Relationship between job stress, job crafting, and job burnout among college counselors / 环境与职业医学

Background Job burnout has become an important factor affecting the mental and physical health and work efficiency of college counselors, and indirectly affects the quality and development of talent cultivation for college students. Objective To explore the relationship between job stress, job crafting, and job burnout among college counselors, and to test the mediating role of job crafting between job stress and job burnout, in order to take targeted measures to alleviate job stress and job burnout of college counselors, reduce associated health risks, and improve the effectiveness of higher education. Methods An anonymous questionnaire survey was conducted among 400 counselors from social network communication groups by convenience sampling. The Counselor Work Stress Scale, Job Crafting Scale, and Maslach Burnout Inventory-General Survey were used. Harman's single-factor method was used to evaluate common method bias in the survey data. One-way ANOVA was applied to test the difference in job stress, job crafting, and job burnout among college counselors by demographic characteristics, and chi-square test was used to analyze the difference in reporting job burnout. Partial correlation analysis was used to evaluate the correlation between selected variables. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the relationship of job stress, job crafting, and job burnout among college counselors, and Bootstrap analysis was used to test if there was a mediating effect of job crafting on the relationship between job stress and job burnout. Results Of the 390 questionnaires recovered, there were 338 valid questionnaires (86.67%). Among the included subjects, the mean scores of job stress, job crafting, and job burnout were (2.70±0.62), (3.77±0.62), and (2.09±1.09), respectively. The positive rate of job burnout was 76.9% (260/338), with a positive rate of 72.8% in exhaustion dimension and 59.8% in cynicism dimension. There were significant differences in job crafting scores among the college counselors by different genders and professional titles (P<0.05). Female counselors had significantly higher job burnout scores and positive rates than male counselors (P<0.05). The partial correlation analysis showed that job stress, work load, school evaluation and expectation, and interpersonal relationship were positively correlated with job burnout (r=0.562, 0.442, 0.473, and 0.455, respectively, P<0.01), and negatively correlated with job crafting (r=−0.271, −0.169, −0.246, and −0.247, respectively, P<0.01); job crafting, cognitive crafting, relationship crafting, and task crafting were negatively correlated with job burnout (r=−0.447, −0.452, −0.366, and −0.340, respectively, P<0.01). The modified structural equation modeling indicated that job stress negatively affected job crafting (b=−0.348, P<0.001) and positively affected job burnout (b=0.454, P<0.001); job crafting negatively affected job burnout (b=−0.459, P<0.001), and played a partial mediating role in the relationship between job stress and job burnout, and the effect value was 0.160 (95%CI: 0.102, 0.230) that accounted for 26.10% of the total effect. Conclusion Job burnout among the college counselors is prominent. Job crafting presents an inhibitory effect on job burnout. Job stress indirectly affects the occurrence of job burnout by inhibiting the generation of job crafting.

Predictors of Job Crafting Behaviors: A Mediation Analysis / Preditores dos Comportamentos de Redesenho do Trabalho: Uma Análise de Mediação

Abstract The study explored the relationship between psychological safety and job crafting behaviors, as well as the mediating role of the satisfaction of psychological needs in this relationship. The sample was composed of 1,171 Brazilian workers, who answered the Psychological Safety Scale, the Basic Needs Satisfaction General Scale and the Job Crafting Scale. The structural equations modeling showed that the perception of psychological safety contributed to the satisfaction of psychological needs which, in turn, affected the job crafting behaviors. It was concluded that the job crafting behaviors suffer from the influence of contextual work resources and motivational aspects, which contributes to the understanding of the effects of the new demands of work on organizational behavior.

Resumo O estudo investigou a relação da segurança psicológica com os comportamentos de redesenho, bem como o papel mediador da satisfação das necessidades psicológicas em tal relação. A amostra compôs-se de 1171 trabalhadores brasileiros, que responderam à Escala de Segurança Psicológica, à Escala Geral de Satisfação das Necessidades Básicas e à Escala de Comportamentos de Redesenho do Trabalho. A modelagem de equações estruturais indicou que a percepção de segurança psicológica contribuiu para a satisfação das necessidades psicológicas, que, por sua vez, impactaram os comportamentos de redesenho. Concluiu-se que os comportamentos de redesenho sofrem a influência de recursos contextuais do trabalho e de aspectos motivacionais, o que contribui para a compreensão dos efeitos das novas demandas do trabalho sobre o comportamento organizacional.

Perceived Opportunities to Craft Scale: adaptation and evidence of the construct validity of the Brazilian version

Abstract Employees' perceived opportunities to craft (POCs) influence actual job crafting behavior, which may have consequences for their well-being and work performance. This study aimed to validate the perceived opportunities to craft scale (POCS) in the Brazilian context. We collected data from Brazilian employees (N = 1451) in two separate samples. The factor structure, reliability, and convergent validity of the POCS were tested using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA), and external variables. The results indicated that the POCS-Brazilian version (with seven-point and five-point Likert scale) replicated the unidimensional structure of the original instrument. POCs showed significant positive and moderate correlations with occupational self-efficacy, work engagement and job crafting, and negative associations with workaholism. Both POCS-Brazilian versions were reliable according to three types of reliability indexes and also showed discriminant and convergent validity evidence.

Avanços na psicologia positiva: bem-estar, engajamento e redesenho no trabalho / Advances in positive psychology: well-being, engagement and job crafting / Avances en la psicología positiva: bienestar, rendimiento y job crafting

Baseados na perspectiva da complexidade do comportamento humano, avanços científicos têm sido obtidos por pesquisadores da Psicologia Positiva ao identificar fatores de saúde e de proteção das pessoas em concomitância com os de risco de dano ou agravo á saúde. Esse artigo teórico visa demonstrar o impacto desses achados para a Psicologia Organizacional e do Trabalho, com base em três conceitos centrais. São apresentados no artigo os modelos teóricos que fundamentam as evidências e os principais achados nos estudos sobre bem-estar, engajamento e redesenho do trabalho. A principal contribuição é que as pesquisas estão sendo impulsionadas com modelos integrativos sobre esses fenômenos e suas associações com variáveis de felicidade, proatividade e realização profissional, dentre outras. Somada ao conhecimento dos estudos tradicionais, a Psicologia Positiva possibilita a visão sistêmica sobre trabalho e organizações, tratando a saúde e o bem-estar como premissas do contexto laboral e o desempenho saudável como desfecho positivo das atividades profissionais. (AU)

Based on the perspective of the complexity of human behavior, scientific advances are being obtained in Positive Psychology by identifying protective factors concurrently with those that cause risk or harm to health. This theoretical article aims to demonstrate the influence of these findings on organizational and work psychology, based on evidence produced in three central constructs. We present the theoretical models that support the evidence and main findings of studies on well-being, engagement and job crafting. The main contribution is that the studies are being driven with integrative models on these phenomena and their associations with happiness, proactivity and professional achievement variables, among others. Added to the knowledge of the traditional studies, Positive Psychology enables a systemic view of work and organizations, treating health and well-being as premises of the work context and healthy performance as a positive outcome of professional activities. (AU)

Con base en la perspectiva de la complejidad del comportamiento humano, avances científicos están siendo obtenidos por los investigadores de la psicología positiva al identificar factores de salud y de protección de las personas en concomitancia con los riesgos de daño o agravio de la salud. Este artículo teórico tiene como objetivo demostrar su impacto en la psicología organizacional y laboral, basada en tres constructos centrales. Se presentan modelos teóricos que respaldan las evidencias y los principales hallazgos en los estudios sobre bienestar, rendimiento y job crafting. La principal contribución es que las integraciones están siendo impulsadas con modelos integradores sobre estos fenómenos y sus asociaciones con las variables de felicidad, proactividad, logro profesional, entre otros. Además del conocimiento de los estudios tradicionales, la psicología positiva permite una visión sistémica del trabajo y las organizaciones, tratando la salud y el bienestar como premisas del contexto laboral y el rendimiento saludable como un resultado positivo de las actividades profesionales. (AU)

Job Crafting Interventions: Systematic Review / Intervenções de Redesenho do Trabalho: Revisão Sistemática / Intervenciones de Job Crafting: Revisión Sistemática

Abstract Job crafting is proactive bottom-up job redesign to optimize person-job fit. A job crafting intervention is any training or method designed to stimulate or develop job crafting behaviors in employees. This paper systematically reviews research examining the effects of job crafting interventions and identifies their tendencies and gaps. A search was conducted in PsycINFO, Academic Search Premier, Web of Science, and SciELO using the key terms job crafting and interventions in databases available from 2007 to September 2017. We identified eight studies that met our inclusion criteria. The analysis of these articles revealed that the design of seven intervention studies was based on theoretical assumptions derived from job demands-resources theory and used a quasi-experimental design. Job crafting interventions increased different types of job crafting behaviors, well-being variables, and job performance. Inconsistencies regarding significant effects in job resources and work engagement across studies are discussed. Recommendations for future research on job crafting interventions in organizations are presented.

Resumo O job crafting é o redesenho do trabalho, ascendente e proativo, para melhorar o ajuste entre o indivíduo e seu trabalho. As intervenções de job crafting são treinamentos ou métodos destinados a estimular ou desenvolver comportamentos de redesenho do trabalho nos empregados. Este artigo faz uma revisão sistemática da pesquisa sobre os efeitos das intervenções de job crafting e identifica suas tendências e lacunas. Consultamos as bases de dados PsycINFO, Academic Search Premier, Web of Science e SciELO, utilizando os descritores "job crafting" e "interventions", entre 2007 e setembro de 2017. Identificamos oito estudos que satisfizeram os critérios de inclusão. Sete estudos de intervenções quase experimentais basearam suas premissas no modelo teórico de Demandas e Recursos no Trabalho. As intervenções de job crafting aumentaram os diferentes tipos de comportamentos de job crafting, o bem-estar e o desempenho no trabalho. As inconsistências sobre os efeitos significativos nos recursos do trabalho e no engajamento no trabalho são discutidas. Recomendações para futuras pesquisas sobre intervenções de job crafting nas organizações são apresentadas.

Resumen El job crafting es el rediseño del trabajo, ascendente y proactivo, para mejorar el ajuste entre el individuo y su trabajo. Las intervenciones de job crafting son entrenamientos o métodos destinados a estimular o desarrollar comportamientos de rediseño del trabajo en los empleados. Este artículo hace una revisión sistemática de la investigación sobre los efectos de las intervenciones de job crafting e identifica sus tendencias y brechas. Consultamos las bases de dados PsycINFO, Academic Search Premier, Web of Science y SciELO, utilizando los descriptores "job crafting" y "interventions", entre 2007 y septiembre de 2017. Identificamos ocho estudios que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Siete estudios de intervenciones casi experimentales basaron sus premisas en la teoría de las Demandas y Recursos en el Trabajo. Las intervenciones de job crafting aumentaron los diferentes tipos de comportamientos de job crafting, el bienestar y el rendimiento en el trabajo. Se discuten las inconsistencias sobre los efectos significativos en los recursos del trabajo y en el work engagement. Se presentan recomendaciones para futuras investigaciones sobre intervenciones de job crafting en las organizaciones.

Job Crafting: Uma Revisão da Produção Científica Internacional / Job Crafting: A Review of International Scientific Production / Job Crafting: Una Revisión de la Producción Científica Internacional

O Job crafting é um processo de ações proativas para alterar o trabalho, buscando adequá-lo aos valores e interesses do indivíduo. No presente estudo, foi revisada a produção científica internacional sobre o construto, com único descritor "job crafting", no período de 2000 a maio de 2015, nas bases de dados PsycINFO e EBSCO. Ao final, 34 artigos foram analisados seguindo os critérios: ano de publicação, periódico de publicação, autoria, tipo de estudo, método e instrumentos utilizados. Constatou-se um crescimento de publicações científicas, especificamente de estudos empíricos quantitativos, impulsionados pelo desenvolvimento de medidas. Evidenciou-se uma difusão das publicações em diferentes periódicos, lideradas por Holanda e Estados Unidos da América. Argumenta-se em prol da adaptação de medidas de job crafting no Brasil.(AU)

Job crafting is a process of proactive actions to change the work, seeking to customize it to the values and interests of the individual. In this study we reviewed the international scientific literature on the construct, with a single descriptor "job crafting", from 2000 to May 2015, in PsycINFO and EBSCO databases. We analyzed 34 articles following the criteria: year of publication, publishing journal, authorship, study type, method and instruments used. We tracked an increase of scientific publications, specifically quantitative empirical studies, driven by the development of measures. This diffusion of the publications was found in different journals, led by the Netherlands and the United States. We argue for the adaptation of Job crafting measures in Brazil.(AU)

El job crafting es un proceso de acciones proactivas para alterar el trabajo, tratando de adecuarlo a los valores e intereses de la persona. En este estudio hemos revisado la literatura científica internacional sobre el constructo, con el único descriptor "job crafting", de 2000 a mayo de 2015, en las bases de datos PsycINFO y EBSCO. Fueron analizados 34 artículos siguiendo los criterios: año de publicación, periódico de publicación, autor, tipo de estudio, método e intrumentos utilizados. Se constató um aumento de las publicaciones científicas, específicamente de estudios empíricos cuantitativos, impulsado por el desarrollo de medidas. Se evidenció una difusión de las publicaciones en diferentes periódicos, lideradas por Holanda y Estados Unidos. Se argumenta a favor de la adaptación de las medidas de Job crafting en Brasil.(AU)

Cómo los empleados mantienen su engagement en el trabajo / How do engaged employees stay engaged?

El presente trabajo apunta a descubrir qué pueden hacer los empleados para estar más engaged con su trabajo. Después de definir qué se entiende por un engagement perdurable, hacemos una revisión de la bibliografía existente sobre el engagement entendido como un estado mental del individuo. Además, analizamos las diferentes investigaciones que se han dedicado a estudiar la relación que hay entre engagement, por un lado, y (a) desempeño laboral, (b) conducta proactiva y (c) personalización del trabajo, por el otro. Finalmente, revisamos la evidencia que sustenta las relaciones recíprocas entre el engagement, los recursos personales y laborales. Concluimos que los empleados engaged se encargan de mantener su propio compromiso en el trabajo, modificando proactivamente su ambiente laboral. Como resultado, los empleados engaged no sólo hacen un uso total de los recursos laborales disponibles, sino que también son capaces de crear sus propios recursos para mantenerse comprometidos.

The present literature review focuses on what employees can do to stay engaged. After defining enduring work engagement, we review the literature on state work engagement. In addition, we discuss research on the relationship between engagement on the one hand, and (a) job performance, (b) proactive behavior, and (c) job crafting on the other. Finally, we review the evidence for reciprocal relationships between work engagement and job and personal resources. We conclude that engaged employees take care of their own work engagement by proactively shaping their work environment. As a result, engaged employees do not only make full use of the available job resources, but they also create their own resources to stay engaged.