Research on mixed teaching platform of pediatric clinical laboratory practice teaching based on the Laboratory Quality Management System / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective:To explore application of mixed teaching platform in the clinical practice teaching of the laboratory medicine in Children's hospitals.Methods:We constructed a mixed online and offline teaching platform based on the Laboratory Quality Management System (LQMS) in the Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University. The undergraduates from Batch 2016 ( n=15) and Batch 2018 ( n=12) of College of Laboratory Medicine of Chongqing Medical University were taken as control group and experimental group respectively. Traditional teaching method was adopted by the control group, and the mixed teaching method was adopted by the experimental group. The results of two groups' clinical practice assessment, rate of outstanding students (total score ≥ 90) and rate of satisfaction (score ≥ 90) were compared to evaluate the teaching effect. SPSS 17.0 was used to conduct t-test and Chi-square test. Results:The database of teaching platform includes 68 teaching cases, 198 pieces of courseware, 305 clinical cases and 3 036 atlases. The test bank has accumulated 4 657 tests, covering clinical laboratory, immunology, biochemistry, microbiology and blood transfusion. The results of students in experimental group were significantly better than those of the control group [the score of clinical practice assessment: (85.90±5.04) vs. (78.90±6.75)( P<0.05); rate of outstanding students: 33.3% (4/12) vs. 6.7% (1/15), P>0.05; rate of satisfaction: 86.7% (13/15) vs. 100.0% (12/12) ( P>0.05). Conclusion:The mixed online and offline teaching platform based on the LQMS is highly recognized by students and can significantly improve the effect of clinical practice teaching, which can provide typical medical case teaching at any time and make up for limited case type in children's hospital.

HIV Ag-Abdetection by ELISA: a retrospective analysis / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To conduct a retrospective analysis of HIV Ag-Ab detection by ELISA in our blood center, so as to provide reference for continuous improvement. 【Methods】 The reactive rate of HIV by each reagent, reactive rate of both reagents, re-test rate, concordance rate of initial-repeat test, and reagent utilization rate were counted, and the external quality assessment results were analyzed by PT score and z-ratio. 【Results】 The total reactive rate of HIV was 0.15%. The reactive rate by both reagents was 0.02%. The re-test rates, reactive rates, concordance rates and reagent utilization rates of the two reagents were 0.09% vs 0.08%, 0.07% vs 0.06%, 75.86% vs 78.21%, and 114.54% vs 113.92%, respectively. PT score was 100%, and z-ratio of 7 negative samples and 1 positive sample was less than 2, and of 2 positive samples was more than 3. 【Conclusion】 The laboratory quality monitoring indicators and external quality assessment can effectively monitor the operation of blood testing laboratory.

Consenso de grupo Ad-hoc sobre recomendaciones para la evaluación y controles de calidad para el diagnóstico molecular y serológico de la infección humana por SARS CoV-2 / Ad-hoc group consensus recommendations on the evaluation and quality control of molecular and serological diagnostics tests for SARS CoV-2 human infection

Se formulan recomendaciones de un grupo de consenso de expertos sobre los criterios para evaluar el desempeño diagnóstico (tamaño y selección de muestras para sensibilidad y especificidad analíticas, criterios para establecer límites de detección, criterios para establecer el estándar de oro para las serologías) que deberían ser tenidos en cuenta al evaluar y validar las pruebas diagnósticas para SARS CoV-2. Con el propósito de asegurar la calidad de las pruebas serológicas a utilizar en el país, se recomienda la participación en un programa de control de calidad externo, que garantice la idoneidad y desempeño en la realización de las pruebas diagnósticas serológicas y moleculares durante esta pandemia, ya que su uso tiene profundas implicaciones para las medidas de intervención clínicas individuales y de seguimiento y control en salud pública.

We formulate recommendations from a consensus working group on the criteria to evaluate the diagnostic performance (size and criteria of selection of samples to determine sensitivity, analytical specificity, criteria for limit of detection, criteria for gold standard to evaluate serological assays) that should be taken into account during the evaluation and validation/verification of diagnostic tests for SARS CoV-2 infection. A national external quality control program should be established to guarantee the suitability and performance of these diagnostic serological and molecular tests during this pandemic, that will have deep implications for decisions on clinical and public health.

Evaluación de la calidad de los procesos analíticos en un laboratorio clínico mediante el cálculo del error total y la métrica seis sigma / Evaluation of the analytic processes quality in a clinical laboratory by means of the calculation of the total error and the sigma six metrics

Se realizó una investigación experimental, retrospectiva y longitudinal en el Laboratorio Clínico del Hospital Oncológico Docente Provincial Conrado Benítez García de Santiago de Cuba, con vistas a evaluar la calidad de los procesos analíticos por medio del cálculo del error total y la métrica seis sigma, para lo cual se tomaron los parámetros de glucemia, colesterol, gammaglutamil transferasa y alanina aminotransferasa, registrados en el control de calidad interno mensual durante el año 2017. La evaluación de cada medición química se había efectuado con dos controladores: Elitrol 1 y Elitrol 2. En más de 90 % de los meses fue aceptable la competencia en la determinación de los analitos controlados, excepto en la glucemia 1; así mismo existió un desempeño aceptable en las mediciones de la gammaglutamil transferasa y la alanina aminotransferasa, mientras que la glucemia y el colesterol mostraron el nivel inferior. Se concluyó que el cálculo del error total y la métrica seis sigma fortalecen el control de la calidad interno, garantizan la calidad de los resultados través del laboratorio clínico y, con ello, la calidad de la asistencia médica a los pacientes.

An experimental, retrospective and longitudinal investigation was carried out in the Clinical Laboratory of Conrado Benítez García Teaching Provincial Oncological Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, with the aim of evaluating the quality of the analytic processes by means of the total error calculation and the sigma six metrics, for which the glycemia, cholesterol, gammaglutamyl transferase and alanina aminotransferase parameters were used, registered in the monthly internal quality control during the year 2017. The evaluation of each chemical measurement had been carried out with two controllers: Elitrol 1 and Elitrol 2. In more than 90 % of the months, the competence in the determination of the controlled analyte was acceptable, except in the glycemia 1; also an acceptable performance existed in the mensurements of the gammaglutamyl transferase and the alanina aminotransferase, while the glycemia and the cholesterol showed the lower level. It was concluded that the calculation of the total error and the sigma six metrics strengthen the control of the inner quality, they guarantee the quality of the results through the clinical laboratory and, thus, the quality of the medical care to the patients.

National survey of blood specimen acceptability for clinical chemistry tests in 2017 / 临床检验杂志

Objective To investigate the status of blood specimen acceptability for clinical chemistry tests in routine medical laboratories of China. Methods The questionnaires were assigned to the laboratories which participated in the routine chemistry exter-nal quality assessment (EQA) programs proposed by National Health Commission for Clinical Laboratory. The questionnaires included general information of participants and information about unacceptable blood specimens. Participants were required to record all the in-formation concerning unacceptable blood specimen received from 1stto 31stJuly, 2017. The data from each laboratory were reported and collected via special online system.Results A total of 866 valid questionnaires were collected.Of 15 981 752 specimens received dur-ing the data collection period unqualified 122 00 specimens were rejected with overall rejection rate of 0.076%. The main reasons for unacceptable specimens were hemolysis (33.98%), insufficient specimen quantity (10.78%) and chylemia/lipemia (10.62%). The rejected specimens were related to the original laboratories, types of container and specimen, transportation manner and operating staff of blood collection. Conclusion Certain problems existed in the receiving and management system for unqualified blood specimen in our country and remaining to be perfected. The clinical laboratories should pay more attention for pre-examination stage, including routinely monitoring unacceptable specimens, analyzing related data at the most possible granular levels, identifying the main problem and taking effective measures.

Evaluación de errores preanalíticos en el laboratorio de planta del HIGA O. Alende de Mar del Plata / Evaluation of preanalytical mistakes in the routine laboratory of HIGA O. Alende of Mar del Plata / Avaliação de erros pré-analíticos no laboratório de rotina do HIGA O. Alende de Mar del Plata

La etapa preanalítica corresponde a todos los pasos que deben seguirse en orden cronológico hasta iniciar el procedimiento analítico. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron evaluar los errores preanalíticos de los ingresos diarios a la planta del laboratorio con al menos una solicitud que involucrara a las secciones de Química Clínica y/o Hematología-Hemostasia, en el HIGA O. Alende de Mar del Plata. Se definió como error preanalítico (EPA) a todo error cometido en la solicitud/ingreso o en la extracción/recogida de la muestra. Se calculó el porcentaje de ingresos con uno o más EPA, la frecuencia de cada tipo de error, y la distribución de errores por servicio y por día de la semana. Se analizaron, en total, 7850 ingresos, de los cuales el 82% presentó uno o más EPA. Se relevó un total de 9141 errores, siendo el 91% en la solicitud/ingreso de la muestra. Se concluye que existe un elevado número de errores preanalíticos, de los cuales el mayor porcentaje se encuentra en la solicitud/ingreso. Dado que en el origen de estos errores participa gran parte del personal hospitalario, es importante concientizarlo para lograr la mejora en la calidad de los resultados de laboratorio, fundamentales para la toma de decisiones médicas.

The preanalytical phase involves all steps to be followed in chronological order until the start of the analytical procedure. The objectives of this study were to evaluate pre-analytical mistakes of the daily routine proceeds to the laboratory with at least one application involving sections of Clinical Chemistry and/or Hematology Hemostasis in HIGA O. Alende of Mar del Plata. They were defined as pre-analytical errors (EPA) any error in the application/ admission or extraction/collection of the sample. Were calculated the percentage of applications with one or more EPA, the frequency of each type of error, and the error distribution per service and day of week. Seven thousand and eight hundred and fifty applications were analyzed, of which 82% had one or more EPA. A total of 9141 errors were surveyed, with 91% errors in the application / admission of the sample. It was concluded that there are a large number of pre-analytical errors, of which the highest percentage is in the application / admission. Much of the hospital staff participates in the origin of these mistake; therefore it is important to sensitize them to achieve improved quality of laboratory results, essential for making medical decisions.

A fase pré-analítica corresponde a todos os passos a serem seguidos em ordem cronológica até o início do procedimento analítico. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os erros pré-analíticos das admissões diárias no laboratório com, no mínimo, uma solicitação que envolva as seções de Química Clínica e/ou Hematologia-Hemostasia no HIGA O. Alende de Mar del Plata. Foi definido como erro pré-analítico (EPA), qualquer erro na solicitação/ admissão ou na extração/coleta da amostra. Foi calculado o percentual de admissões com um ou mais EPA, a frequência de cada tipo de erro, e a distribuição de erros por serviço e por dia da semana. No total, 7850 admissões foram analisadas, das quais 82% apresentou um ou mais EPA. Levantaram-se em total 9.141 erros, sendo 91% erros na solicitação/admissão da amostra. Conclui-se que há um grande número de erros pré-analíticos, dos quais o maior percentual se encontra na solicitação/admissão. Visto que na origem desses erros participa grande parte de funcionários do hospital, é importante sensibilizá-los para alcançar a melhoria da qualidade dos resultados laboratoriais, fundamentais para a tomada de decisões médicas.

Method for the Evaluation of Uncertainty in Biological Sample Analysis Laboratory and Its Applications in Laboratory Quality Control / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To provide a way to evaluate test capability for biological sample analysis laboratory,so as to im-prove this test quality. METHODS:By analyzing the use of measurement uncertainty in China and detailing the steps of biological sample analysis laboratory measurement uncertainty,the effects of measurement uncertainty on biological sample analysis laborato-ry are illustrated from two aspects of inner and outer quality control. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:National laboratories mainly examine the source of uncertainty through establishing mathematical model,and then uncertainty is evaluated. Uncertainty evalua-tion is a continuous process. Uncertainty assessment and assurance is the overall situation in a biological sample analysis laboratory quality control. Thus,biological sample analysis laboratory can find a method of self-testing capabilities by uncertainty evaluation, find the maximum uncertainty and eliminate or reduce it gradually,ultimately improve laboratory testing quality.

Evaluación externa de la calidad en Hematología / External quality assessment in Haematology

La evaluación externa de la calidad permite determinar el desempeño de laboratorios individuales para efectuar ensayos o mediciones específicos e identifica los problemas existentes en ellos. La necesidad de establecer una metodología económica y confiable para la evaluación externa de la calidad de algunas de las variables hematológicas de los laboratorios nos impulso a realizar este trabajo. En esta metodología definimos tres etapas: a) capacitación, b) control externo de una técnica por espectrofotometría, la concentración de hemoglobina y otra de microscopia, conteo total de leucocitos que permitieran evaluar el trabajo de la sección de hematología, c)la retroalimentación de los resultados y una inspección in situ a los que obtuvieran resultados deficientes para aplicar medidas correctivas. Los profesionales de los laboratorios recibieron la capacitación y los procedimientos. La evaluación externa se aplicó a los laboratorios de 4 municipios de La Habana y se estandarizaron las variables. De los 9 laboratorios examinados; en la concentración de hemoglobina: 5 obtuvieron calificación de excelente, 1 bien y 3 satisfactorio; en el conteo total de leucocitos: 2 con excelente, 3 bien, 1 satisfactorio y 3 no reportaron. Estos últimos fueron visitados e identificados los problemas. El coeficiente de variación ínter laboratorio se calculo para el grupo 2 con 6 laboratorios; en la Hb el resultado es de 2.05 porciento, para el conteo total de leucocitos de 9.93 porciento. La metodología implementada requiere de menos recursos que la forma recomendada internacionalmente y permite diferenciar los laboratorios en cuanto a la exactitud y la precisión

External quality assessment allows us to determine the performance of individual laboratories to make trials or take specific measurements and identify the specific problems in them. The need to establish a cheap and reliable methodology for the external evaluation of the quality of some of some haematological variables of laboratories encouraged us to carry out this work. In this methodology, we define three stages: a) training, b) external control of a spectrophotometer technique, haemoglobin concentrations and microscopy, total leukocyte count that allowed us to assess the work of the haematology section, c) feedback of results and an in situ inspection to the ones that obtained deficient results to apply correction measures. The laboratory professionals were trained and informed on the procedures. The external evaluation was applied to the laboratories of four municipalities of Havana and the variables were standardized. Of the nine laboratories tested on haemoglobin concentration we had the following results: five of them obtained excellent marks, one was marked good and the other three were marked satisfactory. In relation to the total leukocyte count, two of them were marked excellent, three were marked good, one was considered satisfactory and the remaining three were not reported. The latter laboratories were visited and the problems were identified. The inter-laboratory rates of variation were calculated for group two with six laboratories. The result of haemoglobin was 2.05 percent, for a total leukocytes count of 9.93 percent. The implemented methodology requires fewer resources than the internationally recommended form and allows the differentiation of laboratories in terms of both accuracy and precision

Laboratory quality management system: Road to accreditation and beyond.

This review attempts to clarify the concepts of Laboratory Quality Management System (Lab QMS) for a medical testing and diagnostic laboratory in a holistic way and hopes to expand the horizon beyond quality control (QC) and quality assurance. It provides an insight on accreditation bodies and highlights a glimpse of existing laboratory practices but essentially it takes the reader through the journey of accreditation and during the course of reading and understanding this document, prepares the laboratory for the same. Some of the areas which have not been highlighted previously include: requirement for accreditation consultants, laboratory infrastructure and scope, applying for accreditation, document preparation. This section is well supported with practical illustrations and necessary tables and exhaustive details like preparation of a standard operating procedure and a quality manual. Concept of training and privileging of staff has been clarified and a few of the QC exercises have been dealt with in a novel way. Finally, a practical advice for facing an actual third party assessment and caution needed to prevent post-assessment pitfalls has been dealt with.

A utilidade dos indicadores da qualidade no gerenciamento de laboratórios clínicos / Usefulness of quality indicators in the management of clinical laboratories

O uso dos indicadores da qualidade vem sendo valorizado na gestão dos laboratórios clínicos para otimizar a qualificação e a quantificação das falhas nos diferentes processos laboratoriais, bem como para auxiliar a implantação de medidas corretivas e preventivas e apontar a eficácia das ações tomadas. O objetivo deste trabalho é discorrer sobre a evolução da qualidade na área da saúde, com ênfase na área laboratorial. Alguns indicadores laboratoriais citados na literatura nas fases pré-analítica, analítica e pós-analítica também são apresentados e discutidos neste artigo. Por fim, destaca-se a experiência brasileira do Programa de Indicadores Laboratoriais desenvolvido pela Sociedade Brasileira de Patologia Clínica/Medicina Laboratorial (SBPC/ML) em parceria com a Control-Lab e o projeto Model of Quality Indicator, em fase de desenvolvimento pela International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC).

The use of quality indicators has been appreciated in laboratory management so as to optimize quality and error quantification in several laboratory processes. Furthermore, it assists in the implementation of preventive and corrective measures and it shows their corresponding efficiency. The objective of the present study is to discuss the evolution of quality, mainly in the laboratory area, focusing on the importance of quality indicators in laboratory management. Some pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical laboratory indicators are also presented and discussed in this work. Finally, we highlight the Brazilian initiative in the Laboratory Indicator Program developed by the Brazilian Society of Clinical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (SBPC/ML) in partnership with Control-Lab and the Model of Quality Indicator project, which has been developed by the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC).