Croton stipulaceus Kunth, a native Mexican medicinal plant with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities / Croton stipulaceus Kunth, planta medicinal mexicana con actividad antioxidante y antiinflamatoria

Leaves of Croton stipulaceuswere extracted (EHex, ECHCl3and EEtOH extracts) to assesstheir antioxidant potential, anti-inflammatory activity in murine models and acute toxicity. EEtOH showed the highest effect in DPPH (37.80% inhibition), FRAP (1065.00 ± 55.30 µmolFe2+) and total polyphenols (231.24 ± 9.05 meq AG/gM). EHex was the most active, ~ 50% inhibition of TPA-induced ear edema; while EEtOH (dose of 2 mg/ear) showed the highest inhibition in the chronic model (97% inhibition), and inhibited MPO activity (48%). In carrageenan-induced edema, ECHCl3(dose 500 mg/kg) was the most active. None of the extracts showed acute toxicity (LD50) at 2 g/kg (p.o.). This work is the first report that supports the traditional use of C. stipulaceusas an anti-inflammatory.

De las hojas de Croton stipulaceusse obtuvieron diferentes extractos (EHex, ECHCl3y EEtOH) evaluando el potencial antioxidante y la actividad antiinflamatoria en modelos murinos y la toxicidad aguda. El EEtOH mostró mayor efecto en DPPH (37.80% inhibición), FRAP (1065.00 ± 55.30 µmolFe2+) y polifenolestotales (231.24 ± 9.05 meq AG/gM). El EHex fue el más activo, cercano al 50% de inhibición del edema auricular inducido con TPA; mientras que el EEtOH (dosis de 2 mg/oreja) mostró la mayor inhibición en el modelo crónico (97% inhibición), e inhibió la actividad de la MPO (48%). En el edema inducido con carragenina, el ECHCl3(dosis 500 mg/kg) fue el más activo. Ninguno de los extractos mostró una toxicidad aguda (DL50) mayor a 2 g/kg (p.o). Este trabajo es el primer reporte que sustenta el uso tradicional de C. stipulaceuscomo antiinflamatorio.

Physicochemical characterization and cosmetic applications of Passiflora nitida Kunth leaf extract

Abstract Passiflora nitida Kunth, an Amazonian Passiflora species, is little studied, although the specie's high biological potential. Herein the plant's pharmacognostic characterization, extract production, antioxidant potential evaluation, and application of this extract in cosmetic products is reported. The physical chemical parameters analyzed were particle size by sieve analysis, loss through drying, extractive yield, total ash content, laser granulometry, specific surface area and pore diameter (SBET), differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry (TG), and wave dispersive X-Ray fluorescence (WDXRF). Total phenol/flavonoid content, LC-MS/MS analysis, DPPH and ABTS antioxidant radical assays, cytotoxicity, melanin, and tyrosinase inhibition in melanocytes test provided evidence to determine the content of the major constituent. P. nitida dry extract provided a fine powder with mesopores determined by SBET, with the TG curve showing five stages of mass loss. The antioxidant potential ranged between 23.5-31.5 mg∙mL-1 and tyrosinase inhibition between 400-654 µg∙mL-1. The species presented an antimelanogenic effect and an inhibitory activity of cellular tyrosinase (26.6%) at 25 µg/mL. The LC-MS/MS analysis of the spray-dried extract displayed the main and minor phenolic compounds constituting this sample. The results indicate that P. nitida extract has promising features for the development of cosmetic formulations

Nitrogen balance of goat kids fed diets containing peach palm meal / [Balanço de nitrogênio em caprinos alimentados com dietas contendo farinha de pupunha]

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o balanço de nitrogênio e a concentração de ureia no plasma em cabritos alimentados com dietas contendo farinha de pupunha em substituição ao milho (0, 10, 40, 60 e 85% MS). Trinta cabritos Boer × SRD, com 90 dias de idade e peso corporal inicial de 16,7 ± 3,5kg, foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com seis repetições. As dietas foram fornecidas diariamente ad libitum para permitir 10% das sobras. Três coletas foram realizadas a cada 28 dias. As dietas foram constituídas por milho, farelo de soja, farinha de pupunha, suplemento mineral e feno de Tifton-85, com a relação volumoso: concentrado de 30:70. O consumo de nitrogênio (N) diminuiu linearmente à medida que a farinha de pupunha substituiu o milho no concentrado. Com relação ao N digerido, os animais alimentados com níveis de farinha de pupunha apresentaram valores inferiores aos alimentados com o milho como única fonte de energia, com médias de 14,9 e 17,1g dia-1, respectivamente. A excreção urinária de N diminuiu à medida que a farinha de pupunha substituiu o milho no concentrado. O nível de 39% de farinha de pupunha reduziu a excreção urinária de ureia. Houve retenção máxima de N em 7,83g dia-1 para o nível de substituição de milho de 28,9% em farinha de pupunha.(AU)

Chemical Characterization and Antiradical Properties of Pyroligneous Acid from a Preserved Bamboo, Guadua angustifolia Kunth

Abstract Pyroligneous acid (PA) was obtained by condensation of the vapors produced in the thermal decomposition of culms residues from Guadua angustifolia Kunth (G. angustifolia) cultivated in Colombia, with and without previous preservation treatment with borax salts. Chemical characterization by GC-MS showed that PA extracts has high content of phenolic compounds. Mequinol, isocreosol, 4-ethylphenol, 4-ethyl-2-methoxyphenol, 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxytoluene and 2,6-dimethoxyphenol were the most abundant substances, identified. The total phenolic content (TPC) and DPPH free radical scavenging activity, were investigated. TPC showed a concentration of 1.959 mg GA g-1±0.010 and 3.844 mg GA g-1±0.027 to PAC and PAS samples. These samples also exhibited high DPPH activity of 70.975%±0.921 and, 16.667%±0.298, respectively. The chemical composition, TPC and DPPH results indicate that the PA extracts obtained from G. angustifolia may be used as a raw material in the food industry as natural preservative, in medicine as alternative to antibiotics and in agriculture as insect repellent and foliar fertilizer.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity of polyphenolic compounds from Peperomia pellucida (L) Kunth: An in silico molecular docking study

This study aimed to predict the potential activity and interaction conformation of polyphenolic compounds fromPeperomia pellucida (L) Kunth (nine compounds) with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) macromolecule by insilico molecular docking study. The crystal structure of ACE as a molecular target was obtained from the PDB database(PDB ID: 1UZF) with captopril as a native ligand. Molecular docking analysis was performed using AutoDockZn (100docking runs) based on the active site of Zn2+, the central grid was placed on Zn2+ with a box size of 40Á × 40Á ×40Á and a center of 40.835Á × 34.382Á × 44.607Á for selective inhibitors (MCO702) with a spacing of 0.375Á.Based on the docking results demonstrated that the prediction of each polyphenol compounds from P. pellucida hasthe potential of active as ACE inhibitors, it was indicated that docking results of each compound has lower affinitycompared to captopril (with binding affinity of −6.36 kcal/mol and the inhibition constant 21.81 μM), where themost moderate binding affinity (the most potential) was tetrahydrofuran lignin ((1R,2S,3S,5R)-3,5-bis(4-hydroxy3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)cyclopentane-1,2-diyl)bis-(methylene) diacetate) of −8.66 kcal/mol and the highest bindingaffinity (the less potential) was dillapiole (6-allyl-4,5-dimethoxybenzo[d][1,3]dioxole) of −4.99 kcal/mol, althoughwith different forms of interaction, bond, and constant inhibition. Based on the interaction of ACE binding site,5,6,7-trimethoxy-4-(2,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one showed the most similar interactionwith the captopril ligand. These results are preliminary data for further research with predictions of target compoundbiological activity and interaction quickly, accurately, and inexpensively

A new angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor from Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth

Objective: To isolate, identify, and evaluate a new angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor from Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth herbs. Methods: A dried sample of Peperomia pellucida herb was successively macerated with n-hexane and ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate extract solution was evaporated to obtain the crude extract. Vacuum liquid column chromatography and thin layer chromatography were performed to obtain two pure compounds. Then, both compounds were elucidated and identified using the spectroscopic method. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity studies of both compounds were determined using angiotensin-converting enzyme kit WST-1 with spectrophotometer microplate reader 96-well at 450 nm wavelength. Results: Two bioactive compounds were successfully isolated from Peperomia pellucida herb, including a new compound of 2,3,5-trimethoxy-9-(12,14,15-trimethoxybenzyl)-1H-indene and pellucidin A. Both compounds demonstrated angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity, with IC

A new angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor from Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth

Objective: To isolate, identify, and evaluate a new angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor from Peperomia pellucida (L.) Kunth herbs. Methods: A dried sample of Peperomia pellucida herb was successively macerated with n-hexane and ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate extract solution was evaporated to obtain the crude extract. Vacuum liquid column chromatography and thin layer chromatography were performed to obtain two pure compounds. Then, both compounds were elucidated and identified using the spectroscopic method. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity studies of both compounds were determined using angiotensin-converting enzyme kit WST-1 with spectrophotometer microplate reader 96-well at 450 nm wavelength. Results: Two bioactive compounds were successfully isolated from Peperomia pellucida herb, including a new compound of 2,3,5-trimethoxy-9-(12,14,15-trimethoxybenzyl)-1H-indene and pellucidin A. Both compounds demonstrated angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory activity, with IC50 values of 72 μM (27.95 μg/mL) and 11 μM (4.4 μg/mL), respectively. Conclusions: In the present study, two active angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors were successfully isolated and purified from Peperomia pellucida which is used as an antihypertensive in traditional medicine, and support its use as an angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibiting drug.

Study on saponins from Reineckia carnea belongs to Guizhou Miao medicine / 中草药

Objective: To study the saponins from Reineckia carnea of Guizhou Miao medicine. Methods: The chemical constituents from 95% EtOH extract were isolated and purified by repeated silica gel column chromatography, macroporous resin, ODS C18, Sephadex LH-20 gel column chromatography, and Pre-HPLC, and their structures were identified on the basis of physical and chemical properties, HR-ESI-MS and NMR spectral analysis. Results: Ten compounds were isolated and identified as (1β,3β,16β,22S)-cholest-5-ene-1,3,16,22-tetrol1,16-di (β-D-glucopyranosede) (1), (1β,3β,16β,22S)-cholest-5-ene-1,3,16,22-tetrol-1-[O-α-L-rhamno-pyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside]-16-(β-D-glucopyranoside) (2), (20S,22R)-spirost-25(27)-en-1β,3β,4β,5β-tetraol-5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), kitigenin 5-O-β-D-glucopyrannoside (4), aspidistrin A (5), (17,20-S-trans)-5β-pregn-16-en-1β,3β-diol-20-one-1-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-L-rhamnopyranosyl]-3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (6), diosgenin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (7), ophiopogonin T (8), prosaikogenin D (9), and saikosaponin b2 (10). Conclusion: Compounds 3, 5, 8, 9, and 10 are isolated from this plant for the first time, which provided some reference for further elucidation and development of saponins from R. carnea.

Inoculation methods and aggressiveness of five Fusarium species against peach palm / Métodos de inoculação e agressividade de cinco espécies de Fusarium à pupunheira

ABSTRACT: Fusarium wilt is a major disease which affects peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth.var gasipaes Henderson). This study aimed to evaluate inoculation methods and aggressiveness of isolates of five Fusarium species on peach palm. Fusarium proliferatum can infect the leaves, stem, and roots of peach palm. F. proliferatum, F. oxysporum species complex (FOSC), F. verticillioides, F. solani species complex (FSSC), and Gibberella fujikuroi species complex (GFSC) are pathogenic to peach palm. The use of Fusarium-colonized ground corn for root inoculation was effective and reduced the level of damage to plants.

RESUMO: A fusariose é uma das principais doenças da pupunheira (Bactris gasipaes Kunth.var gasipaes Henderson). O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar métodos de inoculação e a agressividade de isolados de cinco espécies de Fusarium à pupunheira. Demonstrou-se que Fusarium proliferatum pode infectar folhas, caule e raízes de pupunheira. Verificou-se que as espécies F. proliferatum, F. oxysporum species complex (FOSC), F. verticillioides, F. solani species complex (FSSC) e Gibberella. fujikuroi species complex (GFSC) são patogênicas à pupunheira e, que o uso da quirera colonizada por Fusarium para inoculação de raízes foi efetivo e reduziu o nível de injúrias às plantas.

Establishment of HPLC fingerprints of Geranium strictipes and pattern recognition / 中成药

AIM To establish HPLC fingerprints of Geranium strictipes R.Kunthand to perform pattern recognition.METHODS The analysis of 70％ methanol extract of G.strictipes was performed on a 25℃ thermostatic ZORBAX SB-C18 column(250 mm× 4.6 mm,5 μm),with the mobile phase comprising of acetonitrile-water in a gradient elution manner,and the detection wavelength was set at 254 nm.The results were analyzed by cluster analysis and principal component analysis.RESULTS There were thirteen common peaks in the HPLC fingerprints of twenty-one batches of samples with the similarities of more than 0.894.Twenty-one batches of samples were divided into two categories.The cumulative contribution rate of the first principal component was 31.067％.CONCLUSION This accurate,stable and reproducible method can be used for the quality control of G.strictipes.

Chemical constituents from Pogonatherum crinitum and their in vitro anti-HBV activities / 中成药

AIM To study the chemical constituents from Pogonatherum crinitum (Thunb.) Kunthand and their in vitro anti-HBV activities.METHODS The ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions of 70％ ethanol extract from P.crinitum were isolated and purified by AB-8 macroporous resin,silica column and Sephadex LH-20,then the structures of obtained compounds were identified by physicochemical properties and spectral data.The in vitro anti-HBV activities of the isolated compounds were tested in the model of HepG2.2.15 cells.RESULTS Eight compounds were isolated and identified as 6,8,4'-trihydroxy-7,3'-dimethoxyisoflavone (1),quercetin-7,4'-dimethylester-5-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2),8-(1-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) ethyl) quercetin (3),chrysoeiml-7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (4),kaempferol-3-O-(2",3"-di-O-E-p-cou-maroyl)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (5),1,3,7-trihydroxyxanthone-2-C-β-D-glucopyra-noside (6),luteolin-6-C-β-D-boivinopyranoside (7),luteolin-6-C-β-D-glucopyranoside (8).Compounds 3,5,7,8 had certain inhibitory effects on HBsAg with the IC50 values of 96.6,127.1,72.4 and 54.5 μg/mL.Compounds 7,8 had certain inhibitory effects on HBeAg with the IC50 values of 81.0,61.3 μg/mL.CONCLUSION Compounds 1-6 are isolated from genus Pogonatherum for the first time,compounds 3、5、7、8 have certain in vitro anti-HBV activities.

Efecto del aceite esencial de orégano sobre el desempeño productivo de ponedoras y la estabilidad oxidativa de huevos enriquecidos con ácidos grasos poliinsaturados / Effect of oregano essential oil on the laying performance and oxidative stability of eggs enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids

Este estudio evaluó la inclusión de aceite esencial de orégano (AEO, Lippia origanoides Kunth) en dietas enriquecidas con ácidos grasos poliinsaturados (AGPI) sobre el desempeño productivo de ponedoras, el perfil lipídico y la estabilidad oxidativa de huevos en almacenamiento. Se distribuyeron 144 ponedoras en uno de cuatro tratamientos con seis replicas, con el objetivo de de evaluar el efecto del tipo de aceite usado en la dieta (palma o pescado) y la inclusión de AEO sobre las variables de producción, junto con el extracto etéreo, perfil de lípidos y concentración de malonaldehído (MDA), usando un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial y medidas repetidas en el tiempo por los días de almacenamiento (0, 30 y 60 días a 4°C). Los resultados mostraron que el tipo de aceite y el AEO no afectaron el desempeño productivo de las ponedoras (P > 0,05). La concentración de AGPI se incrementó en 16,8% en dietas con aceite de pescado en las que el DHA (ácido docosahexaenoico) también aumentó en un 1,4% (P < 0,05), incrementando la concentración de MDA (malonaldehído) en el huevo (41,6 ng MDA/g d yema), mientras que la suplementación de AEO con 100 g/ton mejoró la estabilidad oxidativa durante el almacenamiento (31.1 ng MDA/g de yema). Durante el almacenamiento la concentración de MDA en la yema incremento con el tiempo alcanzando los 38 ng MDA/g de yema a los 60 días. El AEO mostró potencial como antioxidante natural en la dieta de las ponedoras mejorando la estabilidad oxidativa de los huevos almacenados a 4°C hasta por 60 días.

This study evaluated the inclusion of oregano essential oil (OEO, Lippia origanoides Kunth) in diets enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on productive performance of laying hens, lipid profile and oxidative stability of eggs during storage. 144 hens were distributed in one of four treatments with six replicates in order to evaluate the effect of the type of oil used in the diet (palm or fish) and the inclusion of OEO on the production variables, along with the ethereal extract, lipid profile and malonaldehyde concentration (MDA), using a completely randomized factorial design with the repeated measures of days of storage (0, 30 and 60 days at 4° C). Results show that the type of oil and the OEO did not affect productive performance of layers (P > 0.05). PUFA concentration increased in 16.8% in diets with fish oil in 16.8%, where the DHA also increased by 1.4% (P < 0.05), increasing the MDA concentration in egg (MDA 41.6 ng/g yolk), while supplementation of OEO at a level of 100 g/ton improved oxidative stability during storage (MDA 31.1 ng/g yolk). During storage the concentration of MDA in the yolk increased with time reaching 38 ng/g yolk at 60 days. The OEO showed potential as a natural antioxidant in the diet of layers hens improving the oxidative stability of eggs stored at 4°C up to 60 days.

Optimization of ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction of polyphenolic content from Peperomia pellucida (L) kunth using response surface methodology

Objective: To optimize the ionic liquid based microwave-assisted extraction (IL-MAE) of polyphenolic content from Peperomia pellucida (L) Kunth. Methods: The IL-MAE factors as experimental design parameters, including microwave power, extraction time, ionic liquid concentration, and liquid–solid ratio had been involved. Response surface methodology and Box–Behnken design were used to obtain predictive model (multivariate quadratic regression equation) and optimization of the extraction process. The response surface was analyzed by using the yields of total polyphenolic content as response value. Results: Based on the obtained results the optimum extraction condition, including microwave power of 30% Watts, extraction time of 18.5 min, the ionic liquid concen-tration of 0.79 mol/L, and the liquid–solid ratio of 10.72 mL/g 1-Buthyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim]BF4) as a solvent was selected. The regression model was obtained to predicts the yields from Peperomia pellucida:Y = 30.250 – 1.356X1 + 2.655X2 + 2.252X3 – 0.565X4 + 0.990 X1X3 – 8.172 X1X4 – 3.439 X3X4 – 4.178 X12 – 3.210 X32 – 6.786 X42 – 7.290 X12X3 + 5.575 X1X32 – 4.843 X32X4 with R2 = 0.82519. Scale-up confirmation test was obtained the maximum yields of total polyphenolics content with the amount of 31.1725μg GAE/g. Conclusions: The IL-MAE method produced a higher extraction polyphenolic and performed rapidly, easily and efficiently.

Study on anti-neuraminidase activity and chemical compounds of Geranium strictipes / 中草药

Objective To investigate the inhibitory activity of neuraminidase (NA) and the chemical constituents of the active fraction of the extract from Geranium strictipes, and further investigate the anti-NA activity of the components by molecular docking technique and NA inhibition test. Methods G. strictipes was extracted by petroleum ether, ethanol, ethyl acetate and water, and four extracts were obtained. The inhibition activity of NA was determined by fluorescence method and the inhibition rate was calculated. UPLC-Q-Exactive was used to rapidly identify and identify the chemical constituents in the most active sites. Using MOE 2014, seven main components were inserted to NA. And the NA inhibitory activity of these seven major components was determined by fluorescence method, and the inhibition rate was calculated. Results The results showed that the ethyl acetate was the most active with the IC50 value of 137.31 μg/mL. Moreover, a total of 20 chemical constituents were identified by UPLC-Q-Exactive, including 3 phenolic acids, 2 flavonoids, and 16 tannins. Among them, seven chemical constituents were identified accurately with the standard and 13 compounds were reported for the first time in the plant. The results of molecular docking showed that pentagalloylglucose, ellagic acid and protocatechuic acid had better antagonistic effect. Further NA inhibition test showed that all the seven compounds had inhibitory activity, especially for the ellagic acid and pentagalloylglucose which had the best effect and IC50 were 426.67 and 440.28 μmol/L, respectively. Conclusion The extract from G. strictipes have the inhibitory activity of NA, and the ellagic acid and pentagalloylglucose are main active compenents.

Optimization of ionic liquid-based microwave-assisted extraction of polyphenolic content from Peperomia pellucida (L) kunth using response surface methodology

Objective To optimize the ionic liquid based microwave-assisted extraction (IL-MAE) of polyphenolic content from Peperomia pellucida (L) Kunth. Methods The IL-MAE factors as experimental design parameters, including microwave power, extraction time, ionic liquid concentration, and liquid–solid ratio had been involved. Response surface methodology and Box–Behnken design were used to obtain predictive model (multivariate quadratic regression equation) and optimization of the extraction process. The response surface was analyzed by using the yields of total polyphenolic content as response value. Results Based on the obtained results the optimum extraction condition, including microwave power of 30% Watts, extraction time of 18.5 min, the ionic liquid concentration of 0.79 mol/L, and the liquid–solid ratio of 10.72 mL/g 1-Buthyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim]BF

Estudio comparativo de las fracciones lipídicas de Bactris gasipaes Kunth (chontaduro) obtenidas por extracción soxhlet y por extracción con CO2 supercrítico / Estudo comparativo da fração lipídica do Bactris gasipaes Kunth(pupunha) obtida por extração soxhlet e extração com CO2 supercrítico / Comparative study of lipid fractions from Bactris gasipaes Kunth (peach palm) obtained by soxhlet and supercritic CO2 extraction

Se determinó el efecto de dos métodos de extracción sobre el rendimiento y composición de extractos lipídicos de pulpa de chontaduro (Bactris gasipaes Kunth), cosechados en cuatro localidades del pacífico colombiano. Los métodos de extracción fueron soxhlet con hexano y extracción por fluido supercrítico con CO2 (EFS CO2) a 26,890 MPa y 330 K. Para los cuatro ecotipos estudiados, los resultados muestran un mayor rendimiento de extracción por el método EFS CO2 (4,03-8,28% p/p) en comparación al método soxhlet (1,5-2,73% p/p). La caracterización de los lípidos de los diferentes ecotipos, realizada a través de cromatografía de gases con detector de ionización de llama (FID), muestra un alto contenido de ácidos grasos insaturados, similar al aceite de oliva y otras oleaginosas: 36,23-51,89% p/p de ácido oleico, 2,38-8,82% p/p de ácido linoleico, y 0,22-1,58% p/p de ácido linolénico, no presentando diferencias significativas de dichos contenidos para ambos métodos. El contenido de lípidos del fruto de chontaduro, corroboran su potencial como una muy buena fuente de ácidos grasos esenciales.

The efficiency and composition of lipid extracts of peach palm pulp (Bactris gasipaes Kunth), harvested in four different locations in the Colombian Pacific region, were evaluated by two different extraction methods. Soxhlet extraction method with hexane as a solvent, and supercritical fluid CO2 extraction method (SFE CO2) at 26,890 MPa and 330 K were tested. Results showed a higher efficiency for the SFE CO2 method (4.03-8.28% w/w) as compared to the soxhlet method (1.5-2.73% w/w) for four ecotypes or crops. Furthermore, the lipids characterization of the different ecotypes, performed by gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (FID), showed a high content of unsaturated fatty acids, olive oil-like, with 36.23-51.89% w/w oleic acid, 2.38-8.82% w/w linoleic acid, and 0.22-1.58% w/w linolenic acid. The lipid content of peach palm fruit corroborate its potential as a very goodsource of essential fatty acids.

Determinou-se o efeito de dois métodos de extração sobre o rendimento e a composição dos lipídios da polpa de pupunha (Bactris gasipaes Kunth), colhidas em quatro localidades da região do pacífico colombiano. Foram avaliadas as diferenças entre os métodos de extração soxhlet com hexano e extração por fluido supercrítico com CO2 (EFS CO2) a 26,890 MPa e 330 K. Para os quatro ecótipos estudados, os resultados mostram aumento de rendimento de extração pelo método CO2 EFS (4,03-8,28% p/p) em comparação com o método soxhlet (1,5-2,73% p/p). Além disso, a caracterização dos lipídios dos diferentes ecótipos usando cromatografia em fase gasosa com detetor de ionização de chama (FID), mostra um alto conteúdo de ácidos graxos insaturados, similar ao azeite de oliva e outras oleaginosas, com 36,23-51,89% p/p de ácido oléico, 2,38-8,82% p/p de ácido linoléico e 0,22-1,58% p/p de ácido linolênico, não apresentando diferenças significativas de tais conteúdos para ambos métodos. Além disso, o conteúdo dos lipídios da fruta pupunha corroboram o seu potencial como uma boa fonte de ácidos graxos essenciais.

Evaluación in vitro de la actividad antimicrobiana del aceite esencial de sunfo (Clinopodium nubigenum (Kunth) Kuntze) frente a patógenos de enfermedades respiratorias (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC: 25923, Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC: 19615, Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC: 49619 y Streptococcus mutans ATCC: 25175 / In vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of sunflower essential oil (Clinopodium nubigenum (Kunth) Kuntze) against pathogens of respiratory diseases (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC: 25923, Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC: 19615, Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC: 49619 and Streptococcus mutans ATCC: 25175

El Ecuador cuenta con una amplia biodiversidad de plantas medicinales procedentes de las diferentes regiones del país, la mayoría de plantas medicinales se utilizan como tal basándose en conocimientos ancestrales más no por tener conocimientos científicos de sus propiedades medicinales aunque existen pocos estudios sobre las plantas andinas del Ecuador, no se encuentra información científica sobre la actividad antibacterial del sunfo (Clinopodium nubigenum (Kunth) Kuntze). En el presente trabajo experimental se determinó la actividad antimicrobiana del aceite esencial de sunfo frente a cuatro bacterias causantes deenfermedades respiratorias, el sunfo fue recolectada en los páramos de la parroquia de Pintag, en el Herbario Nacional se certificó que se trataba de Clinopodium nubigenum (Kunth) Kuntz., para la extracción del aceite esencial se utilizó la técnica de destilación por arrastre de vapor. La determinación de la actividad antimicrobiana del aceite se comprobó mediante pruebas in vitro de antibiogramas por difusión en pozos utilizando 6 concentraciones al 5%, 2.5%, 1.25%, 0.6%, 0.3% y 0.15% del aceite esencial, como control positivo Penicilina Clemizol de 1'000.000 U.I. y con control negativo DMSO, mediante el programa estadístico Infostat se estableció la significancia estadística de los resultados obtenidos, aunque si existió una formación de halo de inhibición para S. aureus ATCC: 25923 a concentraciones 5% y 2.5% de aceite esencial, para S. mutans ATCC: 25175 al 0.15%, para S. pyogenes ATCC: 19615 al 2.5% y 0.3% y para S. pneumoniae ATCC: 49619 al 2.5% y 0.3% estadísticamente su efectividad es menor comparado con el control positivo.

Estudio fotoquímico y evaluación de actividad antibacteriana sobre Staphyloccocus aureus ATCC: 25923, Streptoccocus mutans ATCC: 25175, Streptoccocus pneumoniae ATCC: 49619, Streptoccocus pyogenes ATCC: 19615 de extractos apolares (Cloroformo-Hexano) de Croton elegans Kunth (mosquera) / Photochemical study and evaluation of antibacterial activity on Staphylococcus aureus ATCC: 25923, Streptococcus mutans ATCC: 25175, Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC: 49619, Streptococcus pyogenes ATCC: 19615 of apolar extracts (Chloroform-Hexane) of Croton elegans Kunth (mosquera)

Las plantas medicinales se emplean cada vez más en nuestro país por sus propiedades terapéuticas, la mayoría de estas no se han evaluado científicamente, ha sido su uso etnobotánica el que ha definido el potencial terapéutico de cada especie. Croton elegans Kunth (mosquera) es una de las especies, sobre la cual no hay evaluaciones ni de actividad biológica ni de identificación química, representando la oportunidad de investigación en esta especie, el presente trabajo identifica de forma cualitativa los grupos fitoquímicos presentes en la planta y evalúa la actividad antibacteriana sobre Staphyloccocus aureus ATCC: 25923, Streptoccocus mutans ATCC:25175, Streptoccocus pneumoniae ATCC: 49619, Streptoccocus pyogenes ATCC:19615 .Se utilizó extractos clorofórmicos y hexánicos de las hojas de Croton elegans Kunth (mosquera), obtenidos por método Soxhlet en concentraciones de 25% y 50 % .La identificación fitoquímica del material vegetal muestra la presencia de metabolitos secundarios: resinas, aminoácidos, quinonas, alcaloides, flavonoides, catequinas. La actividad antibacteriana se evaluó por el método de difusión en agar (Kirby ­Bauer) y el método en dilución en medio líquido, sin evidenciar resultados de inhibición en ninguna de las concentraciones sobre los patógenos probados, por lo cual la investigación concluye aceptando la hipótesis nula, no se evidencia actividad antibacteriana de los extractos sobre los microorganismos de estudio.

Actividad antibacteriana y antioxidante de Baccharis revoluta Kunth / Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activity of Baccharis revoluta Kunth

Objetivo: Evaluar la actividad antibacteriana y antioxidante de las partes aéreas de Baccharis revoluta. Métodos: La especie fue colectada en el municipio de Chocontá, Cundinamarca (N 05° 08' 26,3" W 73° 38' 59,2"). A los extractos de hojas, tallos y flores de diferente polaridad se les determinó la actividad antibacteriana frente a los microorganismos Staphylococcus aureus Gram (+), Klebsiella pneumoniae Gram (-) y Escherichia coli Gram (-), utilizando el método de difusión en gel por perforación en placa y se le evaluó la actividad antioxidante por el método DPPH•. Resultados: Las pruebas de eficacia antimicrobiana exhibieron inhibición significativa de los extractos. Además, se determinó la concentración crítica, que representa una medida de la susceptibilidad del microorganismo, y los extractos presentaron mayor actividad antibacteriana frente a Staphylococcus aureus que a Klebsiella pneumoniae y Escherichia coli. Los extractos etanólicos presentaron una actividad antioxidante representativa, con una IC50 y actividad antioxidante relativa de 7,2% y 43.64%, para el extracto etanólico de hojas, 6,95% y 45.57% para el extracto etanólico de tallos y 7,1% y 44.16 % para el extracto etanólico de flores, lo que nos determina una gran potencialidad de estos extractos etanólicos.

Objective. To vvaluate the antibacterial and antioxidant activity ofthe aerial parts of Baccharis revolute. Methods. The species was collected in the municipality of Chocontá, Cundinamarca (N 05 ° 08 '26.3 "W 73 ° 38' 59.2"). In extracts of leaves, stems and flowers of different polarity were determined in antibacterial activity against the microorganisms Staphylococcus aureus Gram (+), Klebsiella pneumoniae Gram (-) and Escherichia coli Gram (-) using the gel diffusion method by drilling plate and he evaluated the antioxidant activity by the DPPH• method. Results. Antimicrobial efficacy tests showed significant inhibition of the extracts. Moreover, the critical concentration, which is a measure of the susceptibility of the microorganism was determined, and the extracts showed greater antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus than Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. Ethanolic extracts showed a representative antioxidant activity, an antioxidant activity IC50 and on 7.2% and 43.64% for the ethanol extract of leaves, 6.95 and 45.57% for the ethanol extract of stems and 7.1% and 44.16% for the ethanol extract of flowers wich determines us great potential of these ethanolic extracts.