Uso de ceftazidima-avibactam en una recién nacida prematura con infección urinaria bacteriémica por Klebsiella pneumoniae productora de carbapenemasa / Use of ceftazidime-avibactam in a preterm infant with urinary tract infection with bacteremia caused by carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae

Los recién nacidos tienen un alto riesgo de morbimortalidad asociada a infecciones durante su estancia en unidades de cuidado intensivo neonatal, a lo que se asocia un aumento progresivo de infecciones por microorganismos multi-resistentes que requiere el uso de nuevos antimicrobianos. Presentamos el caso de una recién nacida de pretérmino de 36 semanas que cursó con una infección del tracto urinario bacteriémica por Klebsiella pneumoniae productora de carbapenemasa tratada de forma efectiva con 14 días de cefazi- dima-avibactam, sin efectos adversos observados. Según nuestro conocimiento, este es el primer caso reportado en nuestro país del uso de este antimicrobiano en población neonatal. Se necesita más información sobre la eficacia y seguridad de ceftazidima-avibactam en este grupo de pacientes.

Neonates are high risk patients regarding morbimortality secondary to infections during their neonatal intensive care unit stay, which is associated to a progressive increase in the report of multidrug resistant organism infections, that require the use of new antimicrobial. We report the case of a 36-week preterm with an urinary tract infection with bacteriemia caused by carbapenemase- producing Klebsiella pneumoniae treated effectively with 14 day of ceftazidime-avibactam, without observed adverse effects. To our knowledge, this is the first case report in our country of the use of this antibiotic in neonatal population. More information is needed regarding efficacy and safety of ceftazidime-avibactam in this group of patients.

Percepciones del enfermero en el cuidado del paciente con aislamiento de contacto infectado por Klebsiella Pneumoniae carbapenemasa / Perceptions of the nurse in the care of the patient with isolation of contact infected by Klebsiella Pneumoniae carbapenemase

La percepción como concepto es el proceso mediante el cual la conciencia integra los estímulos sensoriales sobre objetos, hechos o situaciones y los transforma en experiencia útil. El presente trabajo fue una investigación cualitativa de tipo fenomenológico, cuyo objetivo principal es analizar cuáles son las percepciones del enfermero en el cuidado del paciente con aislamiento de contacto infectado por Klebsiella Pneumoniae Carbapenemasa. Los participantes fueron los enfermeros del internado general y de la unidad de terapia intensiva. El análisis de datos se realizó a través de la transcripción de las entrevistas resaltando puntos fuertes y relacionándolos entre ellos para poder obtener dimensiones y características comunes. Los participantes firmaron un consentimiento informado en donde se les solicito permiso para la grabación. Los hallazgos se organizaron en 3 dimensiones: percepción emocional del enfermero que se expresa en el miedo, la incertidumbre y la necesidad de conocimiento, el apoyo entre colegas como medio para afrontar las emociones y la igualdad y comprensión a la hora de brindar cuidado al paciente aislado por Klebsiella Pneumoniae carbapenemasa. Percepción empática que se evidencia en la empatía del personal de enfermería frente al paciente con aislamiento de contacto por Klebsiella Pneumoniae carbapenemasa. Comportamiento en la relación enfermero-paciente expresa la importancia del conocimiento y evidencia como el actuar de enfermería mejora a través de la adquisición del mismo logrando mejora en la calidad de atención brindando seguridad y confianza, no solo al paciente, sino a su propio equipo. Conclusión: Los servicios de enfermería necesitan brindar un acompañamiento con orientación desde un primer momento al enfermero que brinda cuidado al paciente con aislamiento por Klebsiella Pneumoniae carbapenemasa[AU]

Summary: perception as a concept is the process by which consciousness integrates sensory stimuli on objects, events or situations and transforms them into useful experience. The present work was a qualitative phenomenological investigation, the main objective of which is to analyze the perceptions of the nurse in the care of the patient with contact isolation infected by Klebsiella Pneumoniae Carbapenemasa. The participants were the nurses from the general boarding school and the intensive care unit. The data analysis was carried out through the transcription of the interviews, highlighting strong points nd relating them to each other in order to obtain common dimensions and characteristics. The participants signed an informed consent requesting permission for the recording. The findings were organized in 3 dimensions: emotional perception of the nurse that is expressed in fear, uncertainty and the need for knowledge, support among colleagues as a means to face emotions, and equality and understanding when providing care to the patient. isolated by Klebsiella Pneumoniae carbapenemasa. Empathic perception that is evidenced in the empathy of the nursing staff towards the patient with contact isolation due to Klebsiella Pneumoniae carbapenemase. Behavior in the nurse-patient relationship expresses the importance of knowledge and evidence of how nursing actions improve through the acquisition of it, achieving an improvement in the quality of care, providing security and confidence, not only to the patient, but to their own team. Conclusion: Nursing services need to provide guidance with guidance from the first moment to the nurse who provides care to the patient with Klebsiella Pneumoniae carbapenemasa isolation[AU]

A percepção como conceito é o processo pelo qual a consciência integra estímulos sensoriais em objetos, eventos ou situações e os transforma em experiências úteis. O presente trabalho foi uma investigação qualitativa fenomenológica, cujo objetivo principal é analisar as percepções do enfermeiro no cuidado ao paciente com isolamento de contato infectado por Klebsiella Pneumoniae Carbapenemasa. Os participantes foram os enfermeiros do internato geral e da unidade de terapia intensiva. A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio da transcrição das entrevistas, destacando os pontos fortes e relacionando-os entre si a fim de obter dimensões e características comuns. Os participantes assinaram um termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido solicitando permissão para a gravação. Os achados foram organizados em 3 dimensões: percepção emocional do enfermeiro que se expressa no medo, incerteza e necessidade de conhecimento, apoio entre os colegas como forma de enfrentar as emoções e igualdade e compreensão no cuidado ao paciente. Isolado por Klebsiella Pneumoniae carbapenemasa. Percepção empática que se evidencia na empatia da equipe de enfermagem para com o paciente com isolamento de contato por Klebsiella Pneumoniae carbapenemase. O comportamento na relação enfermeiro-paciente expressa a importância do conhecimento e da evidência de como a ação de enfermagem se aprimora por meio de sua aquisição, alcançando uma melhoria na qualidade da assistência, proporcionando segurança e confiança, não só ao paciente, mas à própria equipe. Conclusão: Os serviços de enfermagem precisam fornecer orientações com orientações desde o primeiro momento ao enfermeiro que presta cuidados ao paciente com isolamento de Klebsiella Pneumoniae carbapenemasa[AU]

Caracterización de carbapenemasas en enterobacterias de muestras de pacientes que acudieron al Hospital General San Juan de Dios de la ciudad de Guatemala durante 2014 y 2015 / Characterization of carbapenemases in Enterobacteriaceae of samples of patients who attended the San Juan de Dios General Hospital in Guatemala City during 2014 and 2015

En salud pública a nivel mundial, la producción de carbapenemasas es actualmente el mayor problema de resistencia antimicrobiana. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar las carbapenemasas en enterobacterias en pacientes que acudieron al Hospital General San Juan de Dios de la ciudad de Guatemala y determinar servicios hospitalarios y tipos de muestras más frecuentes. Se usaron datos de 2014 y 2015 del área de bacteriología del hospital; se realizó una revisión sistemática, selección, ordenamiento y cálculo de frecuencias y porcentajes. En 2014, 165/165 (100 %) de las carbapenemasas fueron de tipo metalo-ß-lactamasas (MBL); en 2015, 90/118 (76 %) MBL y 28/118 (24 %) Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemasa (KPC). Klebsiella pneumoniae fue la enterobacteria productora de carbapenemasas (CPE) aislada con más frecuencia, 134/165 (81 %) en 2014 y 82/118 (69 %) en 2015. En 2014 la unidad de cuidados intensivos de neonatos obtuvo el mayor porcentaje de aislamientos de CPE, 30/165 (18 %); en 2015, medicina de hombres fue el servicio con el mayor porcentaje de CPE, 13/118 (11 %). El tipo de muestra más frecuente en 2014 fue sangre, 67/165 (41 %); en el 2015 fue orina, 31/118 (26 %). Los resultados evidencian la persistencia de carbapenemasas tipo MBL y la aparición de nuevos tipos, específicamente carbapenemasas tipo KPC, que destacan la necesidad de actuar urgentemente ante el riesgo que suponen para la salud de la población.

In public health worldwide, carbapenemase production is currently the biggest problem of antimicrobial resistance. The objective of this study was to characterize carbapenemases in Enterobacteriaceae of patients who attended the San Juan de Dios General Hospital in Guatemala City and to determine hospital services and types of samples more frequent. Data from 2014 and 2015 of the bacteriology department of the hospital were used; a systematic review, selection, ordering and calculation of frequencies and percentages was conducted. In 2014, 165/165 (100 %) of the carbapenemases were metallo-ß-lactamases (MBL); in 2015, 90/118 (76 %) MBL and 28/118 (24 %) Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC). Klebsiella pneumoniae was the carbapenemases-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) most frequently isolated, 134/165 (81 %) in 2014 and 82/118 (69 %) in 2015. In 2014 the neonatal intensive care unit obtained the highest percentage in CPE, 30/165 (18 %); in 2015, men's medicine was the service with the highest percentage of carbapenemases, 11/138 (11 %). The most frequent type of sample in 2014 was blood, 67/165 (41 %). In 2015 it was urine, 31/118 (26 %). The results obtained highlight the persistence of MBL-type carbapenemases and the appearance of new types of carbapenemases, specifically KPC. These results underline the need to act urgently in Guatemala in the face of the problems that carbapenemases-producing Enterobacteriaceae pose for the health of the population.

Evaluación de la susceptibilidad a colistín y meropenem en Klebsiella pneumoniae productoras de carbapenemasas - KPC

The increase in infections caused by Enterobacterales resistant to carbapenems and other antimicrobials has limited the therapeutic alternatives which have led to the recovery of the use of colistin in clinical practices. Since 2015, a mechanism that confers resistance to colistin through plasmids related to the mcr-1 gene (Mobile Colistin Resistance) was detected, increasing the importance of its susceptibility test in the laboratory. Colistin susceptibility was evaluated by the disk elution method in 24 strains of Carbapenemase-producing type KPC Klebsiella pneumoniae, resulting 4 strains (17 %) resistant to colistin and 20 strains (83 %) intermediate. Also, in these strains, sensitivity to meropenem was evaluated by the E-test® method, finding that 10 strains (41,6 %) were within the acceptable range for their combination with colistin, 5 strains (20, 8 %) were within the uncertain range and 9 strains (37,4 %) were not appropriate for combination with colistin. For the combination of colistin with meropenem to be considered as a therapeutic alternative the MIC of colistin must be ≤ 2 µg /mL with meropenem ≤8 µg /mL, while the MIC between 12-16 µg/mL of meropenem may or not may work; and with a MIC of 32 µg/mL meropenem, the combination is not effective.

Duplex PCR for rapid detection of the drug-resistant genes KPC and NDM / 医学研究生学报

ObjectiveThe nucleic acid technology for detecting drug-resistant genes has become one of the powerful tools for monitoring and controlling the spreading of drug-resistant bacteria. This study was to establish a method for rapid detection of the drug-resistant genes KPC and NDM and provide some guidance in clinical drug use and monitoring the prevalence of drug-resistant bacteria in the hospital.MethodsAccording to the conserved regions of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) and New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM), we designed the primers of duplex PCR, optimized the amplification system and established a method for simultaneous detection of the drug-resistant genes KPC and NDM. Then, we analyzed the sensitivity and specificity of the method and applied it to the detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae.ResultsThe sequences of KPC and NDM exhibited a 100% consistency with those of the original ones. Target fragments of the desired size of 151 bp were detected in the KPC-2 positive standard and Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC BAA 1705 standard strains, and those of the desired size of 261 bp were observed in the NDM-2 positive standard strain and NDM-positive pneumococcal bacteria, neither with non-specific amplification. Sequencing of the PCR products showed a 100% consistency between the sequences of the products and those of the drug-resistant genes KPC-2 and NDM-1. The detectable limits of KPC and NDM for duplex PCR were 7×102 and 5×102 copies per reaction respectively. Drug-resistant genes were detected in 12 (92.3%) of the 13 carbapenems-resistant strains, including 10 KPC-positive (83.3%) and 2 NDM positive ones (16.7%), but neither KPC nor NDM in the other 10 carbapenems-sensitive strains. In the 13 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, KPC was detected in 2 (33.3%) of the 6 carbapenems-resistant ones, but neither KPC nor NDM in the other 7.ConclusionThe duplex PCR method can be used for rapid and effective detection of the drug-resistance genes KPC and NDM, with the advantages of high sensitivity and specificity, and is therefore of great significance for guiding clinical drug use and monitoring the spreading of carbapenems-resistant bacteria in the hospital.

Evaluation of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in a tertiary-level reference hospital in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: The rapid global spread of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) is a threat to the health system. METHODS: We evaluated the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of 70 CRE isolated in a tertiary hospital in Brazil between August and December 2015, and determined their resistance mechanisms. RESULTS: The most prevalent microorganism was Klebsiella pneumoniae (95.7%); it showed high-level resistance to carbapenems (>98%), with sensitivity to colistin (91.4%) and amikacin (98.6%). The bla KPC gene was detected in 80% of the CRE isolates. CONCLUSIONS: Evaluation of bacterial resistance contributes to an appropriate treatment, and the reduction of morbimortality and dissemination of resistance.

Antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae in Brazil: focus on ß-lactams and polymyxins

ABSTRACT During the last 30 years there has been a dissemination of plasmid-mediated β-lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae in Brazil. Extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) are widely disseminated in the hospital setting and are detected in a lower frequency in the community setting. Cefotaximases are the most frequently detected ESBL type and Klebsiella pneumoniae is the predominant species among ESBL producers. Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae became widely disseminated in Brazil during the last decade and KPC production is currently the most frequent resistance mechanism (96.2%) in carbapenem resistant K. pneumoniae. To date KPC-2 is the only variant reported in Brazil. Polymyxin B resistance in KPC-2-producing K. pneumoniae has come to an alarming rate of 27.1% in 2015 in São Paulo, the largest city in Brazil. New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase was detected in Brazil in 2013, has been reported in different Brazilian states but are not widely disseminated. Antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae in Brazil is a very serious problem that needs urgent actions which includes both more strict adherence to infection control measures and more judicious use of antimicrobials.

Does the presence of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase and New Delhi metallo‑β‑lactamase‑1 genes in pathogens lead to fatal outcome.

Introduction: Infections due to multidrug‑resistant (MDR) pathogens are a medical challenge. There is considerable apprehension among clinicians regarding pathogens reported as carrying New Delhi metallo‑β‑lactamase‑1 (NDM) and Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) genes from their patients. In the face of extremely high rates of antimicrobial resistance, it is essential to gauge the clinical significance of isolation of pathogens carrying these genes from clinical samples. This study compares the outcome of patients infected with pathogens carrying NDM/KPC genes versus those without these genes. Methods: The study was conducted over a 1‑year period at a Level‑1 trauma centre. Hospital‑acquired infections were diagnosed on the basis of CDC’s criteria. The correlation of isolation of a multi‑resistant pathogen carrying KPC or NDM genes with the clinical outcome was ascertained. Results: A total of 276 consecutive patients admitted to the Intensive Care Units/wards of the JPNA Trauma Centre were included in this study. Of the 371 isolates recovered from these patients, 116 were from patients who had a fatal outcome. The difference in prevalence of blaNDM and blaKPC was not significant in any genera of Gram‑negative pathogens isolated from patients who survived versus those who had a fatal outcome. Conclusion: Isolation of MDR pathogens carrying NDM/KPC genes from clinical samples is not always a harbinger of a fatal outcome. Efforts should be made to prevent cross‑transmission of these pathogens.

Antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae in Brazil: focus on -lactams and polymyxins

ABSTRACT During the last 30 years there has been a dissemination of plasmid-mediated -lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae in Brazil. Extended spectrum -lactamases (ESBL) are widely disseminated in the hospital setting and are detected in a lower frequency in the community setting. Cefotaximases are the most frequently detected ESBL type and Klebsiella pneumoniae is the predominant species among ESBL producers. Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae became widely disseminated in Brazil during the last decade and KPC production is currently the most frequent resistance mechanism (96.2%) in carbapenem resistant K. pneumoniae. To date KPC-2 is the only variant reported in Brazil. Polymyxin B resistance in KPC-2-producing K. pneumoniae has come to an alarming rate of 27.1% in 2015 in São Paulo, the largest city in Brazil. New Delhi metallo--lactamase was detected in Brazil in 2013, has been reported in different Brazilian states but are not widely disseminated. Antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae in Brazil is a very serious problem that needs urgent actions which includes both more strict adherence to infection control measures and more judicious use of antimicrobials.

Inhibitory-based method for detection of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from burn patients.

Background: Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) is one of the carbapenemases that can cause multi-antibiotics resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii. A simple phenotypic rapid and accurate test for the detection of A. baumannii - KPC-producer can be useful in treating related infections. The aim of this study was to determine the synergism effect of boronic acid (BA), as an inhibitor, and meropenem to confi rm modifi ed Hodge test (MHT) positive strains for KPC-production. Materials and Methods: Totally, 126 A. baumannii isolates were used as clinical strains. Imipenem resistant isolates were identifi ed by disk diffusion method according to the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute recommendations. Presence of KPC in imipenem resistant isolates was determined using the MHT. In addition, we used BA as a KPC inhibitor for fi nal confi rmation of the species of interest. Additionally, we employed the use of synergism effect of meropenem and cloxacillin to detect false positive cases. Results: Of 126 strains, 108 were resistant to imipenem, for which 93 strains were MHT positive. Totally, 68 out of 93 MHT positive isolates had at least 5 mm enlargement of the diameter of the zone of growth inhibition between the meropenem alone and meropenem combined with BA. Of these 68 isolates, 8 had at least 5 mm enlargement of the diameter of the zone of growth inhibition with BA alone and in 60 strains it was observed by cloxacillin. Conclusion: Our study suggests that MHT alone cannot confi rm KPC-producer microorganisms and that it requires other complementary tests such as the usage of inhibitors.

Evaluation of phenotypic tests for detection of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase and metallo-beta-lactamase in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species.

Context: Carbapenemase production is an important mechanism responsible for carbapenem resistance. Aims: Phenotypic detection and differentiation of types of carbapenemase in carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae is important for proper infection control and appropriate patient management. Settings and Design: We planned a study to determine the occurrence of Class A Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC type) and Class B Metallo-β-lactamase (MBL type) carbapenemase in hospital and community. Materials and Methods: Clinical isolates of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species and simultaneously evaluate different phenotypic methods for detection of carbapenemases. Results: It was observed that 20.72% clinical isolates of E. coli and Klebsiella spp. were resistant to carbapenem on screening of which, 14.64% were E. coli and 29.69% were Klebsiella spp. Using phenotypic confirmatory tests the occurrence of carbapenemase production was found to be 87.01% in E. coli and 91.51% in Klebsiella spp. using both modified Hodge test (MHT) and combined disk test (CDT) using imipenem-ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Conclusions: Both MBL and KPC type carbapenemases were seen among clinical isolates of E. coli and Klebsiella spp. CDT is simple, rapid and technically less demanding procedure, which can be used in all clinical laboratories. Supplementing MHT with CDT is reliable phenotypic tests to identify the class A and class B carbapenemase producers.

Study on resistance mechanisms and epidemiology of Enterobacteriaceae with decreased carbapenem susceptibility / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective To investigate the resistance mechanisms and epidemiology of Enterobacteriaceae isolated from clinical with reduced susceptibility to imipenem or meropenem.Methods 18 strains of Enterobacteriaceae with reduced carbapenem susceptibility were collected during January to August in 2010.The MICs of these strains were determined using automated microbial identification system.ESBLs,AmpC and KPC were tested using the agar dilution method.PCR amplification and DNA sequence were performed to analyze the KPC genes,PFGE was used to examine the molecular epidemiology.Results All 18 strains were detected ESBLs and AmpC,14 strains were detected KPC-2.3 strains with EDTA paper method positive may produce other metal carbapenem,in which 2 strains harbor KPC-2.PFGE types indicate that there were six genotypes among 15 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae.Conclusion Plasmid-mediated KPC-2 was the main reason which makes Enterobacteriaceae reducing carbapenem susceptibility and causes short-term epidemic in hospital.Clinical strains harboring KPC-2 gene may carry multiple resistance genes meanwhile.

Detection of plasmid-mediated carbapenem-hydrolyzing β-lactamase KPC-2 in Morganella morganii / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the molecular epidemiology and mechanisms of carbapenem resistance of Morganella morganii.MethodsSeven carbapenem-non-susceptible M.morganii were isolated from Hangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital from October 2010 to February 2011.Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was performed to analysis the molecular epidemiology of isolates.Antibiotic susceptibilities were determined by agar dilution method.Conjugation experiments were carried out in mixed broth cultures.Plasmid DNA was obtained by an alkalinelysis technique and examined by electrophoresis.Specific PCRs and DNA sequencing were preformed to confirm the genotype of β-lactamases.ResultsPFGE indicated that 6 M.morganii isolates from emergency care unit were indistinguishable or closely related and 1 isolate from intensive care unit was distinguishable.Seven M.morganii showed similar antibiotic susceptibility patterns.M.morganii isolates were resistant to imipenem,were susceptible to meropenem,and were susceptible or intermediate resistant to ertapenem,with MICs of 8 μg/ml,1 μg/ml,and 0.25-0.50 μg/ml,respectively.M.morganii isolates were resistant to penicillins,aztreonam,and ciprofloxacin,were resistant or susceptible to cephalosporins,and were susceptible to amikacin.E.coli (EC600) acquired an approximately 60 kb plasmid from M.morganii by conjugation studies and resistant or intermediate resistant to carbapenems and other β-lactams.PCRs and DNA sequence analysis confirmed that all M.morganii isolates and their E. coli transconjugants produced the KPC-2 carbapenemase and carried the qnrS1 gene.ConclusionIt is the first detection of KPC-2 in M.morganii isolates.Production of KPC-2 mainly contributed to the carbapenem resistance in M.morganii.

Sepse por Serratia marcescens KPC / Serratia marcescens KPC sepsis

A resistência aos carbapenems entre as bactérias não fermentadoras de glicose é comumente descrita. Porém, os relatos de resistência aos carbapenems em enterobactérias ainda são fatos isolados. Neste relato de caso, descrevemos um caso de infecção generalizada por Serratia marcescens carreadora de gene blaKPC. No Brasil, já foram relatados casos de isolados de Klebsiella pneumoniae e Escherichia coli carreando gene blaKPC, ficando evidente a emergência desse tipo de carbapenemase e sua disseminação entre espécies diferentes de enterobactérias em nosso país.

Carbapenem resistance among Gram-negative non fermentative bacteria is widely known, whereas carbapenem resistance among Enterobacteriaceae is rare. In this study we describe a case of sepsis caused by Serratia marcescens carrying blaKPC gene. In Brazil, cases of KPC have been reported in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli, which shows the emergence of this kind of carbapenemase and its dissemination among different species of Enterobacteriaceae in our country.

Avaliação fenotípica da enzima Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) em Enterobacteriaceae de ambiente hospitalar / Phenotypic research on Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) enzyme in Enterobacteriaceae from hospitals

INTRODUÇÃO E OBJETIVO: A resistência bacteriana é problema frequente e importante no ambiente nosocomial. Nesse contexto, várias bactérias apresentam habilidade de desenvolver mecanismos de resistência enzimáticos, destacando-se as Enterobacteriaceae. Nesta família de microrganismos, a produção de Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) é um mecanismo emergente, o que justifica sua vigilância constante. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Este trabalho pesquisou o fenótipo de KPC em 30 isolados clínicos de enterobactérias resistentes a cefalosporinas de terceira geração e sensibilidade diminuída a carbapenem oriundas de dois hospitais (em Porto Alegre e na Grande Porto Alegre, RS). Realizou-se discodifusão com imipenem, meropenem e ertapenem, e 14 cepas com halo < 22 mm para o último antimicrobiano foram submetidas ao teste de Hodge modificado. RESULTADOS: Nenhuma amostra apresentou carbapenemase (Hodge negativo). DISCUSSÃO: Apesar de não ter sido detectada carbapenemase, a resistência aos carbapenens possivelmente pode ser atribuída à presença de betalactamases cromossômicas (AmpC) e/ ou de amplo espectro (ESBL) associada à alteração de permeabilidade nos canais de porina. CONCLUSÃO: Considerando o caráter emergente da KPC, torna-se importante seu rastreamento em isolados de enterobactérias com sensibilidade diminuída ao ertapenem.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE: Bacterial resistance is a frequent and important problem in the nosocomial environment. In this context, several bacteria have the ability to develop mechanisms of enzymatic resistance, mainly Enterobacteriaceae. In this family of microorganisms, the production of Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC) is an emerging mechanism, which should be under constant observation. MATERIAL AND METHOD: This study investigated the phenotype of KPC in 30 clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae resistant to third generation cephalosporin and carbapenem from two hospitals (Porto Alegre city and Porto Alegre, RS). It was performed disk diffusion method with imipenem, meropenem and ertapenem. Additionally, 14 strains with halo < 22 mm for the last antimicrobial agent underwent modified Hodge test. RESULTS: No sample showed carbapenemase (Hodge negative). DISCUSSION: Despite the fact there was no carbapenemase, resistance to carbapenems is possibly attributed to the presence of beta-lactamases AmpC and/or ESBL associated with changes in the permeability of porin channels. CONCLUSION: Given the emerging nature of KPC, it is important to trace it in Enterobacteriaceae isolates with decreased susceptibility to ertapenem.