórico em que o ciúme é um mediador entre o apego e a agressão psicológica. Trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, com delineamento transversal e explicativo. Foi investigada uma amostra de 600 pessoas, com idades entre 18 e 65 anos, residentes em 13 estados brasileiros. Foi utilizado um questionário de dados sociodemográficos, uma subescala de agressão psicológica (CTS2), questionário de relacionamentos afetivos (QAR), Escala interpessoal de ciúme (IJC) e Escala de apego adulto (AAS 2). Por meio de modelagem de equações estruturais, os resultados indicaram que o ciúme funcionou como mediador entre o apego e a agressão psicológica, alertando para a possibilidade de intervenções precoces na conjugalidade.

Longitudinal mediating role of dispositional envy between upward social comparison and depression in college students social networking / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the longitudinal mediating role of dispositional envy between upward social comparison to social networking and depression in college students, so as to provide a reference for depression prevention in college.@*Methods@#Using convenience cluster sampling, a total of 1 487 college students from 7 universities in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and other provinces of China were recruited to participate in a three month longitudinal study, which contained 3 waves of date collection in September 2019 (T1), October 2019 (T2) and November 2019 (T3). These college students were surveyed with Social Network Site Upward Comparison Questionnaire, Dispositional Envy Scale and Depression Scale. Correlations analysis, missing value and common method biases were performed with SPSS 25.0. Confirmatory factor analysis and longitudinal mediation analysis were performed by Mplus 8.3.@*Results@#The detection rates of depression of college students in the first to third (T1-T3) wave were 3.6%, 4.2%, and 2.8% . The upward social comparison to social networking (T1:2.81±0.94, T2:2.69±0.99, T3:2.47±1.06), dispositional envy (T1:1.97±0.75, T2: 1.87 ±0.74, T3:1.76±0.75) and depression (T1:1.81±0.66, T2:1.74±0.65, T3:1.68±0.69) of college students showed a decreasing trend, and time main effects were statistically significant ( F=71.97, η 2=0.050; F=57.84, η 2= 0.040 ; F=39.64, η 2= 0.030 , P <0.01). T1 upward social comparison to social networking significantly predicted T2 dispositional envy ( β =0.25); T1 upward social comparison to social networking significantly predicted T3 depression ( β =0.10); T2 dispositional envy significantly predicted T3 depression ( β =0.55), showing that the longitudinal mediating role of dispositional envy was statistically significant ( P <0.01), the indirect effect accounted for 58.3%.@*Conclusions@#College students upward social comparison to social networking indirectly affects depression through the dispositional envy. Intervening dispositional envy could reduce college students depression levels in the future.

Delusional Jealousy: How Can Treatment be Improved? A Case Report / Delirio celotípico: ¿cómo se puede mejorar el tratamiento? Un reporte de caso

RESUMEN Introducción: Aunque el delirio celotípico represente solo cerca del 10% de los trastornos delirantes, se asocia un riesgo de violencia grave y suicidio. Con este caso clínico se pretende explorar las dificultades en el tratamento farmacológico del trastorno de delirio celotípico y resumir los hallazgos más recientes en el tratamiento de esta enfermedad. Métodos: Reporte de caso. Presentación del caso: Un varón de 76 anos tuvo un ingreso involuntario en el departamento de psiquiatría debido a amenazas de agresión física a su esposa en el contexto de ideas irreductibles de su infidelidad. Inicialmente se observó una mejoría de los síntomas con risperidona y su formulación inyectable de acción prolongada, pero la aparición de efectos secundarios hipotensivos requirió la prescripción off-label de palmitato de paliperidona 50 mg/ml. Conclusiones: Pocos estudios, principalmente reportes de casos, abordan el tratamiento específico del delirio celotípico. Dadas las consecuencias negativas para los pacientes y sus cónyuges, se necesita una mejor evidencia científica para el tratamiento de esta enfermedad.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Although delusional jealousy accounts for merely 10% of delusional disorders, it is associated to risk of serious violence and suicide. With this clinical case, we intend to explore the difficulties in the pharmacological approach of delusional jealousy disorder and to summarise the most recent findings in the treatment of this condition. Methods: Case report. Case presentation: A 76-year-old man involuntarily admitted to a psychiatric ward due to threats of physical aggression to his wife in the context of irreducible ideas of her infidelity. Initially, we observed an improvement of symptomatology with risperidone and its long-acting injectable formulation, but the emergence of hypotensive side effects required the off-label use of paliperidone palmitate 50 mg/ml. Conclusions: Few studies, mainly case reports, look at the specific treatment of delusional jealousy. Given the negative consequences for patients and for their spouses, better scientific evidence to treat this condition is needed.

Arcane Language of Human Emotions: Envy and Jealousy in Academia

Jealousy and Envy are essential part of human emotions and behavior. In today’s fast-moving world where everyone is in rush to cut-throat competition, it is more important to discuss these emotions than ever before. Jealousy and envy somewhere connected. Jealousy is a practice to defend something that is owned and threatened whereas envy is a tendency to obtain something that does not own by one. Jeal-ousy and envy develop naturally and also test their character by the response they give due to emotional burnout. Sometimes these situations broke and turn healthy competition into a rivalry at cost of long-standing personal relationships. Jealousy and envy include compound emotional experiences during the exercises to acquire or not lose something desirable. The impact of envy and jealousy is not assessed in academia and research area moreover it is important to understand that envy is often hidden in the classroom context, but it must still be discussed.

Diseño y análisis psicométrico de un instrumento para evaluar celos / Design and psychometric analysis of an instrument to assess jealousy

Resumen El objetivo de la presente investigación fue diseñar y analizar las propiedades psicométricas del CECLA, un instrumento para evaluar celos. La prueba se realizó con base en las respuestas de las entrevistas aplicadas a una muestra clínica, que coincidieron con los planteamientos teóricos desde una perspectiva patológica. Para esto, se realizó una investigación de tipo instrumental en la que se contó con una muestra de 1218 personas que contestaron la prueba, de las cuales ocho conformaron la muestra clínica, 408 participaron en la prueba piloto, y 802 en la prueba final. Los participantes fueron hombres y mujeres con edades entre los 18 y los 71 años, de diferente estado civil, orientación sexual, nivel socioeconómico, educativo, ocupación y región de Colombia. Para la validación de contenido participaron doce expertos, ocho psicólogos clínicos y cuatro metodólogos. En definitiva, el instrumento quedó conformado por 19 ítems que evalúan tres clases de celos: pasionales, obsesivos y delirantes. La consistencia interna, la evidencia de validez mediante análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio, la estabilidad temporal, la validez convergente, el ajuste de los ítems al modelo de Rasch y la equivalencia de estos indicadores bajo los dos modelos analizados indican que el CECLA es un instrumento válido, fiable y útil para el objetivo y contexto para el cual fue elaborado.

Abstract The objective of this research was to design and analyze the psychometric properties of CECLA, an instrument to evaluate jealousy. The test was carried out based on the answers to the interviews applied to a clinical sample, which coincided with the theoretical approaches from a pathological perspective. For this purpose, an instrumental research was carried out in which a sample of 1218 people answered the test, of which eight made up the clinical sample, 408 participated in the pilot test, and 802 in the final test. The participants were men and women between the ages of 18 and 71, of different marital status, sexual orientation, socioeconomic and educational level, occupation and region of Colombia. Twelve experts, eight clinical psychologists and four methodologists participated in the validation of the content. In short, the instrument was made up of 19 items that evaluate three kinds of jealousy: passionate, obsessive and delusional. Internal consistency, evidence of validity using exploratory and confirmatory factorial analysis, temporal stability, convergent validity, items adjustment to Rasch's model and equivalence of these indicators under the two models analyzed indicate that CECLA is a valid, reliable and useful instrument for the objective and context for which it was elaborated.

Compasión, celos y envidia: emociones sociales y cyberbullying entre adolescentes / Compassion, jealousy and envy: social emotions and cyberbullying among adolescents

Las emociones cumplen un papel fundamental en la capacidad de acción de los seres humanos, razón por la cual es indispensable estudiarlas para entender los fenómenos sociales contemporáneos en los que participan los adolescentes. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo comprender las experiencias de la compasión, los celos y la envidia de los adolescentes implicados en situaciones de cyberbullying en los roles de espectadores y agresores. Se trata de una investigación con diseño cualitativo en la que se entrevistó a 31 adolescentes entre los 12 y 17 años (M=15,23, DS=1,6) que participaron de situaciones de cyberbullying como espectadores y/o agresores. Los resultados indican que la compasión adquiere la forma de tristeza y rabia, especialmente entre los espectadores de cyberbullying. Por otra parte, los celos son un motivo que justifica la agresión a otros a través de Internet, y una forma de gestionar las tensiones en los vínculos sexo-afectivos. El uso de redes sociales digitales y la participación en escenarios presenciales en los que se disputan posiciones a nivel académico favorece el proceso de comparación social vinculado a la envidia que está en la base del cyberbullying. Finalmente, este estudio es una invitación para padres, docentes e institucionales estatales a que acompañen a los adolescentes a gestionar sus conflictos sin que las agresiones presenciales y online medien en sus interacciones

Emotions play a fundamental role in the capacity for action of human beings, which is why it is essential to study them in order to understand contemporary social phenomena in which adolescents participate. This research aims to understand the experiences of compassion, jealousy and envy of adolescents involved in cyberbullying situations in the roles of bystanders and aggressors. This is a qualitative design research in which 31 adolescents between the ages of 12 and 17 (M=15.23, SD=1.6) who participated in cyberbullying situations as bystanders and aggressors were interviewed. The results indicate that compassion takes the form of sadness and anger, especially among cyberbullying bystanders. On the other hand, jealousy is a motive that justifies aggression to others through the Internet, and a way of managing tensions in sex-affective bonds. The use of digital social networks and participation in face-to-face scenarios in which positions are disputed at the academic level, favours the process of social comparison linked to envy that is at the basis of cyberbullying. Finally, this study is an invitation for parents, teachers and state institutions to accompany adolescents in managing their conflicts without face-to-face and online aggressions mediating their interactions.

Ciúme, o inferno do amante ferido: Bruno, Otelo, Dimítri / Jealousy, the injured love's hell: Bruno, Othello, Dmitry / Celos, el infierno del amante herido: Bruno, Otelo, Dimitri / Jalousie, l'enfer de l'amant blessé: Bruno, Othello, Dimitri

Neste trabalho focalizo um componente do amor, o sentimento do ciúme, que é uma experiência de contato com o mundo que se constitui muito cedo na vida e na história do indivíduo. Para tanto, uso cenas da análise de um menino de 8 anos, Bruno, e discuto alguns aspectos dos personagens Otelo, de Shakespeare, e Dimítri de Os irmãos Karamázov, de Dostoiévski. O material clínico, assim como os exemplos extraídos da literatura são apresentados com o intuito de ilustrar e refletir a respeito de algumas das nuanças desse sentimento perturbador. Ao fim, apresento breve associação com o complexo de Édipo.

In this work I focus on a component of love, the feeling of jealousy, which the individual experiences very early in life when coming in contact with the external world. For this, I make use of analysis sessions with an 8-year-old boy and discuss aspects of the characters Othello in Shakespeare's play and Dmitry from Dostoyevsky's The brothers Karamazov. The clinical material, together with the examples extracted from the literature, is presented in order to illustrate and reflect on some nuances of this disturbing feeling. To conclude, I establish a brief association with the Oedipus' complex.

En este trabajo me centro en un componente del amor, el sentimiento de los celos, que es una experiencia de contacto con el mundo que se forma muy temprano en la vida e historia del individuo. Para ello, utilizo material de análisis de un niño de 8 años, y analizo algunos aspectos de los personajes Otelo, de Shakespeare, y Dimitri de Los hermanos Karamazov, de Dostoievski. El material clínico, así como los ejemplos extraídos de la literatura se presentan con el objetivo de ilustrar y reflexionar sobre algunos matices de este inquietante sentimiento. Para concluir, establezco una breve asociación con el complejo de Edipo.

Dans ce travail, je me concentre sur une composante de l'amour, le sentiment de jalousie, qui est une expérience de contact avec le monde qui se forme très tôt dans la vie et l'histoire de l'individu. À cette fin, j'utilise des scènes de l'analyse d'un garçon de huit ans, Bruno, et je discute quelques aspects des personnages d'Othello, de Shakespeare, et Dimitri des Frères Karamazov, de Dostoïevski. Le matériel clinique ainsi que les exemples extraits de la littérature sont présentés afin d'illustrer et de réfléchir sur certaines nuances de ce sentiment dérangeant. Pour conclure, j'établis une brève association avec le complexe d'Œdipe.

Trastorno delirante: un caso de celotipia / Dilusional Disorder: The celotipic case

El trastorno delirante es un trastorno psiquiátrico poco frecuente y se caracteriza por la presencia de ideas delirantes cuyo contenido puede ser de tipo erotomaníaco, de persecución, celotipia, de grandeza y somática. Tiene un inicio insidioso y tiende a la cronicidad, altera la conducta, repercute en la funcionalidad del individuo y compromete sus relaciones interpersonales. La etiología es desconocida, el diagnóstico se realiza mediante la clínica apoyándose en los criterios del DSM-V o CIE-10 y el tratamiento disponible en la actualidad proporciona una respuesta limitada. En general los pacientes no reconocen el trastorno, no recurren a la atención médica y tienen baja adherencia al tratamiento. El caso clínico que se expone es de un hombre de mediana edad que presenta un Trastorno Delirante tipo celotípico dirigido a su esposa y que gradualmente compromete la calidad de vida del paciente y pone a la familia en riesgo vital; su respuesta al antipsicótico atípico fue parcial, pero con mejoría considerable en la convivencia familiar. La importancia de este caso clínico reside en que es una patología poco prevalente y menos conocida por los profesionales del área de salud u otras disciplinas afines, además que no hay publicaciones en el medio sobre el tema; por lo que es necesario dar a conocer casos como este, proporcionando información para un diagnóstico temprano con tratamiento oportuno, con el fin de mejorar el pronóstico a largo plazo y la calidad de vida del paciente, además de prevenir conductas delictivas, con posibles desenlaces fatales. .

Delusional disorder is a rare psychiatric disorder characterized by the presence of delusional ideas, such as the erotomaniac, persecution, celotype, greatness and somatic type. It has an insidious onset and tends to be chronic. Delusional disorder alters behavior, affecting the functionality of the individual and compromising their interpersonal relationships. The etiology is unknown, the diagnosis is made through the clinic based on the criteria of the DSM-V or ICD-10, and the treatment currently available provides a limited response. In general, patients do not recognize the disorder, do not seek medical attention, and have low adherence to treatment. In one clinical case, for example, a middle-aged man who presents a Celotypic Delusional Disorder directed at his wife gradually compromises the quality of his life and puts the family at vital risk; their response to the atypical antipsychotic was partial, but it improved family life considerably. This clinical case is important because this pathology is not very prevalent or well-understood by professionals in the health area or other related disciplines. There are also no media publications on the subject, so it is necessary to publicize these types of cases and provide information for an early diagnosis with timely treatment. Additional information can be used to improve the long-term prognosis and quality of the patient’s life, in addition to preventing criminal behavior with possible fatal outcomes.

Seria o ciúme mediador entre as experiências na família de origem e a violência física na conjugalidade? / Is jealousy a mediator between experiences in the family of origin and physical violence in conjugality? / Serián los celos mediadores entre las vivencias en la familia de origen y la violencia física en la conjugalidad?

A violência conjugal é um fenômeno multideterminado, o qual sofre impacto de experiências precoces e atuais. O objetivo deste estudo foi testar um modelo teórico no qual o ciúme é mediador entre as experiências na família de origem e a violência física conjugal. Trata-se de um estudo com delineamento quantitativo, transversal e explicativo. Contou com uma amostra de 600 pessoas, de 18 a 65 anos, residentes em 13 estados brasileiros. Os instrumentos foram questionário sociodemográfico, FBQ, CTS2 e ICR, em uma coleta por formulário eletrônico na internet. Modelagem de equações estruturais foi utilizada para testar a validade empírica do modelo teórico. Os resultados indicaram que o ciúme media parcialmente as experiências na família de origem e a ocorrência da violência conjugal. Os dados apontam para a necessidade de atenção ao ciúme nos relacionamentos amorosos, como forma de atuar na prevenção às situações de violência conjugal. (AU)

Conjugal violence is a multidetermined phenomenon, which is impacted by early and present experiences. The objective of this study was to test a theoretical model in which jealousy mediates between experiences in the family of origin and physical domestic violence. This was a quantitative, transversal, and explanatory study, which counted on a sample of 600 people, aged from 18 to 65 years, from 13 Brazilian states. The instruments included a sociodemographic questionnaire, the FBQ, the CTS2, and the RJI, all collected electronically. Structural equation modeling was used to test the empirical validity of the theoretical model. The results indicated that jealousy partially mediates the experiences in the family of origin and the occurrence of conjugal violence. The data point to the need for attention to jealousy in love relationships, as a way of acting in the prevention of situations of conjugal violence. (AU)

La violencia conyugal es un fenómeno multideterminado, el cual sufre impacto de experiencias tempranas y actuales. El objetivo de este estudio fue testar un modelo teórico en el cual los celos son mediadores entre las vivencias en la familia de origen y la violencia física conyugal. Se trata de un estudio con delineamiento cuantitativo, transversal y explicativo. Se contó con una muestra de 600 personas, de 18 a 65 años, residentes en 13 estados brasileños. Los instrumentos fueron el cuestionario sociodemográfico, FBQ, CTS2 e ICR, recogidos por medio de formulario electrónico en internet. El modelo de ecuaciones estructurales fue utilizado para testar la validez empírica del modelo teórico. Los resultados indicaron que los celos midieron parcialmente las vivencias en la familia de origen y la ocurrencia de la violencia conyugal. Los datos señalan la necesidad de atención de los celos en las relaciones amorosas, como forma de actuar en la prevención de las situaciones de violencia conyugal. (AU)

Síndrome de Otelo secundario a tuberculoma cerebral: a propósito de un caso / Othello Syndrome Secondary to Cerebral Tuberculoma: A Case Report

RESUMEN Introducción: El síndrome de Otelo, epónimo del personaje de Shakespeare, es un término diagnóstico transnosológico que designa un cuadro caracterizado por delirios de infidelidad respecto a la pareja que, por consiguiente, puede acarrear actitudes celotípicas y conductas violentas hacia ella. En su forma pura, corresponde al trastorno delirante de infidelidad, pero también puede ser secundario a organicidad cerebral y a consumo de drogas. Métodos: Reporte de caso y revisión no sistemática de la literatura relevante. Presentación del caso: Varón de 26 arios con antecedente de consumo de drogas y víctima de maltrato infantil, 3 años antes había sufrido crisis convulsivas tónico-clónicas e hipertensión intracraneal, por lo que se sometió a una craneotomía, en la que se halló un tuberculoma cerebral frontal derecho. Tras un lapso, comenzó con delirios de infidelidad y conductas violentas hacia su pareja. Revisión de la literatura: Los celos delirantes se asocian, como otros delirios, a lesiones del lóbulo frontal derecho. Pese a la elevada y creciente prevalencia mundial de tuberculosis, no se han publicado casos de síndrome de Otelo secundario a tuberculoma cerebral. Conclusiones: El síndrome de Otelo, aunque no es la principal causa de violencia doméstica, puede asociarse con manifestaciones particularmente violentas y ser secundario a tuberculoma cerebral. Este es el primer caso de tal índole que se publica.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Othello syndrome, an eponym of Shakespeare's character, is a transnosological diagnostic term that designates a clinical picture characterised by the presence of delusions of infidelity with respect to a partner and that, consequently, can lead to typical jealousy attitudes and violent behaviour towards the partner. In its pure form, it corresponds to delusional disorder of infidelity, but it may also be secondary to brain organicity and drug use. Methods: Case report and non-systematic review of the relevant literature. Case presentation: A 26-year-old man, with a history of drug abuse and a victim of domestic violence as a child, presented with tonic-clonic seizures and intracranial hypertension three years ago, for which he underwent a craniotomy with the finding of a right frontal cerebral tuberculoma. After a lapse, he developed a clinical picture of delusions of infidelity regarding his partner and violent behaviour towards her. Literature review: Delusional jealousy is associated, like other delusions, with lesions of the right frontal lobe. Despite the high and growing prevalence of tuberculosis worldwide, there are no reported cases of Othello syndrome secondary to cerebral tuberculoma in the literature. Conclusion: Othello syndrome, although not the main cause of domestic violence, can be associated with particularly violent manifestations and be secondary to cerebral tuberculoma. This is the first published case of its kind.

Evaluación de la asociación entre el estilo de apego parental y los celos románticos en una muestra de estudiantes universitarios colombianos / Evaluation of the association between the style of parental attachment and the romantic jealouses in a colombian college student sample

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la relación entre el estilo de apego parental y los celos románticos en un grupo de jóvenes universitarios colombianos entre los 18 y 25 años. Participaron de manera voluntaria 614 jóvenes, 421 mujeres (69%) y 193 hombres (31%), con una relación de pareja vigente de más de seis meses de duración. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron el Inventario de Apego con Padres y Pares (IPPA, Armsden y Greenberg, 1987, adaptada por Rocha, Benítez, De-Irala, sin publicar), con el cual se evaluó el apego parental con respecto a su cuidador primario, y la Escala Interpersonal de Celos (Mathes y Severa, 1981, adaptada por Martínez-León, Mathes, Avendaño, Peña y Sierra, 2018) con la cual se midieron los celos románticos en la relación de pareja de los participantes. Los resultados mostraron que en la variable estrato socioeconómico nivel medio (estratos 3 y 4) existe una relación significativa (p = .023) la cual indica que, en esta muestra específica, el estilo de apego parental está asociado con el nivel de los celos románticos en la relación de pareja.

Abstract The objective of the present study is to analyze the relationship between parental attachment style and romantic jealousy in a group of Colombian students between 18 and 25 years old. Volunteers participated 614 young people, 421 (69%) women and 193 (31%) men, with a current relationship of more than six months. The instruments used were the Inventory of Attachment with Parents and Peers (IPPA, Armsden y Greenberg, 1987, adapted by Rocha, Benítez, De-Irala, unpublished), with which assessed parental attachment with respect to their primary caregiver, and the Interpersonal Scale of Jealousy (Mathes & Severa, 1981, adapted by Martínez-León, Mathes, Avendaño, Peña and Sierra, 2018), with which was measured romantic jealousy in the couple's relationship of the participants. The results showed that in the variable socioeconomic mid-level (strata 3 and 4) there is a significant relationship (p = .023) which indicates that, in this specific sample, the Parental attachment style is associated with the level of romantic jealousy in the couple's relationship.

Amadeus: A Psicologia da Inveja e sua função no processo criativo: um estudo da Psicologia Simbólica / The psychology of envy and its role in the creative process: a study of symbolic psychology / La psicología de la envidia y su función en el proceso creativo: un estudio de la psicología simbólica

O autor analisa a peça de teatro "Amadeus" e estuda a função da inveja na relação de Mozart e Salieri. Caracteriza a inveja como uma função estruturante normal da maior importância no desenvolvimento da consciência. Chama atenção para a dificuldade de se compreender este fato devido às nossas concepções psicológicas se acharem ainda dominadas pela obra repressora-puritana da Inquisição. Afirma que na apresentação da peça a patologia mental de Mozart é ainda maior que a de Salieri. Relaciona a inveja patológica de Mozart com um complexo paterno negativo e a de Salieri com a prostituição de sua Anima. Explica a deterioração progressiva das personalidades de Mozart e Salieri: ao não assumirem sua inveja normal, esta se tornou cada vez mais sombria e patológica, ultrapassando o dinamismo neurótico e atingindo o psicótico. Descreve a função estruturante normal do ciúme para melhor discriminar a inveja e exemplificar o ciúme patológico com a peça Otelo, de Shakespeare. Finalmente, diferencia a função estruturante normal do ciúme e da inveja nos ciclos arquetípicos matriarcal, patriarcal, de alteridade e cósmico. ■

The author describes envy as a normal structuring function in the development of personality. Envy constellates symbols for development and helps to discriminate the Ego from the Other (the I from not I) in the construction of identity. When envy is not given proper attention it becomes part of the Shadow, which may lead to neurotic and even psychotic behavior. An example is given in the relationship between Mozart and Salieri such as it was represented in Peter Shaffer's play "Amadeus". Envy constellated the symbol of Mozart in the development of Salieri's personality as an expression of his betrayed creativity. Since early youth, social ambition had led Salieri to create for fame instead of for his own Self. The betrayal of the Anima formed a powerful symbol of prostituted creativity in his pathological Shadow, which was constellated through envy when he met Mozart. Unable to attend his envy creatively by confronting his Shadow, Salieri acted out his envy destructively by destroying Mozart, his own Anima and himself. Envy constellated the negative father complex in Mozart's personality when he met Salieri. The prodigious child soon surpassed his father. Lack of appropriate protection, affection and loving guidance developed a negative father complex in Mozart's personality. This prevented social adaptation due to a compulsive aggression toward authority figures expressed through defensive irony, ridicule and overall irreverent behavior. Marriage and fatherhood activated the father role and strongly intensified these defenses. As an Italian musician successfully serving the Viennese monarchy, Salieri stood for an extraordinary example of social adaptation and success. Envy constellated the negative father complex through the symbol of social unadaptation present in Mozart's Shadow. By defensively humiliating Salieri through his creativity, Mozart greatly intensified Salieri's defenses against his own genuine creativity. Plotting against Mozart's efforts to support his family through music lessons and court services, Salieri significantly strengthened Mozart's defenses against social adaptation. Such complementary defensive behavior prevented envy from further creative development and established a neurotic symbiotic relationship. The creative forces of both personalities were so powerful, however, that neurotic defenses were insufficient to express their pathological Shadows. Psychopathic aggression and psychotic megalomaniac dynamism took over Salieri's personality, while paranoid, persecutory delusion had and irreversible effect on Mozart's career. The author further clarifies the role of envy in normal and pathological development by comparing it with jealousy as expressed in Shakespeare's Othello. Envy is predominantly active, Jang and revolutionary. It stimulates growth through greed. Jealousy is predominantly passive, Yin and reactionary. lt stimulates the maintenance of the status quo through the threat of loss. Envy functions predominantly through the power drive and favors Ego development by limiting omnipotence through self-humiliation and competitive performance. Jealousy functions predominantly through the erotic drive by rejecting the Ego's narcissistic self-assurance through doubt. Both are archetypal structuring functions indispensable for the symbolic development of Consciousness from its very beginning. While envy discriminates the Ego from the Other through delimitation of the Ego's power, jealousy discriminates the Ego from the intimate Other by introducing a threatening, affectionate foreign Other. The author questions the classical psychoanalytical consideration of jealousy as a later development of envy due to the triangular structure of jealousy as compared to the binary structure of envy. The author argues that jealousy can act through an intimate Other, which is so closely fused with the I that, psychodynamically speaking, jealousy can function in the primary binary relationship as much as envy. The difference, then, lies not in the triangular structure of jealousy but on the threat, which the Other holds for the I in jealousy, which is a complementary psychological function of the threat which the I holds for the Other in envy. The paper ends with a brief description of the different structuring functions of envy and jealousy in each of the four archetypal cycles of symbolic personality development (matriarchal-patriarchal, otherness and cosmic). ■

El autor analiza la pieza de teatro "Amadeus" y estudia la función de la envidia en la relación de Mozart y Salieri. Caracteriza la envidia como una función estructurante normal de la mayor importancia en el desarrollo de la conciencia. Llama atención a la dificultad de comprender este hecho debido a que nuestras concepciones psicológicas se hallan todavía dominadas por la obra represora-puritana de la Inquisición. Afirma que en la presentación de la pieza la patología mental de Mozart es aún mayor que la de Salieri. Relaciona la envidia patológica de Mozart con un complejo paterno negativo y la de Salieri con la prostitución de su Anima. Explica el deterioro progresivo de las personalidades de Mozart y Salieri: al no asumir su envidia normal, ésta se volvió cada vez más sombría y patológica, superando el dinamismo neurótico y alcanzando lo psicótico. Describe la función estructurante normal de los celos para mejor discriminar la envidia y ejemplificar los celos patológicos con la pieza Otelo de Shakespeare. Finalmente, diferencia la función estructurante normal de los celos y la envidia en los ciclos arquetípicos matriarcal, patriarcal, de alteridad y cósmico. ■

Jealousy and anxiety in male domestic abusers: A comparative study / Ciúme e ansiedade em homens que agridem a parceira: um estudo comparativo

The present study aimed at investigating the relationship between partner's jealousy and the anxiety level presented by male domestic abusers, comparing these variables with men of similar age, socio-economic status, and educational level, without a history of domestic violence. The sample consisted of 20 male abusers and 20 men without a history of violence towards their partner. A Batterer Semi-Structured Interview on Family of Origin; the Romantic Jealousy Scale; and the Beck Anxiety Inventory were used as instruments. The groups did not differ statistically regarding age, education, and income; however, they were statistically different regarding the variables jealousy and anxiety levels. Abusers presented higher scores on jealousy and anxiety than non-abusers It is suggested that jealousy combined with anxiety may contribute to intimate partner violence. Future studies could further investigate this possibility using larger samples.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a relação entre o ciúme da parceira e o nível de ansiedade de homens perpetradores de violência, comparando essas variáveis com homens sem histórico de violência doméstica de idade, com status socioeconômico e escolaridade semelhantes. A amostra foi composta por 20 perpetradores de violência e 20 homens sem histórico de violência contra a mulher. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: Roteiro de Entrevista Individual Semiestruturada da Família de Origem do Agressor, Inventário de Ansiedade Beck e Escala de Ciúme Romântico. Ambos os grupos não diferiram estatisticamente em relação a idade, escolaridade e renda. No entanto, os grupos foram estatisticamente diferentes em termos das variáveis ciúme e níveis de ansiedade. Os perpetradores de violência apresentaram maiores escores no ciúme e na ansiedade do que homens sem histórico de agressão. Sugere-se que o ciúme combinado à ansiedade excessiva pode contribuir para a Violência do Parceiro Íntimo. Estudos futuros poderiam investigar essa possibilidade com amostras maiores.

Funções de Estímulos Pré-experimentais na Formação de Classes de Equivalência / Pre-experimental Stimuli Functions in Equivalence Class Formation

Resumo Relações condicionais pré-experimentais que eliciam respostas emocionais, como ciúme, podem afetar a formação de classes de equivalência? Haveria diferenças entre homens e mulheres? Para abordar essas questões, 19 participantes, de ambos os sexos, foram expostos a treinos e testes para a formação de quatro classes de equivalência, uma delas constituída pelo nome do(a) namorado(a), o nome de mulher/homem desconhecida(o) e duas figuras não-familiares. Após os testes, aplicou-se a Escala de Ciúme Romântico. Os participantes classificados com maior grau de ciúme não formaram as classes de equivalência, independentemente de serem homens ou mulheres. Sugere-se que relações pré-experimentais com funções afetivas interferiram na formação das classes de equivalência em que o nome do namorado(a) deveria ser relacionado ao nome de desconhecido(a).

Abstract Can pre-experimental conditional relations that elicit emotional responses, such as jealousy, affect the formation of equivalence classes? Would there be differences between men and women? To address these questions, 19 participants of both sexes were exposed to training and testing of the formation of four equivalence classes, one consisting of the boyfriend's/girlfriend's name, an unknown woman's/man's name, and two unfamiliar figures. After the tests, the Romantic Jealousy Scale was applied. Participants classified as having a higher degree of jealousy did not form equivalence classes regardless of whether they were men or women. It is suggested that pre-experimental relations with affective functions interfere in the formation of equivalence classes in which the boyfriend's/girlfriend's name should be related to the unknown woman's/man's name.

¿Existen los celos normales? trastorno delirante celotípico / ¿Is there normal jealousy? celotypic delusional disorder summary

Caso Clínico: Mujer de 52 años, casada, dos hijos. Tuvo una infancia y adolescencia en la que predominó el estricto control paterno y la actitud temerosa de su madre, siendo prioritarias las responsabilidades. Su carácter se fue modelando bajo una visión de mundo hostil. En un medio muy restringido, conoció a su esposo, siendo ésta su única relación sentimental. Luego de una histerosalpingooforectomía, la paciente interpreta un hecho puntual de una forma equivoca, bajo la idea de ser engañada, surgiendo la idea delirante. Sin embargo, el resto de su comportamiento parece ajustado a la realidad.

Woman of 52 years, married, two children. He had a childhood and adolescence dominated by strict parental control and fearful attitude of his mother, with responsibilities being a priority. His character was modeled under a hostile worldview. In a very restricted environment, she met her husband, this being her only sentimental relationship. After a hysterosalpingo-oophorectomy, the patient interprets a specific event in a mistaken way, under the idea of being deceived, with the delusional idea emerging. However, the rest of his behavior seems adjusted to reality

Psychometric Study of the Interpersonal Jealousy Scale in Colombian Samples / Estudio psicométrico de la Interpersonal Jealousy Scale en muestras colombianas

Abstract Romantic jealousy is one of the most complex emotions people experience in their relationships; people may reach high levels of violence as a result of pathological jealousy. This paper sought to adapt to Spanish language use and examine the psychometric properties of the Interpersonal Jealousy Scale (IJS). This scale evaluates the negative emotion resulting from actual or threatened loss of a loved one to a rival. We used a Colombian sample of 603 Colombian adults (59,03% women). Factor models were tested by Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), in order to confirm the stability of the internal structure of the scale. The CFA supported the robustness of a one-dimensional structure with 18 items. Good internal consistency and evidence of external validity were found, as well as adequate adjustment parameters under the item response theory. In the analysis of the differential functioning of the items by sex, five items measured the different latent trait in men and women. The data indicate that the revised Spanish version of the IJS is a useful instrument to assess romantic jealousy.

Resumen Los celos románticos son una de las emociones más complejas de las personas en sus relaciones de pareja, que se asocian a altos niveles de violencia cuando se vuelven patológicos. El objetivo del estudio fue adaptar al español y examinar las propiedades psicométricas de la Interpersonal Jealousy Scale (IJS), la cual evalúa la emoción negativa resultante de una actual o amenazante pérdida del amado por un rival. Se empleó una muestra colombiana de 603 adultos colombianos (59,03% mujeres). Se sometieron a prueba mediante Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (AFC) tres modelos factoriales con el fin de corroborar la estructura interna de la escala. El AFC apoyó la robustez de una estructura unidimensional con 18 ítems. Se obtuvieron adecuados índices de consistencia interna y evidencias externas de validez, al igual que adecuados parámetros de ajuste bajo la teoría de respuesta al ítem. En el análisis del funcionamiento diferencial de los ítems por sexo, cinco ítems midieron el rasgo latente diferente en hombres y mujeres. Los resultados indican que la IJS es un instrumento útil para evaluar celos románticos.

Celos e infidelidad en personas heterosexuales y homosexuales: Estudio intracultural / Jealousy and infidelity in heterosexuals and homosexuals: Intracultural study

Resumen: Durante la interacción de pareja existen diversas variables que promueven por un lado relaciones armoniosas o por el contrario relaciones dañinas. En el lado oscuro de la pareja se encuentran los celos e infidelidad, dimensiones que en la mayoría de las ocasiones generan consecuencias negativas en la pareja. Con base en ello, la presente investigación tuvo como objetivo establecer la relación entre celos e infidelidad dependiendo de la orientación sexual (homosexual y heterosexual), sexo (hombre y mujer) y lugar de origen (Ciudad de México y Colima). Participaron 186 personas, 50% eran originarias de la Ciudad de México y 50% del Estado de Colima. 102 fueron heterosexuales, 51 hombres y 51 mujeres y 84 homosexuales, 50 hombres y 34 mujeres. La edad promedio fue de 26.63 años y la desviación estándar de 6.6 años. Se administró la Escala Multidimensional de Celos (EMUCE) de Rivera, Flores, Díaz-Loving y Montero (2010) y el Inventario Multidimensional de Infidelidad (IMIN) de Romero, Rivera y Díaz-Loving (2007). Se encontró que los hombres, suelen ser infieles sexualmente, independientemente de su orientación sexual. Por otro lado, tanto para las mujeres homosexuales como heterosexuales, cuando hay una transgresión en la relación se presenta como consecuencia infidelidad sexual y emocional.

Abstract: Because of the constant changes in society, becomes important to investigate and respond to the social demands raised, in order to promote the psychosocial well-being of people and the improvement of their interpersonal relationships. Currently, the issue of jealousy and infidelity have social relevance, as both are involved in immediate environments, such as family, work, personal relationships, roles and self-evaluation; generating negative consequences. Based on this, the present research aimed to establish the relationship between jealousy and infidelity depending on the type of sexual orientation (homosexual and heterosexual), sex (male and female) and birthplace (Mexico City and Colima). The participants were 186 people, 50% of whom were from the Mexico city and 50% from the State of Colima. At the same time, the sample involved 101 men and 85 women. The Multidimensional Scale of Jealousy (EMUCE) developed by Rivera, Flores, Díaz-Loving and Montero (2010) and the Multidimensional Inventory of Infidelity (IMIN) by Romero, Rivera and Díaz-Loving (2007) test were applied. It was found that men are usually sexually unfaithful regarding their sexual orientation. On the other hand, for both homosexual and heterosexual women, when there is a transgression to the relationship, the desires of sexual and emotional infidelity appear as a consequence. The outcomes are analyzed according to the socio-cultural context.

A systematic review of romantic jealousy in relationships / Una revisión sistemática de los celos románticos en la relación de pareja

Romantic jealousy is a complex emotion activated by a real or perceived threat to the relationship. Romantic jealousy is an important phenomenon in public health, as it brings consequences for the subject, the couple and the rival, even to the point of death. This theory-based study performed a systematic review of the research published in major international databases and platforms, as of December, 2016. The results of 230 studies that met the inclusion criteria were classified in pursuance of the variables associated with jealousy: a) personal variables (differences in sex, sexual orientation, hormones / use of contraceptives, self-esteem, attachment style and use of alcohol); b) interpersonal variables (romantic love, satisfaction and violence); c) sociocultural variables (transcultural comparisons, features of the rival and social networks). Future studies, with sufficient statistical robustness, should achieve a clinical formulation that indicates the relevance and predictive power of each variable.

Los celos románticos son una emoción compleja que se activa ante una amenaza real o percibida a la relación sentimental. Constituyen un fenómeno relevante en salud pública por las consecuencias para sí mismo, la pareja y el rival, llegando incluso hasta la muerte. El presente estudio teórico realiza una revisión sistemática de investigaciones publicadas en las principales bases de datos y plataformas internacionales, hasta diciembre del 2016. Los resultados de los 230 estudios que cumplían con los criterios de inclusión fueron clasificados en función de las variables asociadas a los celos: a) personales (diferencias de sexo, orientación sexual, hormonas/uso de anticonceptivos, autoestima, estilo de apego y consumo de alcohol); b) interpersonales (amor romántico, satisfacción y violencia); y c) socioculturales (comparaciones transculturales, características del rival y redes sociales). Futuros estudios, con suficiente robustez estadística, deberán lograr una formulación clínica que indique la relevancia y el poder de predicción de cada variable.