La empresa moderna capitalista transnacional: entre el desarrollo y las crisis civilizatorias (dimension social) / The transnational modern-capitalistic company: between development and civilizatory crisis (social field) / A moderna empresa capitalista transnacional: entre o desenvolvimento e as crises civilizacionais (dimensão social)

RESUMEN La humanidad y el planeta enfrentan graves crisis socio-naturales que ponen en riesgo la sustentabilidad de la vida. En esto, mucho tienen que ver el entramado modernidad / capitalismo / desarrollo en general y las empresas transnacionales en particular Debido a la relevancia del tema, es precisamente en esta dirección que se plantea el interrogante que orienta el presente trabajo, a saber: ¿Es la organización empresarial transnacional un detonante del desarrollo, o, por el contrario, es responsable por diversas crisis civilizatorias en general y de la dimensión social en los diferentes contextos socio-naturales? Al respecto, la tesis defendida es la siguiente: las corporaciones transnacionales, al constituirse como instituciones que encuadran en y heredan los fundamentos de la modernidad-capitalista-desarrollista, contribuyen a promover las crisis civilizatorias en general y de la dimensión social en particular Finalmente, se resalta que el estudio privilegiò un paradigma constructivista - interpretativo, consecuentemente, una metodologia cualitativa. Se usaron los procesos para la construcción de textos argumentativos, los métodos de investigación-análisis documental y entrevistas a expertos. El análisis de los datos fue orientado por la teoria fundamentada. CLASIFICACION JEL M14, Q01

ABSTRACT Mankind and the earth cope several severe socio-natural crises which threaten life sustainability. Within this reality, both the framework modernity / capitalism / development as a whole and transnational companies are implied. Due to the relevance of the subject, it is precisely in that direction the guiding inquiry of this work is proposed, namely: is the transnational business organization a triggering of development, or; conversely it is responsible for civilizatory crisis in general and social crisis in different social-natural contexts? In this regard, the argued thesis is the following: insofar as transnational corporations get constitute as institutions framed in and inheritor of the fundamentals of the capitalistic-developmentalist modernity they contribute to promote civilizatory crisis in general and social crisis in particular Finally it is spotlighted that the study privileged a constructivist / interpretative paradigm, consequently, a qualitative methodology was implemented. The processes for argumentative texts construction, documentary research-analysis methods and interviews to experts were used. Data analysis was addressed by grounded theory. JEL CLASSIFICATION M14, Q01

RESUMO A humanidade e a terra enfrentam várias crises sócio-naturais graves que ameaçam a sustentabilidade da vida. Dentro desta realidade, tanto a estrutura de modernidade/capitalismo/desenvolvimento como um todo, quanto as empresas transnacionais estão implicadas. Devido à relevância do tema, é justamente nesta direção que se propõe a investigação orientadora deste documento, a saber: a organização empresarial transnacional é um gatilho para o desenvolvimento ou, pelo contrário, é responsável pela crise civilizacional em geral e pela crise social em diferentes contextos sócio-naturais? Neste sentido, a tese defendida é a seguinte: na medida em que as empresas transnacionais são constituídas como instituições enquadradas dentro e herdando as bases da modernidade capitalista-desenvolvimentista, elas contribuem para promover a crise civilizacional em geral e a crise social em particular. Finalmente, deve-se notar que o estudo privilegiou um paradigma construtivista/interpretativo, conseqüentemente, uma metodologia qualitativa foi implementada. Foram utilizados processos de construção de textos argumentativos, métodos de pesquisa-análise documental e entrevistas com especialistas. A análise dos dados foi abordada usando uma teoria fundamentada. CLASSIFICAÇÃO JEL M14, Q01

Detección de incrementos de dimensión vertical oclusal mediante análisis cefalométrico de Ricketts / Detection of increases of vertical occlusal dimension by Ricketts cephalometric analysis

Introducción: La rehabilitación de pacientes con desgastes severos es compleja cuando se determina un aumento de Dimensión Vertical. Los métodos de evaluación de Dimensión Vertical no entregan una información precisa para definir cuánto incremento es necesario. El análisis cefalométrico aparece como una opción adicional a las herramientas clínicas, específicamente el análisis de Ricketts contiene mediciones verticales del tercio inferior, a través del ángulo Altura Facial Inferior, cuyo valor normal es de 47o, pero con una desviación estándar alta. Objetivo: Determinar si el ángulo Altura Inferior de Ricketts es sensible a incrementos de Dimensión Vertical Oclusal (DVO). Método: A nueve sujetos entre 20 y 30 años se les realizó un análisis cefalométrico con el fin de medir el ángulo Altura Inferior de Ricketts, en posición MIC, y luego con incrementos de la Dimensión Vertical de 1, 3 y 5 mm. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que el valor del ángulo Altura Inferior de Ricketts (AFI) aumentó con los incrementos de la Dimensión Vertical Oclusal de 1, 3 y 5 mm en todos los sujetos. Al análisis estadístico no paramétrico de Friedman, estos resultados son significativos (p=0.000). A la prueba Post Hoc de Siegel y Castellon la variación del ángulo Altura Inferior de Ricketts con el incremento de 1 mm de DVO no es significativa. Conclusiones: Se puede sugerir que el análisis cefalométrico de Ricketts, a través de la medición del ángulo AFI, es capaz de detectar incrementos en la DVO, pero la variación que se produce con 1 mm de incremento no es estadísticamente significativa.

Introduction: Oral rehabilitation of patients with severe wear, becomes complex when there is a need to increase Vertical Dimension. Evaluation methods of Vertical Dimension do not deliver accurate information to define as increase is necessary. The cephalometric analysis appears as an additional option to the clinical tools, specific Ricketts analysis containing vertical measurements of the lower third, through the Lower Facial Height angle, whose normal value is 47o, but with a high-standard deviation. Objective: To determine whether the Lower Height Ricketts angle is sensitive to increases in Oclusal Vertical Dimension (OVD). Method: Nine subjects aged 20 to 30 years-old underwent cephalometric analysis in order to measure the Lower Height Ricketts angle in centric occlusion position, then increasing OVD in 1, 3 and 5 mm. Results: Lower Height Ricketts angle showed an increase as OVD of 1, 3 and 5 mm augmented in all subjects. Nonparametric Friedman´s statistical analysis was applied, being the results statistically significant (p=0.000). According to Post Hoc test of Siegel and Castellon, Lower Height Ricketts angle variation of 1 mm is not statistically significant. Conclusions: It may be suggested that the Ricketts cephalometric analysis by measuring the Lower Height angle is able to detect increases in the OVD, but the change that occurs within 1 mm increase is not statistically significant.

Left atrial dimension and atrial fibrillation in surgical heart disease patients / 老年心脏病学杂志（英文版）

Objective The effect of left atrial (LA) dimension on the occurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF) has been examined in some small studies.Less is known about the relationship of LA dimension,hemodynamic with AF during echocardiographic evaluation,especially,the flow dynamics in LA poorly described.The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between LA dimension and the occurrence of AE Methods Two hundred and forty-five consecutive patients with heart disease scheduled to undergo open heart surgery were prospectively enrolled in the study.Patients were divided into 2 groups according to atrial fibrillation:AF group (n=148,99 men and 49 women,with a mean age 59.3+8.4 years),and no-AF group (n= 97,60 men and 37 womem).Echocardiography was performed before surgery.All measurements were performed following the American Society of Echocardiography recommendations.Results There were more patients with congestive heart failure in AF group than in no-AF group (45.9% vs 39.1%,P ＜0.05).The mean LA volume was 49.2±12.2 ml/m2 in AF group and 33.1±10.8 ml/m2 in no-AF group.There were also significant differences between two groups in left atrial end systolic dimension (LAESD) (50±13mm vs 27±14mm),left atrial end diastolic dimension (LAEDD) (79±17mm vs 53±13mm),PA pressure ( 41.3+11.6 mmHg vs 37.5±10.4 mmHg),and ratio of mitral E velocity and septal mitral annulus motion velocity (E/E') .The percentage of abnormal diastolic function grades (DGF) was also higher in AF than in no-AF group (89.9% versus 59.8% );.Conclusion Atrial fibrillation is associated more frequently with an increased LA dimension and more severe atrial hemodynamics disorder.(J Geriatr Cardiol 2008;5:11-4)