Investigating the Relationship between Childbirth Type and Breastfeeding Pattern Based on the LATCH Scoring System in Breastfeeding Mothers / Investigando a relação entre o tipo de parto e o padrão de amamentação com base no sistema de pontuação LATCH em mães que amamentam

Abstract Objective The role of breast milk in the physical and mental health of infants and in the prevention of infant death is widely known. The benefits of breastfeeding for mothers and infants have been proven, but several factors can affect breastfeeding. Childbirth is one of the most influential factors. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of the type of delivery (natural childbirth and cesarean section) on breastfeeding based on the latch, audible swallowing, type of nipple, comfort, hold (LATCH) scoring system. Methods The present cross-sectional observational study was performed using the census method among women who referred to Afzalipour Hospital for delivery in May 2020; the breastfeeding pattern was completed by observation and the in-case information, by LATCH checklist. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, United States) software, version 19.0, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the Chi-squared statistical test. Results Out of a total of 254 deliveries (127 natural childbirths and 127 cesarean deliveries), there was no statistically significant difference between the 2 study groups in terms of age, maternal employment status, and infant weight, but there was a statistically significant relationship between the type of delivery, the maternal level of schooling, and the appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration (Apgar) score in the first minute. The mean score of breastfeeding patterns among the natural childbirth group (9.33) was higher than that of the cesarean section group (7.21). Conclusion The type of delivery affects the mother's performance during breastfeeding, and mothers submitted to cesarean sections need more support and help in breastfeeding.

Resumo Objetivo É sabido o papel do leite materno na saúde física e mental dos bebês e na prevenção da mortalidade infantil. Os benefícios da amamentação para mães e bebês foram comprovados, mas vários fatores podem afetar a amamentação. O parto é um dos fatores mais influentes. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar o efeito do tipo de parto (parto Natural e cesariana) na amamentação com base no sistema de pontuação agarramento, deglutição audível, tipo de mamilo, conforto, segurar (latch, audible swallowing, type of nipple, comfort, hold, LATCH, em inglês). Métodos Este estudo transversal e observacional foi realizado pelo método do censo entre mulheres que buscaram atendimento no Hospital Afzalipour para parto em maio de 2020; o padrão de amamentação foi completado por observação e in-case, pela lista de verificação do LATCH. Os dados foram analisados usando o programa Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (IBM SPSS for Windows, IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, Estados Unidos), versão 19.0, análise de variância (analysis of variance, ANOVA, em inglês) e o teste estatístico do qui-quadrado. Resultados De um total de 254 partos (127 parto naturais e 127 cesarianas), não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os dois grupos de estudo em termos de idade, situação laboral materna e peso do bebê, mas houve uma relação estatisticamente significativa entre os tipo de parto, a escolaridade materna e o índice de aparência, frequência cardíaca, irritabilidade reflexa, tônus muscular, e respiração appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration (Apgar), no primeiro minuto. A pontuação média do padrão de amamentação no grupo do parto natural (9,33) foi maior do que a do grupo da cesariana (7,21). Conclusão O tipo de parto afeta desempenho da mãe durante a amamentação, e as mães submetidas a cesariana necessitam de mais apoio e ajuda na amamentação.

A study on role of LATCH scoring in duration of exclusive breastfeeding in a rural tertiary care hospital, Puducherry: a prospective study

Background: Exclusive Breastfeeding (EBF) for 6 months is the optimal way of feeding infants. NFHS4 data shows 45.5% of children were exclusively breastfed at 6 months in Puducherry. The Global Nutrition Targets 2025 aims at increasing EBF rates in first 6 months up to at least 50%. The main objective is to find areas of needed intervention using LATCH scoring and to find factors responsible for fall in rates of EBF.Methods: A prospective study was conducted between November 2017 and April 2019 (1'years). Mothers were educated about breastfeeding. LATCH score assessed at 8 and 48 hours of life. At 48hours, score >8 indicates there is a high chance for EBF for next 6 months and score <8 indicates, mother is having difficulty in feeding and are intervened at this point. Data about EBF and reason for early weaning at 6 weeks and 6 months collected.Results: LATCH score at 8 hours was >8 in infants delivered via NVD: 50% as against 9.6% in babies delivered via LSCS. At 48 hours LATCH score improved in both groups: 60.8% in babies delivered via NVD, 38.3% in babies delivered via LSCS.' Compared to Primi-mothers, infants born to multigravida mothers had higher scores at 48 hours: 62.2% as against 31.1%. 84% were EBF at 6 weeks. 51% were EBF at 6 months. When mothers with LATCH score <8 at 48 hours were intervened, EBF rate at 6 weeks improved. Most common reason for early weaning at 6 weeks was maternal problems: 6.6% and at 6 months- due to influence of relatives: 27%.Conclusions: LATCH score helps in predicting breastfeeding duration as early as 48 hours of life. Low scores indicate, it requires intervention and identifies the areas of needed intervention. Counselling regarding EBF must include not only mothers but also relatives.

Tongue-tie division in neonates with breastfeeding difficulties: a systematic review / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To systematically review the effect of Tongue-tie division on infants with breastfeeding difficulties. Methods The Cochrane Library, PubMed, CNKI and Wanfang data were searched for relevant articles. Two reviewers independently assessed studies against predetermined inclusion/exclusion criteria and extracted data regarding study design. RevMan 5.3 software was used to conduct Meta-analysis. Results A total of 151 articles were retrieved and finally 15 articles were included, which involved 1133 infants. Tongue-tie division provided objective improvements in poor latch, inefficient feeding, poor weight gain. Subjective improvements were also noted. But the results were inconsistent on pain improvement. Tongue-tie division increased breastfeeding rate. Conclusions Available evidence suggests that Tongue-tie division can improve breastfeeding, complications are rare, and it is acceptable by families.

Myoplasmic Ca2+, Crossbridge Phosphorylation and Latch in Rabbit Bladder Smooth Muscle

Tonic smooth muscle exhibit the latch phenomenon: high force at low myosin regulatory light chains (MRLC) phosphorylation, shortening velocity (Vo), and energy consumption. However, the kinetics of MRLC phosphorylation and cellular activation in phasic smooth muscle are unknown. The present study was to determine whether Ca(2+)-stimulated MRLC phosphorylation could suffice to explain the agonist- or high K(+)-induced contraction in a fast, phasic smooth muscle. We measured myoplasmic [Ca2+], MRLC phosphorylation, half-time after step-shortening (a measure of Vo) and contractile stress in rabbit urinary bladder strips. High K(+)-induced contractions were phasic at both 22degrees C and 37degrees C: myoplasmic [Ca2+], MRLC phosphorylation, 1/half-time, and contractile stress increased transiently and then all decreased to intermediate values. Carbachol (CCh)-induced contractions exhibited latch at 37degrees C: stress was maintained at high levels despite decreasing myoplasmic [Ca2+], MRLC phosphorylation, and 1/half-time. At 22degrees C CCh induced sustained elevations in all parameters. 1/half-time depended on both myoplasmic [Ca2+] and MRLC phosphorylation. The steady-state dependence of stress on MRLC phosphorylation was very steep at 37degrees C in the CCh- or K(+)-depolarized tissue and reduced temperature flattend the dependence of stress on MRLC phosphorylation compared to 37degrees C. These data suggest that phasic smooth muscle also exhibits latch behavior and latch is less prominent at lower temperature.

Problemas de la alimentación en lactantes. Primera parte: generalidades / Feeding problems in infants. First part: basic concepts

Desde la etapa prenatal, la organización neuro-fisiológica del bebé lo prepara para realizar con efectividad los procesos vitales de succión, deglución y respiración. Los reflejos y experiencias intrauterinas le permitirán poder alimentarse inmediatamente al nacer. Se estima que cerca del término de la gestación, el feto humano deglute entre 500-1000cc de líquido amniótico cada día. El pico de sinaptogénesis sucede entre 34 y 36 semanas de edad gestacional, que es el tiempo donde la succión nutritiva es segura. El ritmo de la succión se establece a las 32 semanas. El proceso de alimentarse sufre encefalización cuando los reflejos son integrados, entonces pasa de un ritmo de alimentación reflejo, a tener la capacidad de alterar voluntaria y cualitativamente la estrategia de alimentación. Este proceso se consolida debido a la integración sensoriomotora de la deglución con la respiración, la coordinación ojo-mano, el tono muscular normal, la postura y un apropiado ambiente psicosocial. Alimentarse, especialmente en los primeros años de vida, es un proceso mutuo, se necesitan dos personas para lograrlo, y por eso, si alguna de las dos carece de las habilidades necesarias, esto puede generar problemas de la alimentación. Nada sustituye la valoración realizada con una historia clínica y un examen físico dirigidos a valorar cuán efectiva es la fase oral y faríngea mientras el bebé es alimentado. Cuando se presenten dificultades, la intervención debe ser activa, eso incluye la toma de decisiones médicas y quirúrgicas, protección de la vía aérea, suministro del aporte calórico idóneo para las necesidades del infante. Se deben además brindar estrategias maduracionales para su nivel de desarrollo alimentario actual y para ir adquiriendo las habilidades esperadas en elfuturo cercano y tardío