Advances in Epigenetic Regulatory Mechanisms in HSV1 Infection / 昆明医科大学学报

Herpes simplex viruses type 1(HSV1)is among the most ubiquitous human pathogens that cause a wide variety of disease states.The latent infection of the central nervous system and sporadically reactivation is the central part of HSV1 pathogenesis,which also brings challenges to antiviral therapies.At present,the mechanism of establishing,maintaining and reactivation of HSV1 has not been fully clarified,whereas it has been generally accepted that the epigenetic regulation may play an important role.Accumulating researches have also indicated that the lytic and latent viral genomes exhibit the different chromatin structures,and the accumulation of diverse post-translational modifies the histones endow viral genes with transcriptional activation or repression features.In addition,the latency-associate transcripts of virus may also participate in the genome epigenetic modification.In this review,we summarize the research progress of epigenetic regulation of HSV1 and highlight the critical role of chromatin remodeling in HSV1 lytic proliferation and establishment of latent infection.

Establishing normative values for auditory brainstem response measurements among infants aged 3 to 6 months: Descriptive study

Background@#Establishing clinic-specific normative data for auditory brainstem response (ABR) tests is important due to variability in stimulus parameters and equipment.@*Objective@#To establish normative values for ABR measurements in infants aged 3 to 6 months.@*Design@#Descriptive study.@*Participants@#12 normal-hearing male and female infants, aged 3 to 6 months, who underwent ABR tests.@*Setting@#Audiology Unit, Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Southern Philippines Medical Center, Davao City, January 2021 to December 2022.@*Main outcome measures@#Absolute latency readings for waves I, III, and V, and interpeak latencies for waves I-III, III-V, and I-V using Interacoustics Eclipse EP15 apparatus with a RadioEar IP30 Insert Earphone transducer at a stimulus intensity of 60-90 dBnHL and a rate of 45.1 clicks/sec.@*Main results@#All normative ABR ranges were computed with a threshold of ± 2 SD from the means. The computed means (normative ranges) for absolute latencies for waves I, III, and V were 1.49 ± 0.15 (1.19-1.78) msec, 4.45 ± 0.32 (3.81-5.10) msec, and 6.65 ± 0.26 (6.12-7.17) msec, respectively. The computed normative values for interpeak latencies for waves I-III, III-V, and I-V were 2.80 ± 0.22 (2.36-3.23) msec, 2.19 ± 0.21 (1.78-2.61) msec, and 4.99 ± 0.29 (4.41-5.57) msec, respectively.@*Conclusion@#In our study, we have established normative values for ABR test measurements for infants aged 3 to 6 months.

Correlation between islet α cell function and peripheral neuropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract Background: This study explored the correlation between pancreatic islet α cell function, as reflected by the plasma glucagon levels, and Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy (DPN) in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Methods: A total of 358 patients with T2DM were retrospectively enrolled in this study and divided into the Non-DPN (NDPN) group (n = 220) and the DPN group (n = 138). All patients underwent an oral glucose tolerance test to detect levels of blood glucose, insulin and glucagon, and the Area Under the Curve (AUC) for Glucagon (AUCglu) was used to estimate the overall glucagon level. The Peripheral Nerve Conduction Velocity (PNCV), Amplitude (PNCA) and Latency (PNCL) were obtained with electromyography, and their Z scores were calculated. Results: There were significant differences regarding the age, disease duration, serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, urea nitrogen, high-density lipoprotein, and 2h-C peptide between these two groups (p < 0.05). The NDPN group had higher glucagon levels at 30, 60 and 120 min and AUCglu (p < 0.05). The Z-scores of PNCV and PNCA showed an increasing trend (p < 0.05), while the Z-score of PNCL showed a decreasing trend (p < 0.05). The glucagon levels were positively correlated with PNCV and PNCA, but negatively correlated with PNCL, with Gluca30min having the strongest correlation (p < 0.05). Gluca30min was independently related to PNCV, PNCL, PNCA and DPN, respectively (p < 0.05). The function of pancreatic α islet cells, as reflected by the plasma glucagon level, is closely related to the occurrence of DPN in T2DM patients. Conclusion: Gluca30min may be a potentially valuable independent predictor for the occurrence of DPN.

Association between sleep duration and latency, nocturnal awakenings, and body mass index among infants / Associação entre duração e latência do sono, despertares noturnos e índice de massa corporal de lactentes

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the association between sleep duration, nocturnal awakenings, and sleep latency with body mass index (BMI) at six and 12 months of age. Methods: 179 children from a birth cohort were enrolled. At six and 12 months of age, anthropometric data were obtained using standardized techniques and infants' mothers answered the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire for sleep data. The association of BMI with the independent variables (sleep duration, latency, and nocturnal awakenings) was assessed by linear regression models. Analyses were adjusted for potential confounders and a p-value<0.05 was adopted to define statistical significance. Results: For each additional hour of sleep duration, BMI was reduced by 0.15 kg/m² (95% confidence interval [CI] -0.28; -0.01; p=0.03) and each additional minute of sleep latency increased BMI by 0.01 kg/m² (95%CI -0.00; 0.03; p=0.02). These associations were independent of gestational age, child sex, birth weight, duration of exclusive breastfeeding, smoking during pregnancy, and mother's BMI, education, and marital status. Nocturnal awakenings showed no association with the outcome. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that sleep duration and sleep latency time are associated with BMI in the first year of life. Insights into the influence of sleep early in life on weight status may be helpful to complement future nutritional recommendations and prevent and treat obesity.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar a associação entre duração do sono, despertares noturnos e latência do sono com o índice de massa corporal (IMC) aos seis e 12 meses de idade. Métodos: foram incluídas 179 crianças de uma coorte de nascimentos. Aos seis e 12 meses de idade, dados antropométricos foram obtidos por meio de técnicas padronizadas e as mães dos lactentes responderam ao Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire para dados do sono. A associação do IMC com as variáveis independentes (duração do sono, latência e despertares noturnos) foi avaliada por modelos de regressão linear. As análises foram ajustadas para potenciais fatores de confusão e o p-valor<0,05 foi adotado para definir a significância estatística. Resultados: Para cada hora adicional de duração do sono, o IMC foi reduzido em 0,15 kg/m² (intervalo de confiança [IC]95% -0,28; -0,01; p=0,03) e cada minuto adicional no tempo de latência resultou em aumento de 0,01 kg/m² (IC95% -0,00; 0,03; p=0,02) no IMC. Essas associações foram independentes da idade gestacional, sexo da criança, peso ao nascer, duração do aleitamento materno exclusivo, tabagismo durante a gravidez e IMC, escolaridade e estado civil da mãe. Os despertares noturnos não apresentaram associação com o desfecho. Conclusões: Nossos achados sugerem que a duração e a latência do sono estão associadas ao IMC no primeiro ano de vida. Informações sobre a influência do sono no início da vida sobre o status do peso podem ser úteis para complementar futuras recomendações nutricionais e prevenir e tratar a obesidade.

Sural nerve conduction: Amplitude and distal latency of sensory nerve action potential

Background: The sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) is an important factor in the electro diagnostic evaluation of a patient with suspected peripheral neuropathy. Sural nerve is the most frequently studied nerve in the electrophysiology. For proper diagnosis sural sensory conduction abnormalities, a reference data are required for each electrophysiology laboratory. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to find out normative reference data of amplitude and distal latency (DL) of sural SNAP for Northern Kerala population. Materials and Methods: The study was designed as cross-sectional and observational study and analysis of values was done using SPSS version 16. A total of 250 healthy subjects of age 15–50 from Northern Kerala participated in the study which included equal number of males and females. Results: Normative reference data for sensory amplitude and DL were derived in the present study. Sensory amplitude was more and DL was found to be less in female population, indicating faster nerve conduction in female. Conclusion: The reference data derived here can be utilized to detect any abnormality sural nerve sensory conduction. The gender effect on sural nerve sensory conduction parameters can be attributed to the height difference, as nerve conduction velocity is inversely proportional to height.

Cambios en la calidad del sueño durante el semestre académico en estudiantes de la salud / Changes in sleep quality during an academic semester in health careers students / Alterações na qualidade do sono durante o semestre letivo em estudantes da área da saúde

Introducción: La calidad del sueño tiene efectos en la salud física y mental, su alteración en estudiantes universitarios dificulta los procesos de memoria, concentración y capacidad de aprendizaje. En Colombia los estudios de sueño se centran principalmente en estudiantes de medicina y enfermería, y muy pocos identifican su relación con la carga académica. Objetivo: Describir los cambios en la calidad del sueño durante un semestre académico y acorde al ciclo de formación en universitarios de una facultad de salud y rehabilitación de Cali, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, prospectivo mediante la aplicación del Índice de calidad del sueño de Pittsburgh al inicio y cierre del semestre a 241 estudiantes de Fisioterapia, Nutrición y Terapia ocupacional. Resultados: La mayoría de participantes eran mujeres, de 20 años o menos y de estratos socioeconómicos medio y bajo. Al inicio del semestre el 76,35% de estudiantes dormían 7 horas o más y al final se redujo al 49,79%. Al inicio del estudio el 24,90% presentaban mala calidad del sueño y al final la cifra ascendió a 54,36%. Conclusiones: Se presentó un incremento significativo de mala calidad del sueño al final del semestre académico, siendo mayor el cambio en los estudiantes del ciclo profesional.

Introduction: Sleep quality affects physical and mental health and its alteration in university students hinders memory processes, concentration, and learning capacity. In Colombia, studies on sleep patterns focus mainly on medical and nursing students and few of them identify its relationship with academic load. Objective: To describe sleep quality changes during an academic semester and according to education cycles in university students from a health and rehabilitation program in Cali, Colombia. Materials and methods: Descriptive prospective study, which applied the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index at the beginning and end of the semester to 241 Physiotherapy, Nutrition, and Occupational Therapy students. Results: Most participants were women, aged 20 years old or younger, and belonged to medium to low socioeconomic strata. At the beginning of the semester, 76.35% of students were able to sleep 7 hours or more and at the end this population decreased to 49.79%. At the beginning of the study, 24.9% displayed poor sleep quality, whereas this group increased to 54.36% at the end. Conclusions: There was a significant increase in poor sleep quality at the end of the academic semester, the change being greater in students from the professional cycle.

Introdução: A qualidade do sono tem efeitos na saúde física e mental, sua alteração em estudantes universitários dificulta os processos de memória, concentração e capacidade do aprendizagem. Na Colômbia, os estudos do sono se concentram basicamente em estudantes de medicina e enfermería, e poucos identificam sua relação com a carga acadêmica. Objetivo: Descrever as alterações na qualidade do sono durante um semestre letivo de acordo com o ciclo de formação em estudantes universitários de uma escola de saúde e reabilitação em Cali, Colômbia. Materiais e métodos: Estudo descritivo, prospectivo por meio da aplicação do Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburgh no início e final do semestre em 241 alunos de Fisioterapia, Nutrição e Terapia Ocupacional. Resultados: A maioria dos participantes foram mulheres, com idade igual ou inferior a 20 anos e de estratos socioeconômicos médio e baixo. No início do semestre, 76,35% dos alunos dormiam 7 horas ou mais, e no final diminuiu para 49,79%. No início do estudo, 24,90% tinham má qualidade do sono e no final o número subiu para 54,36%. Conclusões: Houve um aumento significativo da má qualidade do sono no final do semestre letivo, sendo a alteração maior nos estudantes do ciclo profissional.

¿Qué es el test de latencia múltiple de sueño y cuál es su uso en pediatría? / What is the multiple sleep latency test and what is its use in pediatrics?

La prueba de latencia múltiple del sueño nos permite evaluar objetivamente las variaciones normales y patológicas en la somnolencia y el estado de alerta. Es una prueba que evalúa qué tan rápido una persona se duerme en condiciones estandarizadas que facilitan el sueño, y se repite a intervalos de 2 horas durante todo el día. Es el estándar para documentar el inicio del sueño REM (SOREMP), que es un síntoma de narcolepsia y en la somnolencia idiopática podría ser útil. Su uso está ampliamente descrito en adultos, pero la prueba no es tan común en niños. En esta revisión, se analizan los valores en adultos y niños, y su utilidad, a partir de la historia de la prueba.

The multiple sleep latency test allows us to objectively assess normal and pathological variations in sleepiness and alertness. It is a test that assesses how quickly a person falls asleep under standardized conditions that facilitate sleep and is repeated at 2-h intervals throughout the day. is the standard for documenting sleep onset REM (SOREMP), which is a symptom of Narcolepsy and idiopathic sleepiness could be useful. Its use is widely described in adults, but the test is not so common in children. In this review, we analyze the values in adults and children, and their usefulness, based on from the history of the test.

Association between Sleep Quality and Different Aspects of Memory along with Assessment of Post Exercise and Post Meditation Effects

Background and Aims : Sleep is a highly conserved behaviour across animal evolution. The functions of sleep include restoration, memory processing, dreaming etc. Memory is informational processing system with explicit and implicit functioning made up of sensory processor, short term memory and long term memory. The present study was designed to analyse the impact of sleep quality on memory and effect of exercise and meditation on same. Material and Method : The present study was performed on 110 subjects chosen randomly with no gender bias. In first phase, baseline values were assessed for different sub tests of sleep quality and different aspects of memory. Subjects were divided into two groups with each group including 27 males and 27 females. One group was required to perform moderate intensity exercise and other meditation for one month duration. In the second phase, parameters were again assessed. Statistical analysis : Paired t-test was used for comparison of memory and sleep components between males and females. Independent t-test was used between baseline and post intervention values of exercise, meditation. Correlation studies were also carried out between sleep quality and different aspects of memory using Pearson correlation coefficient. Result : Significant and non significant results were obtained on comparison of memory and sleep components in males and females. Total memory score was better in females. Exercise and meditation exhibited statistically significant result on memory and sleep quality. Conclusion : Good sleep quality is associated with better memory. There is improvement across domains of memory and sleep with meditation and exercise.

Establishment of a membrane metalloproteinase TRABD2A blocking method for HIV reservoir detection / 中华检验医学杂志

Objective:To investigate the therapeutic effect of humanized TRAB domain-containing protein 2A (TRABD2A) monoclonal blocking antibody to HIV-1 reservoir cells, and to explore novel methods for measuring the sizes/capacities of HIV-1 infected reservoirs in HIV-1 infected individuals on receiving combined antiretroviral therapy (cART).Methods:A total number of 51 subjects were collected from the First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University from May 2021 to December 2021. Among them, there were 2 healthy persons, 41 HIV-1 infected persons receiving cART (cART group) and 8 HIV-1 infected persons not receiving cART (no cART group). Humanized TRABD2A monoclonal antibody was constructed based on the phage display technology, the PBMCs and CD4+T cells separated from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and CD4+T cells of HIV-1 infected patients treated with receiving cART, or the HIV-1 infected patients without cART treatment and healthy controls were treated with TRABD2A monoclonal antibodies. The luciferase reporter system, single molecule immune array detection technology and other methods were used to detect the virus content in the supernatant of cell culture. At the same time, flow cytometry and fluorescence real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction were used to detect the activation of the treated cells and the expression of virus genes. The statistical differences between different treatment the amount of virus release and the level of surface activation markers CD25, CD69, human leukocyte antigen DR (HLA-DR) of different groups in the amount of virus release and the expression of surface activation markers CD25, CD69, HLA-DR were compared.Results:The PBMCs of HIV-1 infected persons receiving cART were tested for HIV-1 production after being treated with humanized TRABD2A monoclonal antibody. The amount of virus released by the untreated group was 0 (0, 440), and the amount of virus released by the use of negative antibody was 0 (0, 390). There was no significant difference between the two ( P>0.05). The amount of virus released by the use of positive antibody was 1 259 (0, 4 269), 3 142 (1 292, 5 060), compared with the amount of virus released by the use of negative antibody, The difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). The healthy control PBMC was used to conduct multiple dilutions to the infected PBMC. After positive antibody treatment, the amount of virus release decreased in equal proportions [the HIV-1 production corresponding to 5, 25, 125, 625 times of undiluted, diluted PBMC was 4 670 (3 339, 7 697), 1 860 (1 509, 4 615), 1 550 (1 150, 2 680), 602 (255, 1 441), 2 (0, 37), respectively].In addition, there was no significant difference in the resting state of cells treated with TRABD2A antibodies compared with the untreated group (The percentage of CD25 positive cells in the untreated group and positive antibody 1 treated group were 3.89±1.31 and 4.60±1.74, the percentage of CD69 positive cells were 2.50±1.27 and 2.18±0.51, and the percentage of HLA-DR positive cells were 7.66±3.78 and 8.79±3.42, respectively, P>0.05). The viral gag expression levels of untreated and positive antibody 1 were 1 and 0.82±0.55, respectively, with no significant difference. Conclusions:The humanized TRABD2A monoclonal antibody can effectively block the protein activity of TRABD2A, and can significantly promote the release of progeny viruses from viral reservoir in the peripheral blood of HIV-1 infected persons without changing the cell resting state and the whole genome transcription level. The amount of virus released in this way is positively related to the number of reservoir cells.

Efficacy differences of dapoxetine hydrochloride medication on-time and on-demand in patients with primary premature ejaculation / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective:To compare the efficacy of dapoxetine hydrochloride for the treatment of primary premature ejaculation when taken on time and on demand.Methods:This study was a randomized controlled study. Patients with primary premature ejaculation diagnosed at the Andrology Outpatient Department of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University between September 2018 and June 2019 were included. Inclusion criteria included ①non-homosexual patients aged≥18 years, ②regular sexual partner and rapport relationship with their sexual partner for more than 1 year, ③no serotonin reuptake inhibitors application within 3 months before treatment, ④ejaculated within 2 minutes of penile entry into the vagina that lasts>6 months, ⑤on participation in other similar trials in the past 6 months, ⑥had sexual intercourse≥2 times/week. Exclusion criteria included ①erection hardness score<3 points, ②malformation or dysplasia of reproductive organs, ③genitourinary infection, ④patients with severe heart disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, ⑤hypogonadism, ⑥allergy to dapoxetine hydrochloride and excipients, ⑦ patients with moderate or severe liver damage. The enrolled patients were divided into an on-time medication group and an on-demand medication group according to the randomized number table method. Patients took dapoxetine hydrochloride 30 mg/time, once a day, immediately after dinner in the on-time medication group, and the patients took dapoxetine hydrochloride 30 mg/time 2-3 h before intercourse in the on-demand medication group. The latency of intravaginal ejaculation (IELT), the score of the diagnostic tool for premature ejaculation (PEDT), the score of premature ejaculation index (IPE), and the score of anxiety level (SAS) of the two groups were observed within 8 weeks of medication intaking and 8 weeks of medication withdraw.Results:A total of 136 patients were enrolled, and finally 88 completed the 8 weeks treatment, including 50 patients (73.53%) in the on-time medication group and 38 patients (55.88%) in the on-demand medication group. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of patient adherence ( P = 0.048). There were no significant differences in pre-treatment IELT [(2.23 ± 1.81) min vs. (1.80 ± 1.51) min], PEDT scores [(16.52 ± 1.54) vs. (16.84 ± 1.59)], IPE scores [satisfaction (32.67 ± 7.36) vs. (32.37±5.90), control (23.31 ± 5.48) vs. (22.97 ± 4.82), pain severity (36.43 ± 3.51) vs. (35.82 ± 3.27)], and SAS scores [(51.80 ± 6.93) vs. (53.82 ± 4.47)] between the on-time medication group and on-demand medication group ( P>0.05). After 8 weeks of treatment for patients in the on-time versus on-demand medication groups, the IELT [(5.45 ± 2.64) min vs. (5.01 ± 2.31) min], PEDT scores [(13.68 ± 2.15) vs. (14.92 ± 9.39)], IPE scores [satisfaction (42.58 ± 5.13) vs. (43.39 ± 4.76), control (31.86 ± 4.49) vs. (32.75 ± 5.43), pain severity (62.94 ± 4.07) vs. s (61.22 ± 4.25)], and SAS score [(49.70 ± 4.16) vs. (51.66 ± 4.65)] were not statistically different ( P>0.05). However, the differences were statistically significant when compared with those at the initial consultation ( P<0.05). After 8 weeks of drug withdrawal, the scores of IELT, PEDT and IPE in the two groups were not significantly different from those before treatment( P>0.05). Conclusions:Taking dapoxetine hydrochloride on time and on demand can effectively alleviate the symptoms and anxiety of patients with primary premature ejaculation, and the compliance of the on-time medication group was better. Premature ejaculation symptoms recur after long-term discontinuation of the drug.

Analysis of the clinical characteristics of 69 cases of occupational melanosis / 中国职业医学

Objective To summarize the clinical characteristics of patients with occupational melanosis. Methods Diagnostic data of 69 patients with occupational melanosis was analyzed using retrospective analysis. Results The main occupational hazards for the 69 patients with occupational melanosis were coal tar, petroleum and its fractionated products, pigments and dyes and their intermediates, rubber additives and rubber products. The median length of occupational exposure and disease latency were 8.0 and 6.0 years, respectively, with a highly positive correlation between them (Spearman correlation coefficients=0.962, P<0.01). Skin lesions were mainly found on exposed areas such as the face-to-neck and limbs, prevalence of 94.2% and 75.4% respectively. And 78.3% of patients had skin lesion on more than two sites. The lesions were mostly in the form of irregular flakes (59.4%), with a gray-black color (44.9%). About 43.5% of patients experienced skin itching. Complete blood count, liver function, and kidney function were all within normal ranges. Skin biopsy results showed that epidermal hyperkeratosis, thinning of the spinous layer, liquefaction degeneration of basal cells, increased superficial dermal melanocytes, and infiltration of lymphocytes, histiocytes, and melanocytes around the blood vessels. Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) detection showed focal liquefaction degeneration of basal cells in the lesions, with a significant infiltration of melanocytes and inflammatory cells in the dermal papillae and superficial layers. Conclusion The primary target organ of occupational melanocytes is the skin, and no damage to other organs was identified thus far. Results from skin biopsies and RCM examinations can be used for differential diagnosis.

Research progress on the mechanisms of the latency and recurrence of herpes simplex virus type Ⅰ in trigeminal ganglion / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

Herpes simplex keratitis(HSK), caused by the infection of herpes simplex virus type Ⅰ(HSV-1)in cornea, is a global blinding corneal disease. After the primary infection in ocular surface, HSV-1 is transported into trigeminal ganglion and establishes the life-lasting latency, and it results in recurrent keratopathy. In the process of studying the latent mechanism of HSV, it has been gradually recognized that both the virus itself and the host response regulate the latent process of HSV. In recent years, a large number of research results have been obtained on the molecular mechanisms of invasion, immunity, latency and recurrence of neurotropic viruses, which provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of HSK. In the present review, the recent progress of HSV latency mechanism in trigeminal ganglion after the primary infection in corneal surface was introduced, and the unsolved basic and clinical problems in HSK were discussed.

Sexual motivation and performance in sexual naïve and experienced rats treated with ivermectin: an ultrasonic vocalization study / Motivação e desempenho sexual em ratos com e sem experiência sexual tratados com ivermectina: um estudo da vocalização ultrassônica

In mammals, ivermectin acts as a GABAA receptor agonist and stimulates GABA release. Previous studies showed that ivermectin (IVM) reduces sexual performance, impairing the latency to the first mount and intromission. These parameters are usually considered motivational parameters of sexual behavior. However, IVM increases GABAergic activity leading to motor incoordination. Thus, it is reasonable to propose that IVM affects sexual performance via motor incoordination pathways. The present study analyzed ultrasonic vocalization in rats to verify whether IVM impairs sexual behavior via motivational mechanisms or motor impairment. Because sexual experience attenuates the impairment of motor performance, rats with sexual experience were also studied. Sexually naive and experienced rats were administered a therapeutic IVM dose and saline. The rats were exposed to receptive females, and the latency to the first mount was evaluated, followed by the 50-kHz USV test. IVM treatment in naïve rats increased the latency to first to mount relative to Saline naïve rats, while no differences were observed between saline and experienced rats. In naïve-IVM rats, a reduced frequency and total calls and increased mean time of calls occur relative to SAL-naïve rats. Experienced IVM rats did not show differences in the frequency, mean, and maximal calls close to Saline experienced rats. However, an increase in the total calls and the dominant frequency of calls were observed in IVM-experienced rats compared to Saline experienced rats. A negative and positive correlation occurred between the latency to the first mount and USVs in groups with and without ivermectin exposure. Hence, we propose that ivermectin increased the sexual motivation of rats exposed to a female in estrous based in USVs despite an increased latency to the first mount that occurred. The increased latency to the first mount resulted from motor incoordination, as previously observed and proposed by our group.(AU)

Em mamíferos, a ivermectina (IVM) atua como agonista do receptor GABAA e estimula a liberação de GABA. Estudos anteriores mostraram que a IVM reduz o desempenho sexual, prejudicando a latência para a primeira monta e intromissão. Esses parâmetros são geralmente considerados parâmetros motivacionais do comportamento sexual. Por outro lado, a IVM aumenta a atividade GABAérgica levando à incoordenação motora. Assim, é possível que a IVM afete o desempenho sexual devido a um impedimento motor. O presente estudo analisou a vocalização ultrassônica em ratos para verificar se a IVM prejudica o comportamento sexual via mecanismos motivacionais ou comprometimento motor. Uma vez que a experiência sexual atenua o comprometimento do desempenho motor, também foram estudados ratos com experiência sexual. Ratos sexualmente inexperientes e experientes foram administrados com uma dose terapêutica de IVM ou solução salina IVM. Os ratos foram expostos a fêmeas receptivas e foi avaliada a latência para a primeira monta, seguida do teste de vocalização ultrassônica (USV) de 50 kHz. O tratamento com IVM em ratos inexperientes aumentou a latência para a primeira monta em relação a ratos inexperientes tratados com solução salina, enquanto não foram observadas diferenças entre ratos experientes tratados com IVM e solução salina. Em ratos inexperientes tratados com IVM ocorreu redução da frequência e total de USVs, bem como aumento do tempo médio de USVs em relação aos ratos sem experiência. Ratos experientes tratados com IVM não mostraram diferenças na frequência, média e máxima das USVs em relação aos ratos experientes tratados com solução salina; no entanto, observou-se aumento no total de USVs e na frequência dominante de USVS em ratos experientes tratados com IVM comparados aos experientes tratados com solução salina. Observou-se correlação negativa e positiva entre a latência para a primeira monta e USVs nos grupos sem e com experiência tratados com IVM, respectivamente. Assim, propomos que a IVM aumentou a motivação sexual de ratos expostos a uma fêmea em estro com base em USVs, apesar de apresentar aumento na latência para a primeira monta. O aumento da latência para a primeira monta foi atribuída à incoordenação motora, conforme observado anteriormente e proposto por nosso grupo.(AU)

Comparative study of brainstem auditory evoked responses in females having premenstrual symptoms with normal population

Background: Premenstrual symptoms (PMS) have largely been ignored, because ages so present study are done in females specifically having PMS comparing with females with no PMS. Very little work has been done in past in this field, because females revealing menstrual history are a big taboo in our society. Aim and Objective: The aim of this study was to study brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) in females having premenstrual symptoms and comparing it with females having no premenstrual symptoms. Materials and Methods: BAEP was conducted on 60 females age group of 18–40 years in two groups in Research laboratory, Department of Physiology, Lala Lajpat Rai Memorial Medical College in collaboration with SVBP Hospital, Meerut for 6 months. The subjects were divided into two groups, Group A having premenstrual symptoms and Group B having no premenstrual symptoms. The test was conducted in later part of luteal phase 23rd–25th day of menstrual cycle. The absolute latencies (ALs) and interpeak latencies (IPLs) were the parameters measured for the analysis of BAEP. Results: IPL, that is, interpeak latencies I–III and III–V in age group 18–25 years, showed statistically significant decrease in luteal phase in females having premenstrual syndrome (PMS) as compared to normal cycling females. Conclusion: Premenstrual symptoms females are showing few significant changes in auditory responses at mid brain level as recorded by BAEP study which can be due to the modulatory effect of female gonadal hormones progesterone and estrogen on neurotransmitters (serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and glutamate) in central nervous system.

Evaluation of the effect of myopia on visual evoked potential in medical students

Background: Visual evoked potentials (VEPs) are electrical potential differences recorded from the occipital lobe in response to different visual stimulus. In myopic individuals, there is blurring of the stimuli, causing defocusing which tends to affect the VEP parameters. Aim and Objective: The study was designed and done to evaluate the effect of various degrees of myopia on VEP in medical students of age 18–24 years. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 subjects were included in this study, consist of 60 individuals without having any refractive disorders and 60 individuals having various degree of myopia, that is, 22 subjects with mild myopia of <?3D, 26 subjects with moderate myopia of ?3 to ?6D, and 12 subjects with severe myopia of > ?6D. The study was approved by Ethical and Research Committee, Govt. Medical College, Patiala. Results: In the present study, mean values for P100 latency were significantly high in myopic group as than in control group. Furthermore, mean values for N75 latency were significantly high in the myopic group as compared to the control group and mean values for N145 latency were significantly high in the myopic group as compared to the control group for both the right and left eyes. Mean values for amplitude (N75-P100) was significantly lower for the myopic group as compared to the control group for both the left and right eyes. There is prolongation of latencies in myopic individuals as compared to the control and latencies increase with the increase in degree of myopia. Furthermore, there is decrease in the amplitude in myopic individuals and it decreases with the increase in degree of myopia. Conclusion: The mean values for latencies were found to be comparable and the mean values of latencies were found to be increasing with increase of degree of myopia. Probably, the reason behind this result may be the optical blurring of the stimulus which lead to defocusing, therefore causes the prolongation of latency. The mean values for amplitude were found to be comparable and the mean values of amplitude were found to be decreasing with increase of degree of myopia. Probably, the reason for our finding is that in a pattern reversal VEP, the amplitude relies on the visual system’s ability to determine the pattern and on the degree of retinal image focus.

Evaluation of the quality of life of patients with premature ejaculation (lifelong and acquired)

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the quality of life of patients with lifelong and acquired premature ejaculation and to examine its relationship with depression and anxiety. METHODS: Between February 2017 and January 2018, a total of 175 patients with premature ejaculation and 132 control men who applied to the urology department of the training and research hospital with the complaint of Premature Ejaculation were included. Patients were divided into three groups according to International Society for Sexual Medicine (ISSM) criteria as follows: Group 1, lifelong premature ejaculation; Group 2, acquired premature ejaculation, and Group 3, control group without premature ejaculation. A detailed medical history of patients was obtained and physical examinations were performed. Intravaginal ejaculation latency time (IELT) was recorded and patients were administered International Erectile Function Index-5 (IIEF-5), Premature Ejaculation Diagnostic Tool (PEDT), Sexual Health Inventory for Men (SHIM), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI)-1 and STAI-2, and Short Form-36 (SF-36). RESULTS: The mean mental component score (MCS) of the SF-36 was 51.65±6.57 in the lifelong premature ejaculation group, 49.33±8.65 in the acquired premature ejaculation group, and 61.12±11.09 in the control group (p<0.0001). The mean physical component score (PCS) was 50.99±7.43 in the lifelong premature ejaculation group, 48.32±11.58 in the acquired premature ejaculation group, and 55.17±8.10 in the control group (p<0.0001). Quality of life of premature ejaculation patients as assessed by SF-36 was lower in the subscales of physical functioning, general health perception, vitality, and role limitations due to emotional functioning, compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Lifelong and acquired premature ejaculation patients deteriorate their quality of life: the deterioration in these patients' quality of life also negatively affects their depression and anxiety states.

Galvanic vestibular evoked myogenic potentials: normative data and the effect of age / Potenciais evocados miogênicos vestibulares galvânicos: dados normativos e o efeito da idade

Abstract Introduction: Galvanic vestibular evoked myogenic potentials evaluate vestibular nerve responses using electric stimulation by records collected from the sternocleidomastoid muscle. A normal vestibular evoked myogenic potential response consists of the first positive, P1, and negative, N1, peaks. The response can be affected by factors such as age and gender and is also consequential in the diagnosis of pathologies. Objectives: The present study was performed to obtain normative data on healthy adults, to help in diagnosis by establishing clinical norms as well as to investigate changing test parameters with age in galvanic vestibular evoked myogenic potentials. Methods: A total of 100 healthy participants were included in the study. Galvanic vestibular evoked myogenic potential (current 3 mA, duration 1ms) was performed randomly on both ears of each participant. The participants between the ages of 18-65 (mean age 39.7 ± 13.9) were divided into 5 groups according to their ages. Normative data of galvanic vestibular evoked myogenic potentials parameters were calculated in groups and in total, and age-related changes were examined. Results: The galvanic vestibular evoked myogenic potential waveform was elicited from all participants (200 ears). The latency of P1 and N1 was 7.82 ± 3.29ms and 22.06 ± 3.95 ms, respectively. The P1-N1 amplitude value was 66.64 ± 24.5 μV. The percentage of vestibular asymmetry was 16.29 ±11.99%. The latencies of P1 and N1 and P1-N1 amplitude values demonstrated significant differences among different age groups (p < 0.01). Conclusions: The results of this study show that as age increased, latencies were prolonged, and amplitudes gradually decreased. The normative data aids in the diagnosis of retrolabyrinthine lesions and the increase in the clinical use of galvanic vestibular evoked myogenic potentials.

Resumo Introdução: Os potenciais evocados miogênicos vestibulares galvânicos avaliam as respostas do nervo vestibular com estimulação elétrica por meio de registros coletados do músculo esternocleidomastóideo. Uma resposta normal de potenciais evocados miogênicos vestibulares consiste nos primeiros picos positivo, P1, e negativo, N1. A resposta pode ser afetada por fatores como idade e sexo e também tem importância no diagnóstico de doenças. Objetivos: Obter dados normativos em adultos saudáveis, para ajudar no diagnóstico através do estabelecimento de normas clínicas, e investigar a alteração dos parâmetros de teste com a idade em potenciais evocados miogênicos vestibulares galvânicos. Método: Foram incluídos no estudo 100 participantes saudáveis. O potencial evocado miogênico vestibular galvânico (corrente 3mA, duração 1ms) foi realizado de forma aleatória nas duas orelhas de cada participante. Os participantes entre 18 e 65 anos (média de 39,7 ±13,9) foram divididos em 5 grupos de acordo com a idade. Os dados normativos dos parâmetros dos potenciais evocados miogênicos vestibulares galvânicos foram calculados nos grupos e no total e as alterações relacionadas à idade foram examinadas. Resultados: A forma de onda do potencial evocado miogênico vestibular galvânico foi obtida de todos os participantes (200 orelhas). A latência de P1 e N1 foi de 7,82±3,29ms e 22,06 ±3,95 ms, respectivamente. O valor da amplitude P1-N1 foi de 66,64 ±24,5 μV. O percentual de assimetria vestibular foi de 16,29± 11,99%. Os valores das latências de P1 e N1 e da amplitude P1-N1 mostraram diferenças significantes entre os diferentes grupos etários (p < 0,01). Conclusão: Os resultados deste estudo mostram que à medida que a idade aumentou as latências foram prolongadas e as amplitudes diminuíram gradualmente. Os dados normativos auxiliam no diagnóstico de lesões retrolabirínticas e na disseminação do uso clínico dos potenciais evocados miogênicos vestibulares galvânicos.

Comparative study of soleus H-reflex in normal humans and in patients with neuropathies

Background: The H-reflex derived its name from Hoffman. Hoffmann reflex is an electrically induced reflex analogous to the mechanically induced spinal stretch reflex. This measurement can be used to assess the response of the nervous system to various neurological conditions, musculoskeletal injuries, and application of therapeutic modalities, pain, exercise training, and performance of motor tasks. This simple and reproducible physiological response was studied to evaluate conduction along the course of the whole “final common pathway” from the moto neuron to the terminal axon as well as to gain some information regarding the function of large diameter group la afferent fibers supplying the muscle spindle. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to compare the H-reflex latency between the normal person and in neuropathic patients. The study aimed to see whether there is any difference in H-reflex latency in the right leg of normal person and in neuropathic patients. The study aimed to see whether there is any difference in H-reflex latency in the left leg of normal person and in neuropathic patients. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted among 25 normal subjects and 25 neuropathic patients between 20 and 70 years of age from Nootan Medical College and Research Centre, Visnagar. The normal subjects were evaluated clinically to find their normal condition. The neuropathic patients which are included in study are of diabetic neuropathy, plexopathy, radiculopathy, vitamin deficiency, and Guillain Barre Syndrome. The patients who had bilateral neuropathy were included in the study. The study was conducted using mainly stimulator circuit, stimulating and recording electrodes, preamplifier, and oscilloscope. The software used for this experiment was RMS EMG EPMK II, one of the latest software with facilities for nerve conduction velocity, electromyography, F-wave, and H-reflex recording. Results: Out of the 50 participants, 25 participants who were suffering with any kind of neuropathy evaluated for their H-reflex latency in both leg. Patients with neuropathy showed higher latency in the right leg compared to the 25 participants in the control group in the right leg demonstrated significantly higher latency in the group with neuropathy. The 25 participants who were suffering with any kind of neuropathy evaluated for their H-reflex latency left leg compared to the 25 participants in the control group left leg demonstrated significantly higher latency in the group with neuropathy. Conclusion: The results show that there is an increase in the H-reflex latency in neuropathy patients as compared to normal subjects but it can be not used as a specific test for diagnosis of neuropathies, because the H-reflex latency may also change in normal subjects as the age of the persons is increases or the height of the persons increases but H-reflex latency can be used for the diagnosis of the proximal nerve root injuries as it mainly investigates the proximal nerve reflex arc.

Influence of aging on nerve conduction properties in healthy individuals: A cross-sectional study

Background: Nerve conduction study (NCS) is the most sensitive test to measure electrical activity in peripheral nerve. The conduction velocity of the nerve depends on physiological factors such as age, gender, temperature, and height. Aging is accompanied by reduction in nerve conduction velocity, rate decrease in muscle contractility, and alteration in muscle metabolism and neuromuscular junction. Aim and Objective: The main objective of the present study was to access the effect of aging on nerve conduction velocity. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out at the assure electrodiagnostic center, Ahmedabad, among healthy individuals of age group 21–80 years. The motor NCS was performed for median, peroneal, tibial, and ulnar nerves. Analyzation of the data of distal motor latency, motor nerve conduction velocity, and compound muscle action potentials from the distal stimulation was done for all subjects. Results: Males had significantly taller height (162.3 ± 3.6 cm) and more weight (69.2 ± 5.8 kg) than females (height: 154.5 ± 10.2 cm, P < 0.05; weight: 53.5 ± 5.8 kg, P < 0.05). Amplitude of lower limb nerves was also significantly decreased with increasing age (P < 0.05). With increasing in age, significant slowing of conduction velocity was observed in median and ulnar nerve, common peroneal and tibial nerve. Conclusions: Age can affect amplitude and conduction velocity of motor nerve. With increasing an age, there is declining trend of conduction velocity and amplitude of motor nerve. Further researches are needed to clarify the trend of latency with increasing age.

Study of visual evoked potentials in asymptomatic HIV-positive persons

Background: Visual Evoked Potentials (VEPs) was studied in asymptomatic Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) positive persons and corresponding controls to detect subclinical visual system involvement in the early stage of HIV. Aim and Objectives: To study VEPs in asymptomatic HIV-positive persons and corresponding controls. Materials and Methods: In this study,100 participants in the age group 25–45 years were recruited, fifty were HIV positive and asymptomatic (CD4 count >350 cells/mm3) and were not on Anti-Retroviral Treatment, and 50 were healthy age-matched individuals who were HIV negative. Results: P 100 latency was significantly prolonged in the study group than in the control group. No significant difference was observed between the control group and study group for the amplitude of VEP. Conclusion: Study of VEPs in asymptomatic HIV positive persons suggests subclinical visual nervous system involvement in early stages of HIV, as evidenced by prolonged P 100 latency. Hence, VEPs is important to detect subclinical nervous system involvement in the early stages of HIV.