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Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma (KHE) is a locally aggressive vascular tumor usually seen in children. It is frequently associated with Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon. Here we report two cases of KHE: the first case being an 11-month-old boy who came with massive swelling on the face and violaceous discoloration. The second case was a 7-year-old boy who presented with respiratory distress and bleeding manifestations. CT scan chest showed a large mass involving the anterior mediastinum. Histologic examination of resected masses from both these cases showed features of KHE involving subcutaneous tissue and thymus, respectively. Although cutaneous and subcutaneous location is common, thymic involvement is unusual. It is important to distinguish KHE from infantile haemangioma, tufted angioma, spindle-cell haemangioma, verrucous malformation and Kaposi sarcoma. Histologic features, supportive immunohistochemistry and the clinical profile together are helpful to differentiate KHE from other vascular lesions.
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Resumen Introducción: El hemangioendotelioma kaposiforme (HEK) es un tumor vascular poco frecuente caracterizado por una invasión local agresiva y un síndrome de atrapamiento de plaquetas conocido como fenómeno de Kasabach-Merritt. Aunque muchos casos de HEK se tratan con éxito con control local o quimioterapia de baja intensidad, otros son resistentes y se cuenta con pocas opciones terapéuticas. El objetivo de este reporte es mostrar la experiencia del tratamiento con sirolimus por vía oral en un paciente pediátrico con HEK asociado a fenómeno de Kasabach-Merritt refractario al tratamiento de primera línea, quien mostró excelente respuesta al tratamiento. Caso clínico: Paciente de sexo masculino de 3 meses con un HEK refractario al manejo de primera línea (corticoides, propranolol, vincristina), sin posibilidad de hacer control local, por lo que se decide terapia combinada con sirolimus, presentando control local y resolución de la coagulopatía desde la primera semana de iniciado el manejo y con resolución de la malformación vascular después de 12 meses de seguimiento. Conclusiones: Aunque no existen pautas claras para el tratamiento del HEK refractario en la edad pediátrica, la evidencia actual demuestra que el sirolimus es un medicamento eficaz que puede ser considerado como opción terapéutica de primera línea en estos pacientes.
Abstract Background: Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma (KHE) is a rare vascular tumor characterized by aggressive local invasion and a platelet entrapment syndrome known as the Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon. Although many cases of KHE are successfully treated with local control or low-intensity chemotherapy, some cases are often resistant, with few therapeutic options available. Here, we report a pediatric patient with KHE associated with Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon refractory to first-line treatment, who demonstrated excellent response to treatment. Case report: We present the case of a 3-month-old male patient with a KHE refractory to first-line treatment (vincristine, corticosteroids, propranolol), without possibility of local control treatment. Therefore, combined therapy with sirolimus was decided, presenting local control and resolution of the coagulopathy from the first week after starting the management and with resolution of vascular malformation after 12 months of follow-up. Conclusions: Although there are no clear guidelines for the treatment of refractory KHE in the pediatric population, current evidence demonstrate that sirolimus is an effective option that could be considered as a first-line treatment in such patients.
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Objective To study the clinical features,diagnosis and treatment in the neonates of Kasabach-Merritt phenomenn (KMP).Method To analyze retrospectively the data collected from the 9 neonates of Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon in our neonatal intensive care unit from January 2016 to March 2017.The data of their clinical presentation,imaging findings,treatment and outcomes were analyzed.Result Among the 9 cases,there were 6 males and 3 females,with onset age of 0 ～ 14 d.The hemangiomas were located over the body surface of the neck,back,trunk and limbs in 4 cases.The others were located in the deep organs in 5 cases.2 cases were found hepatic hemangiomas by fetal ultrasound and 3 cases had symptoms of poor response,dyspnea and nasal bleeding with occult onset.All the 9 cases had thrombocytopenia,and the average platelet count was 24.0 × 109/L.The imaging findings showed the changes of hemangiomas,and among them,3 cases were associated with arteriovenous fistula.In one case,the biopsy pathology diagnosis was Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma.Among 8 cases which was treated,2 cases had systemic medication,2 cases had interventional embolization and 4 cases were treated with combined therapy (interventional embolization together with medication),including 1 case of definitive surgical treatment.Finally 7 cases improved,1 case with severe thrombocytopenia and coagulation disorders did not improve and treatment abandoned and 1 case died before treatment.Conclusion The symptomatology of KMP is various,which is related to the location of the lesion.The imaging studies are helpful to diagnosis.Massive hemorrhage and multiple organ dysfunction can be fatal.The treatments are different among cases,for most cases with proper treatment the prognosis are good.
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Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon (KMP),also known as Kasabach-Merritt syndrome,is a rare syndrome associated with Kaposiform haemangioendothelioma or tufted angioma,and characterized by thrombocytopenia and consumptive coagulopathy.KMP onsets early and progresses quickly.If diagnosis and treatment delayed,it can be life-threatening.In this paper,the progress of clinical manifestations,pathogenesis,diagnosis and treatment of KMP are summarized.
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We treated a neonate who was diagnosed as rapidly involuting congenital hemangioma (RICH). With a review on the clinical manifestation, differential diagnosis, and treatment of RICH that associated with thrombocytopenia(TP)and coagulopathy(CP)and received platelet transfusions and embolization therapy including absolute ethanol and polidocanol in our hospital in March of 2015. The platelets and coagulation function soon returned to normal, the tumor involuted significantly. Surgical excision was proceeded subsequently. The platelets returned to normal level after a one-time platelet transfusion, meanwhile, multiple reexaminations of blood coagulation function were normal. Postoperatively, incision wound healed well. There was no recurrence, and the functional recovery of upper limb was satisfactory. RICH is a rare type of vascular tumor which may present with TP and CP similar to KHE-KMP in the neonatal period. More attention should be addressed to identify these two diseases, because the treatment and prognosis of which have significant differences. Consumption of coagulation factors with milder platelet decrease may also be a complication of slow flow venous or venolymphatic malformations.
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Objective@#To assess the safety and effectiveness of sufficient, short-term platelet (PLT) transfusion for the surgery preparation of the infantile patients with Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon, who were insensitive to glucocorticoids.@*Methods@#The infantile cases were retrospectively analyzed during May 2011 to December 2016, who were clinically diagnosed as KMP and insensitive to glucocorticoids, received PLT transfusion and surgical resection. PLT transfusion in patients whose PLTC was less than 30×109/L, was 0.3 therapeutic dose(TD)/kg, and 0.2 TD/kg in PLTC≥30×109/L group. The maximum was 1 TD.Criteria of the PLT transrusion: 1 hour after the transfusion, the PLT count (PLTC) were tested and the corrected count increment of platelet (CCI) and practical platelet recovery (PPR) was calculated. PLTC ≥100×109/L, CCI>7.5×109/L and PPR>30% were defined as effective; while PLTC=(50-99)×109/L, CCI>7.5×109/L and PPR>30% as partial effective; PLTC<50×109/L, or CCI≤7.5×109/L, or PPR ≤30% were defined as ineffective. By reviewing the method and response of their PLT infusions, to figure out the most effective way in rising PLT, as a part of pre-operation treatment.@*Results@#There were 46 cases in the research. Based on the PLTC, CCI and PPR 1 hour after PLT transfusion, there were 44 effective transfusion, 2 patients with partial effectiveness, and no ineffective case. There was no allergic or heart failure happened in any cases. No critical potential complications of PLT transfusion occurred, including fluid and iron overload, alloimmunization to human leukocyte antigen and/or PLT antigen.@*Conclusions@#Pre-operative sufficient and short-term PLT infusions are more effective than low dose and long-term ones. They can create a more optimistic opportunity for surgical resections.
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Objective To explore the diagnosis and treatment of Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma (KHE),deepen the understanding of KHE and Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon (KMP),and discuss the optimal treatment for KHE.Methods From January 2008 to August 2016,13 cases of KHE were confirmed by surgery or biopsy pathology and admitted to the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University,and the clinical diagnosis and treatment were analyzed retrospectively.Results There were 13 patients(7 males and 6 females) with a median age of 1.0 years(0.2-10.0 years),and 84.6%(11/13 cases) were infants and young children,76.9% (10/13 cases) involved with deep tissue,23.1% (3/13 cases) were associated with KMP and they were younger than 1 year old,and 15.4% (2/13 cases) coexisted with hemangioma or lymphangioma.The location,extent and infiltration depth of the lesion were observed by imaging examinations and histopathology showed nodule shaped spindle tumor cells.Radical resection was considered if possible.Dose of Vincristine (0.5 mg/m2 weekly) and Propranolol [1 mg/(kg·d)] were administered.The prognosis was different in thirteen cases undergoing different treatments.After 3 months to 9 years follow-up,41.7% (5/12 cases) survived after tumor treatment.Conclusions KHE happens mostly in infants and young children,with varying clinical manifestations and a high recurrence rate.The diagnosis of KHE is based on histological examination,computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging while it still need explicit pathological diagnosis is needed.KHE may be accompanied by hemangioma or lymphangioma.Prognosis is affected by many factors and the comprehensive treatment is required.KMP should be remedied preferentially,individual treatment protocol and long term follow-up are necessary.
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Objective To improve understanding of the clinical manifestations, diagnosis and treatment of childhood Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon (KMP). Methods The clinical data of 13 patients admitted for KMP to XXX from January 2010 to January 2016 was retrospectively analyzed, with a review of relevant literature. Results The patients were 10 males and 3 females. The age of presentation varied from newborn to 5 months. 12 patients had cutaneous manifestations, like petechiae, ecchymosis, jaundice, skin masses, etc, 1 patient had pleural effusion. The location of lesions varied. The laboratory hallmark consists of profound thrombocytopenia and hypofibrinogenemia with elevated D-dimers. The median time from initial presentation to diagnosis was 60 days. After approaches like surgery, corticosteroids, propranolol, interferon, sirolimus, etc, 10 patients got remission while 3 patients died. 6 patients treated with sirolimushad complete response. Conclusions KMP is characterized with vascular tumor, severe thrombocytopenia and consumptive coagulopathy. Clinically, KMP often presents with early-onset and delay in diagnosis. Surgery is an effective approach for KMP. Sirolimus appears to be a promising treatment for KMP.
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Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma ( KHE ) is a vascular tumor characterized by intermediate malignancy.Retrospective analysis and literature review on the clinical pathologic,immunohistochemical and clini-cal data of a patient with mesentery KHE.The cardinal symptom of this patient is alimentary track hemorrhage, imageological diagnosed as a huge soft tissue mass of mesentery and invaded ileum.Clinical feature is without Ka-sabach-Merritt phenomenon,observing under the light microscope.The tumor is with cavernous vascular structure, and lymphocyte infiltration inside of stroma.The nodules are composed of disposed and lots of short spindle cell tumor;the tumor cells inside of the nodules are vertical and horizontal staggered and form tendon like or fissuring vessels.Immunohistochemistry:CD31(+),CD34(+),D2-40(+),C-Kit(-),SMA(-),Ki-67(1%).
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Objective To describe and examine the clinical characteristics and spectrum of tufted angiomas (TA) in infants so as to explore the therapeutic approaches to Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon (KMP).Methods The clinical and follow-up data of 24 patients with TA were retrospectively analyzed between Jan.2009 and Mar.2013.The median age of the patients was 7.5 months(ranged from 18 days to 2 years),including l0 male and 14 female.Surgical excision and observation were chosen according to the lesion and conditions of the patients.The mean follow-up period was 3.6 years (1.2 to 5.4 years).The changes in the patients' s condition were established by evaluating platelet counts,and the size of lesion.Results Common clinical features included dusky red or violaceous infiltrating cutaneous lesion,thrombocytopenia,pain or decreased function and hyperhidrosis or hypertrichosis.The following 3 clinical patterns of TA progress were described:spontaneous complete or partial regression (n =2,8.3％),TA without complications and persistence over the years(n =9,37.5％),and TA complicated by KMP(n =13,54.2％).The average interval of development of KMP for delayed cases was 45.2 days(ranged 0 d to 4 months).Each of the 13 patients who developed KMP subsequent to initial presentation was symptomatic at the time KMP was detected(enlarged lesion,n =8;increased lesion firmness with change in cutaneous stain,n =3 ;and respiratory distress,n =2).All of 13 patients were cured by surgery.Complete surgical resections were performed on 10 cases.The thrombocyte count was back to normal within 1-3 days post operation,and hemoglobin and blood coagulation function gradually returned to normal within 1 to 2 weeks.Other 3 cases received major resection surgery.The number of platelets in the patients were unstable,but significantly higher than that of preoperational stage.The platelet count remained above 60 × 109/L.The residue lesions in 2 cases disappeared gradually after the operation and medication were given within 3-6 months.And the other case died of multiple organ failure post-operation.Conclusions Surgical intervention can be applied to TA that severely makes damage to children's appearance or looks or may be complicated with KMP or functional abnormality.A closely monitored policy seems appropriate for the early small tumor without severe complications.And it is necessary to monitor the number of the platelet regularly and find the KMP by as early as possible.TA associated with KMP is vitol to infants.And surgical therapy after clear diagnosis should be done as early as possible.The surgical therapy is a reliable management with higher curative rate,short disease period and minimal side-effect.
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Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon (KMP) is characterized by thrombocytopenia with enlarging vascular tumour,KMP usually develops in infancy and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality,the mortality rate is reported as high as 30％.It commonly reported sites of tumor include extremities,trunk,retroperitoneum and neck.There is no consensus in treatment and various regimens have been used by different authors.This report is aim to learn the pathophysiology of the KMP and its diagnosis and treatment.
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Introducción: El hemangioendotelioma kaposiforme (HEK) es un tumor vascular poco frecuente, que se asocia a coagulopatía grave, conocida como fenómeno de Kasabach-Merritt (FKM). Puede ser letal en 20 por ciento de los casos. Se han descrito múltiples tratamientos, pero a pesar de las complicaciones potencialmente severas que pueden presentar estos pacientes, no hay hasta ahora un protocolo único. Existen experiencias internacionales, en modelos experimentales, con el uso de Sirolimus (SRL), macrólido, inhibidor de mTOR, con actividad antiangiogénica. Sin embargo, la experiencia de su uso en niños en el tratamiento de anomalías vasculares como el HEK es limitada. Objetivo: Reportar la evolución de dos pacientes con HEK y FKM tratados con SRL en centros oncológicos, después de múltiples fallas con otras terapias. Casos clínicos: Reportamos dos recién nacidos con HEK profundo asociado a FKM, refractarios a terapias habituales y que evolucionaron con complicaciones amenazantes de la vida, en quienes se inicio tratamiento con SRL. El uso de SRL permitió que los dos pacientes mostraran mejoría en su estado clínico, con normalización del recuento de plaquetas y de las pruebas de coagulación, disminución del tamaño de la lesión, del dolor asociado, desaparición del riesgo vital y sin efectos adversos. Conclusión: SRL parece ser efectivo y seguro en el tratamiento de HEK, representando una nueva opción terapéutica, disponible en nuestro medio.
Introduction: Kaposiform Hemangioendothelioma (KHE) is a rare vascular tumor, which is associated with the severe coagulopathy known as Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon (KMP). This condition has a mortality rate around 20 percent. Many treatments have been described, but despite the potentially severe complications that these patients may present, so far there is not a single protocol to follow. International experimental models have used Sirolimus (SRL), a macrolide mTOR inhibitor with antiangiogenic effect. However, its use in children against vascular anomalies, such as KHE, is limited. Objective: To report the development of two patients with KHE and KMP treated with SRL in cancer centers, after multiple failures with other therapies. Case reports: Two infants with severe KHE associated to FKM, resistant to standard therapies and who overcame life-threatening complications after treatment with SRL are presented. After SRL, the two patients showed normal platelet counts and coagulation tests, reduced lesion size and associated pain, no presence of life threatening conditions or side effects. Conclusion: SRL appears to be effective and safe in treating KHE, representing a new available therapeutic option.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Antibióticos Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Hemangioendotelioma/tratamento farmacológico , Inibidores da Angiogênese/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Vasculares/tratamento farmacológico , Sirolimo/uso terapêutico , Síndrome de Kasabach-MerrittRESUMO
El fenómeno de Kasabach-Merrit (FKM) es una coagulopatía por consumo que se presenta en las primeras semanas de la vida. Se caracteriza por presentar coagulopatía por consumo, con trombocitopenia y anemia hemolítica microangiopática, asociado a un tumor vascular. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar tres pacientes con tumores vasculares que manifestaron FKM y fueron tratados con vincristina como droga de segunda línea, atendidos en el Servicio de Dermatología del Hospital de Pediatría J. P. Garrahan. Dos pacientes presentaron el tumor al nacimiento y otro a partir de los dos meses de vida. Dos fueron niñas y uno varón.Todos los pacientes tenían una trombocitopenia severa (3 000/mm_), bajos niveles de fibrinógeno y dimero D elevado. Los tumores estaban localizados en región proximal de miembro inferior, tronco y miembro superior, y región cervical. Ninguno de nuestros pacientes tuvo compromiso de órganos internos. El diagnóstico histológico en dos de ellos fue de hemangioendotelioma kaposiforme (HEK). Los corticoides fueron el tratamiento de primera linea: metilprednisona 3mg/kg/día por vía oral. En un paciente el tumor continuó creciendo a pesar de haber asociado interferón alfa 2 a la corticoterapia y realizarle secundariamente una embolización. Dada la falta de respuesta clínica y hematológica, se decidió iniciar tratamiento con vincristina 1mg/m2/dosis/IV semanal. Todos los pacientes normalizaron los parámetros hematológicos, con franca mejoría clínica, dos pacientes a la quinta y otro a la sexta dosis de vincristina, con involución gradual del tamaño del tumor. Ninguno de los pacientes presentó complicaciones secundarias al tratamiento ni recidivas de su enfermedad a la fecha. La duración promedio de tratamiento fue de 35±6 días. Podemos concluir que el uso de vincristina es considerado en la actualidad una droga de segunda línea en el tratamiento de tumores vasculares con FKM (AU)
Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon (KMP) is a consumptive coagulopathy that typicallly presents in the first few weeks of life. It is characterized by a triad of vascular tumor, thrombocytopenia and coagulopathy. We reviewed the clinical and hematologic data and response to therapeutic with vincristine in three patients who had a vascular tumor and KMP at the Dermatology Department of Hospital de Pediatría J. P. Garrahan.Tumors were present at birth in two patients and in one at two months old. Two were girls and one was a boy. All patients had severe thrombocytopenia (Lowest platelets count 3 000/mm_), consumption of fibrinogen and lower D-dimer levels.Tumors were localized on proximal lower limb, trunk and upper limb and cervical area. None of our patients had internal involvement. Histopathology finding in two of them was kaposiform hemangioendothelioma. First line of treatment was prednisolone 3-5mg/kg/day. In one patient the tumor size continued to increase in spite of simultaneous treatment with corticosteroid and interferon alfa-2a plus embolization. After corticosteroids treatment failure, correction of coagulopathy and tumor regression occurred in our three patients after 5 to 6 doses of vincristine 0.5-1mg/m_ IV weekly with almost complete tumor regression and correction of coagulopathy.The average duration of treatment was 35±6days. None of the patients developed complications due to this intervention nor experienced recurrence of the tumor.The use of vincristine is currently a second line treatment of vascular tumors with KMP (AU)
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Recém-Nascido , Lactente , Vincristina/uso terapêutico , Síndrome de Kasabach-Merritt/tratamento farmacológico , Hemangioendotelioma/tratamento farmacológicoRESUMO
Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon does not occur with common hemangioma, rather it is associated with the more aggressive Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma and rarely with other vascular neoplasm. We report the case of an adult who was diagnosed as Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma complicated by Kasabach-Memtt phenomenon. This is the first report in Korea of an adult with Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon who has osteolytic changes of femur, pelvic bone, and lumbar spine.