Ultrasound mediates iRGD targeted liposome-microbubble complex for thrombolytic therapy in vitro / 中华超声影像学杂志

Objective To fabricate iRGD targeted liposome-microbubble complex containing uPA ( iRGD-LMC) ,and to improve the thrombolytic efficiency and reduce the risk of thrombolysis by iRGD-LMC combining with ultrasound targeted microbubbles destruction ( UTMD ) to release drug into the thrombus site with the help of microbubble cavitation effect . Methods Biotinylated iRGD-MBs were fabricated by thin-film rehydration method .Biotinylated liposomes containing uPA were fabricated by freeze-thaw method and were conjugated to the biotinylated iRGD-MBs surface through biotin-avidin linkage . The iRGD-LMC was subjected to confocal microscopy to determine the particle morphology . The concentration , average diameter and size distribution were determined by particle sizing instrument . The uPA loading efficiency was measured by BCA Protein Assay Kit . Ultrasound imaging was performed using a Vevo 2100 ultrasound imaging system . The iRGD-LMC was irradiated by different ultrasound time and intensity to release drug . Thrombolytic effect in vitro of iRGD-LMC combined with UTMD was observed on the thrombosis model which was extracted from mouse blood . Results iRGD-LMC was successfully prepared . iRGD-LMC was exhibited a well-defined spherical morphology and homogeneous distribution ,like ordinary microbubbles . The concentration of iRGD-LMC was ( 0 .51 ± 0 .03 ) × 109 / ml and average diameter was ( 2 .62 ± 0 .12) μm . Drugs loading efficiency was ( 3878 .5 ± 97 .8) μg uPA per 108 microbubbles . iRGD-LMC could achieve contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging in vitro . The thrombolytic effect of iRGD-LMC +US group ( 87 .66 ± 1 .69) ％ was the best in vitro ,and had significant difference with others groups ( P <0 .05) ,followed by iRGD-LMC group ( 53 .32 ± 4 .86) ％ and uPA group ( 51 .09 ± 9 .01) ％ ,Compared with PBS group ,US group ( 23 .56 ± 9 .46) ％ had thrombolytic effect . Conclusions iRGD-LMC is successfully prepared ,which has the advantages of high drug loading of liposomes and good acoustic properties of microbubbles . iRGD-LMC combined with UTMD achieves a significant thrombolytic effect in vitro .

Análisis de metilación en los genes supresores de tumores CDKN2B y DBC1 en pacientes colombianos con diagnóstico de leucemia / Methylation analysis of the CDKN2B and DBC1 tumour suppressor genes in leukaemia patients in Colombia

Objetivo: Analizar la metilación en los promotores de los genes CDKN2B y DBC1 en muestras de pacientes con leucemia linfoblástica aguda (LLA), leucemia mieloblástica aguda (LMA) y leucemia mieloide crónica (LMC). Además, correlacionar el perfil de metilación de los pacientes con los hallazgos citogenéticos. Materiales y métodos: Se evaluaron 56 pacientes con leucemias: 24 con LLA, 16 con LMA y 16 con LMC. El ADN extraído se modificó con bisulfito de sodio. Se realizó un análisis de metilación en los genes CDKN2B y DBC1 mediante la PCR específica de metilación (MS-PCR). Las muestras positivas por la técnica MS-PCR fueron secuenciadas. Resultados: Se encontró una frecuencia total de metilación del 87,5%. El gen CDKN2B se encontró metilado en el 75% de LLA y de LMC, y del 62% en LMA. El gen DBC1 se encontró metilado en el 96% de LLA, el 94% de LMA y del 68,8% en LMC. El gen más frecuentemente metilado en todas las muestras fue DBC1. De los tres tipos de leucemias, la LLA fue la que presentó los mayores porcentajes de metilación. El 62,5% de la muestras tenían metilado ambos genes. Las muestras con cariotipo normal presentaron una alta frecuencia de metilación de CDKN2B y DBC1. Conclusiones: En este estudio se demostró, por primera vez en pacientes colombianos con leucemias, que la metilación de los genes CDKN2B y DBC1 es un evento frecuente. Los hallazgos indican que la metilación de genes supresores de tumores es una vía molecular alterna que podría estar relacionada con el desarrollo de neoplasias hematológicas.

Objective: To perform a methylation analysis in the CDKN2B and DBC1 gene promoters in samples from Colombian patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), and chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), and to correlate the methylation profile with cytogenetic findings. Material and methods: The study included a total of 56 bone marrow samples, 24 from patients with ALL, 16 from AML patients, and 16 from CML patients. DNA was extracted from these samples and converted with sodium bisulphite. Methylation analysis was performed using methylation specific PCR (MS-PCR). The samples that were positive for MS-PCR were sequenced to confirm the results. Results: A total methylation frequency of 87.5% was found. CDKN2B gene promoter hypermethylation was found in 75% of ALL and CML samples, and 62% in AML; while DBC1 gene promoter hypermethylation was found in 96% of the samples of ALL, 94% of AML, and in 68.8% of CML. The most frequently methylated gene in all samples was DBC1. ALL was the type of leukaemia that had the highest percentages of methylation. Almost two-thirds (62.5%) of the samples had both methylated genes. Samples with normal karyotype had a high frequency of methylation in CDKN2B and DBC1 genes. Conclusions: This study showed, for the first time in Colombian patients with leukaemia, that methylation of DBC1 and CDKN2B genes is a common event. Our findings indicate that methylation of tumour suppressor genes is an alternate genetic pathway related to the development of haematological malignancies.

Frecuencia de transcritos BCR/ABL p210 en 272 pacientes con leucemia mieloide crónica (LMC) en Bolivia / Frequency of p210 BCR-ABL transcripts in 272 Bolivian patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)

INTRODUCCIÓN: existen dos formas principales del gen de fusión BCR/ABL, que involucra al exón 2 del gen ABL y a diferentes exones del gen BCR; los transcritos b2a2 o b3a2 codifican a la proteína p210, mientras que, el transcrito e1a2 codifica a la proteína p190. En Bolivia, no existe información sobre la frecuencia de estas isoformas (BCR/ABL quimérico) en pacientes con leucemia mieloide crónica (LMC). Objetivo.- Determinar la frecuencia de co-expresión de los transcritos p210 en pacientes con LMC de Bolivia. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: se estudió 272 pacientes diagnosticados con LMC, entre julio del 1999 a agosto del 2015. Se realizó pruebas de RT-PCR (reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction) en muestras de médula ósea y sangre periférica de pacientes adultos y pediátricos con diagnóstico de LMC, positivos para algún tipo de reordenamiento BCR/ABL. RESULTADOS: la expresión del transcrito b2a2 se encontró en 96 pacientes (35,3%), el trascrito b3a2 en 154 casos (56,6%) y ambos transcritos en 22 pacientes (8,1%). Se realizó análisis de supervivencia, donde se observó que a los 5 años la tasa de sobrevida fue 64%; y la sobrevida libre de progresión 42%. También se observó que el tipo de transcrito no influye en la sobrevida total ni en la sobrevida libre de enfermedad. CONCLUSIÓN: se evidenció que no existen diferencias significativas de la expresión de los diferentes transcritos BCR/ABL de los pacientes estudiados en relación a otros estudios reportados.

There are two main forms of BCR/ABL fusion gene, involving exon 2 of ABL gene and different exons of the BCR gene, the transcripts b2a2 or b3a2 code for a p210 protein, and the transcript e1a2 code a p190 protein. In Bolivia, there is no information about the frequency of these isoforms of chimeric gene BCR/ABL in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). The present study was designed to determine the frequency of co-expression of p210 transcripts in 272 patients with CML. It was conducted reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests in samples of bone marrow and peripheral blood of adult and pediatric patients with CML diagnosis, positive for some kind of BCR/ABL rearrangement. The transcript b2a2 was found in 96 (35,3%) patients; and b3a2 transcript in 154 (56.6%) cases; whereas, in 22 (8.1%) patients both transcripts were detected. Survival analysis was performed, it was observed that to 5 years the overall survival (OS) was 64%, and the progression free survival (PFS) was 42%. It was also observed that the type of transcript does not affect OS and PFS. Statistical analysis of our study, displayed no significant differences in the expression of different transcripts BCR/ABL of the Bolivian population, in relation to studies reported in other populations.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in chronic myeloid leukemia: current concepts and Brazilian experience / Transplante de célula-tronco hematopoética na leucemia mielóide crônica: conceitos atuais e experiência brasileira

Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (ASCT) remains the unique curative therapy for CML in all clinical phases of the disease. However, the results of Imatinib Mesilate (IM) therapy are sufficiently impressive to have displaced ASCT to second- or third-line treatment depending on the availability of newly developed tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The decision for transplantation depends on a variety of clinical and biological situations. The Leukemia Net recommendations as well the NCCN guidelines help us to choose the best moment to perform ASCT. In 1998, Gratwohl and colleagues published a score in order to establish the risk of ASCT before the procedure. In 2005, the Brazilian group, studying more than 1000 patients in an independent population, validated the risk score previously proposed by the EBMT Group. In this paper we discuss the position of ASCT in a country such as Brazil that presents resource limitations. In 2006, the EBMT published an activity survey about ASCT in CML and discussed the changes in treatment indications over the past 15 years and presented differences in medical conduct in West versus East Europe concerning ASCT indication. Despite of risks, ASCT remains a valid curative treatment. To delay or to perform the ASCT in advanced phases (accelerated- or blastic-phase) increases procedure-related mortality rates and reduces the probability of cure.

O transplante alogênico de célula-tronco hematopoética permanece como a única terapêutica com potencial terapêutico para a LMC in todas as fases da doença. Entretanto, os resultados com a utilização do mesilato de imatinibe são suficientemente impressionantes para deslocar a utilização do transplante para segunda ou mesmo terceira linha de tratamento dependendo da disponibilidade dos novos inibidores de tirosino quinases. A decisão para a indicação do transplante depende da fase clínica e dos achados biológicos. As recomendações da Leukemia Net e as diretrizes da NCCN nos auxiliam a escolher o melhor momento para a elaboração do transplante. Em 1998, Gratwohl e colaboradores publicaram um escore no sentido de estabelecer o risco do transplante antes de sua realização. Em 2005, um grupo brasileiro estudando mais de 1.000 pacientes em uma população independente validou o escore de risco proposto pelo grupo europeu. Neste manuscrito o autor discutirá a posição do transplante em países com limitações de recursos como o Brasil. Em 2006, a mesma escola européia publicou um estudo de monitoramento do transplante e discutiu as mudanças desta modalidade de tratamento nos últimos 15 anos e apresentou as diferenças no comportamento médico na Europa do oeste (mais rica) versus do leste (mais pobre) na indicação e utilização do transplante. A despeito dos riscos, o transplante permanece como uma terapêutica curativa válida. Atrasar a indicação ou realizar o procedimento em fases avançadas, como a fase acelerada ou blástica, aumenta o risco de mortalidade relacionada ao procedimento e reduz a probabilidade de cura.

Leucemia Mielóide Crônica: história natural e classificação / Chronic Myeloide Leukemia: natural history and classification

A Leucemia Mielóide Crônica (LMC), cuja incidência é de um a dois casos para cada 100 mil habitantes por ano, corresponde de 15 por cento a 20 por cento das leucemias. É uma doença mieloproliferativa crônica clonal, caracterizada por leucocitose com desvio à esquerda, esplenomegalia e pela presença do cromossomo Philadelphia (Ph), que resulta da translocação recíproca e equilibrada entre os braços longos dos cromossomos 9q34 e 22q11, gerando a proteína híbrida BCR-ABL, com atividade aumentada de tirosino quinase. A proteína BCR-ABL está presente em todos os pacientes com LMC, e sua hiperatividade desencadeia liberação de efetores da proliferação celular e inibidores da apoptose, sendo sua atividade responsável pela oncogênese inicial da LMC. A doença evolui em três fases: crônica, acelerada e aguda. Na fase crônica (FC) ocorre proliferação clonal maciça das células granulocíticas, mantendo estas a capacidade de diferenciação. Posteriormente, num período de tempo variável, o clone leucêmico perde a capacidade de diferenciação e a doença passa a ser de difícil controle (fase acelerada - FA) e progride para uma leucemia aguda (crise blástica - CB). Nesse artigo discutimos a história natural e as definições das fases da doença, de acordo com os critérios mais utilizados.

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is estimated at approximately 1 to 2 cases per 100,000 individuals and accounts for approximately 15 percent to 20 percent of all patients with leukemia. CML is a clonal disease characterized by balanced translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 (Philadelphia chromosome). The resulting BCR-ABL gene has abnormal tyrosine kinase activity which stimulates cell growth and is responsible for the transformed phenotype of CML cells. The disease is characterized by a triphasic course that includes a chronic phase (CP), an accelerated phase (AP) and an acute or blastic phase (BP). Unless the disease is controlled or eliminated, patients progress to AP and BF in variable periods of time. Several staging classification systems are used for CML all of which were designed in the pre-imatinib era. In this article we discuss the natural history of CML and phase definitions according to the most useful criteria.

Monitoração molecular da Leucemia Mielóide Crônica na era do imatinibe / Molecular monitoring of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia in the imatinib era

Nos últimos dez anos, o tratamento da leucemia mielóide crônica (LMC) passou por uma grande mudança com a introdução da terapia alvo, onde o mesilato de imatinibe (MI) atua inibindo a atividade tirosina quinase do transcrito BCR-ABL produto este do cromossomo Filadélfia (Ph). Esta revolução terapêutica obrigou que técnicas moleculares, até então de uso restrito na oncohematologia, como a reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real (RQ-PCR), fossem necessárias para monitorar o sucesso terapêutico ou a detecção precoce da perda de resposta ao MI. Nesta revisão estão delineados, de forma resumida, os principais procedimentos quanto à monitoração dos pacientes com LMC em tratamento com o MI segundo o Consenso Brasileiro de LMC.

Treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) has changed since the introduction of imatinib mesylate (IM) 10 years ago. IM acts as a target therapy against the BCR-ABL gene by inhibiting its tyrosine kinase activity. This revolution in treating CML compels the introduction of molecular techniques, such as real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RQ-PCR) to monitor the response to IM by providing an accurate measurement of the degree to which the BCR-ABL transcript is reduced or an early detection of loss of response identified by a rising level of BCR-ABL. In this review, we summarize the Brazilian CML consensus regarding the main procedures used to monitor CML patients treated with IM.

Polimorfismo do gene tp53 no códon 72 em pacientes com suspeita de LMC / Codon 72 polymorphism of the TP53 gene in patients suspected to have CML

A leucemia mielóide crônica (LMC) é uma doença proliferativa do sistema hematopoiético, caracterizada pela expansão clonal de uma célula-tronco primitiva e pluripotente denominada stem cell. Este tipo de leucemia está associado, em 90 por cento dos casos, à translocação t(9;22)(q34;q11). Essa alteração cromossômica estrutural codifica para uma proteína quimérica BCR-ABL, que confere às células leucêmicas uma alta resistência à morte, independente do agente indutor desse processo. A proteína p53 é uma reguladora transcricional induzida por danos no DNA, fato que resulta na parada do ciclo celular com conseqüente ativação de mecanismos de reparo ou mesmo na indução à apoptose. As mutações no gene TP53 são as alterações genéticas mais comuns em tumores malignos humanos. O presente estudo teve como objetivo genotipar e determinar a freqüência alélica do polimorfismo do TP53 no códon 72 (arginina - Arg e prolina - Pro), em pacientes com suspeita de LMC, pela Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase. Desta forma, os resultados indicaram que 73,4 por cento (23/30) dos pacientes apresentaram homozigose para arginina (Arg/Arg) e 26,6 por cento (7/30) heterozigose (Arg/Pro). Não foi encontrado nenhum paciente homozigoto para prolina (Pro/Pro). Os resultados obtidos sugerem que o polimorfismo do gene TP53 no códon 72 não é um fator de risco importante para a iniciação, promoção e progressão da LMC.

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a proliferative disorder of the hematopoietic system characterized by clonal expansion of a primitive and pluripotent stem cell. In this type of leukemia, up to 90 percent of all cases is associated to a specific chromosomal translocation, t(9;22)(q34;q11). The genomic alteration results in a chimeric protein, BCR-ABL, that confers a high resistance leukemia cells to death, independent of the induction mechanism of this process. Protein p53 is a transcriptional factor expressed after DNA damage which ceases cell cycle progression and consequently activates repair mechanisms or even induces apoptosis. Mutations of TP53 are the most common genetic alterations in malignant tumors in humans. The main objective of the current study was to genotype and determine the allelic frequency of the TP53 polymorphism at codon 72 in patients suspected of having CML using a PCR-based assay. The frequencies of the genotypes among the cases were: 73.4 percent (23/30) and 26 percent (7/30) for homozygous arginine (Arg-72) and heterozygous proline/arginine (Pro/Arg-72), respectively. Homozygous proline (Pro-72) was not observed in the current study. The results obtained suggest that the TP53 polymorphism at codon 72 is not an important risk factor for the initiation, promotion, nor progression of CML.

Nuevas estrategias en el tratamiento de la leucemia mieloide crónica / New strategies in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia

En los últimos años se han propuesto nuevos modelos terapéuticos para ser utilizados en pacientes con leucemia mieloide crónica (LMC) resistentes o intolerantes al Imatinib. La mayor parte de estos modelos están basados en intervenciones sobre sitios específicos del sistema de transmisión de señales que la célula utiliza para hacer llegar información al núcleo. Una de las estrategias incorporadas es el uso de inhibidores de la farnesiltransferasa y ya se han identificado productos terapéuticos factibles de ser utilizados por vía oral, debido al pequeño tamaño de sus moléculas. Actualmente hay 4 inhibidores en fases más avanzadas, fundamentalmente el R115777 (zarnestra, tipifarnib). La búsqueda de otros modelos de tratamiento dio lugar a la aparición de nuevas moléculas que pudieran ser utilizadas para tratar los casos de resistencia o intolerancia al Imatinib, entre estas el Desatinib y el Dilotinib. Otra molécula en fase de experimentación en casos de resistencia al Imatinib es la conocida actualmente como .PKC 412 (N benzil-estauroporina), CGP41251 que es un potente inhibidor selectivo de las isoformas de la proteincinasa C. El desarrollo de la terapéutica molecular ha avanzado rápidamente y su aplicación en la LMC ha logrado resultados muy positivos que se deben incrementar con la incorporación de los nuevos medicamentos en estudio y de aquellos que seguramente deben aparecer en un futuro.

New therapeutic models have been recommended in the last years to be used in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) resistant or intolerant to Imatinib. Most of the models are based on interventions on specific sites of the signal transmission system that the cells used to send information to the nucleus. One of the strategies that has been incorporated is the use of farnesyl transferase inhibitors. Therapeutic products that may be administered by oral route, due to the small size of their molecules, have already been identified. At present, there are 4 inhibitors in more advanced stages, mainly the R115777 (zarnestra, tipifarnib). The search for other tretament models gave rise to the appearance of new molecules that may be used to treat the cases of resistance or intolerance to Imatinib, such as Desatinib and Dilotinib. Other molecule under experimentation phase is that currently known as PKC 412 (N-benzoylstaurosporine), CGP41251 that is a powerful selective inhibitor of the protein kinase C isoforms . The development of the molecular therapeutics has advanced rapidly and its application to CML has attained very positive results that should increase with the incorporation of the new drugs under study and of those that will certainly emerge in the future.

Road safety at cross-roads.

With increasing population and increasing vehicular density and with meager infrastructural amenities the 21st century is plagued by yet another important issue Road Traffic Accidents which had in fact become a slow modern pandemic and following a pattern of a secular trend. Road Traffic Accidents (RTA) and Road Traffic Injuries (RTI) consequent to it are on the rise and are a matter of concern as far the loss of life and limb and psycho-socio-economic impact of the event aftermath, on the affected person and his family. The present review article is based on RTI and road safety and brings into focus the theme of the World Health Day (WHD) 2004 which is dedicated to Road Safety.