THE EVOLUTION OF CYBERSECURITY: ASSESSING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LEGAL FRAMEWORKS IN THE FACE OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES AND TRANSNATIONAL CYBER ATTACKS

This research article aims to examine the impact of emerging technologies on cybersecurity and evaluate the effectiveness of legal frameworks in addressing transnational cyber-attacks. With the rapid advancement of technology, cyber threats have become more sophisticated and interconnected, requiring robust legal measures to combat them. With the emergence of new technologies, the threat landscape for cyber security has also evolved. The continuous development of new technologies like (A.I) artificial intelligence, (I.O.T) Internet of Things & cloud computing has led to a rapid increase in cyber-attacks and has made it even more challenging for organizations to protect their assets. This study utilizes a mixed-methods approach, incorporating both qualitative and quantitative research methods. The qualitative aspect involves an analysis of existing literature, case studies, and legal frameworks, while the quantitative component includes surveys and interviews with cybersecurity professionals and legal experts. By integrating these methods, this research aims to provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of current legal measures in mitigating transnational cyber-attacks and propose strategies to enhance cybersecurity in the face of emerging technologies.

Women Empowerment in India

The aim of the present study is to determine the factors which affect women empowerment and the issues being faced by the women. This study reveals the status of women empowerment in India and explained the factors affecting their current situation. It has been found during study that females in India are not authorized to do some acts and have lower status as equated to men. Several efforts have been taken by government to endow women at national and global level by introducing and employing numerous schemes and initiatives. This study tries to hypothesize prospects of women in numerous areas and initiatives commenced by the Union of India.

Information Gain By People Through Media Related To Laws Governing In Stock Market

The media is a snapshot of our culture, depicting what and how society functions. The only medium that aids in informing people is media, whether it is written, electronic, or on the internet. It also aids in entertaining the public, as well as educating and informing people about current events. The media has evolved into our society's voice.While most people have no direct information about stock market, the media has a significant impact on public attitudes and actions. The stock market is a significant participant in the financial sector, which is made up of both small and large businesses. Therefore, it becomes important to control the markets in order to protect investors' interests as well as those of the business sector. Additionally, the stock market is exposed, which hurts the public's overall interest. As a result, a number of laws have been enacted to safeguard investors and guarantee a just exchange of business ownership in free markets. Purpose: The majority of people have erroneous perceptions of laws related to stock market. They are informed of stock market through the media. The aim of this paper is to give information about laws and regulations through media to a society. Because most individuals are unaware of the laws and regulations pertaining to the stock market. ThroughNeed: media people are aware about laws and regulations of stock market.Methodology: The study based on secondary data.

Development and application of visual analysis teaching software for acupoint compatibility laws / 中国针灸

A user-friendly teaching software for visual analysis of acupoint compatibility laws has been developed based on the principles of partial order mathematics. This software is designed to provide auxiliary teaching of structured organization and visualization of law knowledge of compatibility data of acupuncture and moxibustion prescriptions from ancient texts, textbooks, and clinical case records. The software is installed as a plugin in the Microsoft Office Excel, allowing the generation of visually appealing graphs and associated rules that align with the cognitive patterns of teachers and students majoring in acupuncture and moxibustion. Its aim is to facilitate the discovery and analysis of underlying patterns and structured knowledge embedded in acupoint compatibility data, thus contributing to the enhancement of teaching effectiveness in acupoint compatibility.

Current Status and Challenges of Biological Sample Management in Clinical Trials / 中国医学伦理学

With the rapid development of clinical trials, the relevant medical research and molecular detection based on biological samples are closely related to the progress of clinical trials, making the role of biological samples in clinical trials increasingly obvious. The standardized supervision mode of biological samples is an important prerequisite for carrying out high-quality clinical trials. Although the laws and regulations related to clinical trials are becoming more and more perfect, there are still a large number of adverse events related to biological samples, which seriously affects the progress and results of clinical trials, and is one of the important challenges currently facing. Therefore, it is urgent to enhance the supervision of biological samples and improve the management methods of biological samples in clinical trials at this stage. Through in-depth discussion of the current status of biological sample management in clinical trials at home and abroad, this paper analyzed the issues existed during the supervision of biological samples, and supplemented the biological sample management methods by further combing the existing relevant laws and regulations and the Guidelines for the Ethical Management of Biological Samples in Clinical Trials, with a view to providing suggestions and ideas for optimizing the management mode of biological samples in clinical trials.

Regulatory status and research progress in the supervision of cannabinoid compounds in food in some countries and regions / 上海预防医学

A group of compounds structurally related to tetrahydrocannabinol or capable of binding to cannabinoid receptors are collectively referred to as cannabinoids. Cannabinoids can be divided into plant derived cannabinoids， synthetic cannabinoids， and endogenous cannabinoids. Δ-9-THC is the only psychoactive compound in plant cannabinoids. Cannabis with Δ-9-THC>0.3% is internationally listed as a prohibited drug， while cannabis with Δ-9-THC<0.3% is industrial cannabis. Due to its low addiction and high commercial value， it is allowed to be added to food in many countries. More and more industrial cannabis foods become popular， and the detection/analysis of cannabinoid compounds in cannabis foods is particularly important； In addition to industrial cannabis， which is widely used in food， there are also various new drugs， synthetic cannabinoids， disguised as conventional food， which can cause the social problems and increase the food safety risks. This article will elaborate on the regulatory status of cannabinoid compounds in food， In order to promote the safety supervision of the domestic cannabis food.

Prevention Strategies to De-escalate Workplace Violence against Doctors…

Workplace violence is something we can discuss it, tolerating it but we can’t prevent it even we can’t accept it that it belongs to us, we are initiating it against people like us only. Nothing can solve violence, neither two wrong can make anything right. Though every sector is afflicted by it but healthcare sector is majorly affected by it because patients family is in great trauma of facing their people’s death and no one have been able to do anything to stop it. Accepting loved ones especially death has always been painful to everyone. But blaming some sector and taking revenge is big NO NO. As we all know prevention is better than cure so via this paper I am trying to address some prevention Strategies that may be helpful to de-escalate this issue on ground level.

La selección de atletas élite desde edad temprana: reflexión desde la perspectiva de los sistemas complejos / A seleção de atletas de elite desde cedo: reflexão a partir da perspectiva de sistemas complexos / The selection of elite athletes from an early age: reflection from the perspective of complex systems

RESUMEN Introducción: En este estudio, se examinó la idoneidad de seleccionar atletas élite desde una edad temprana. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio consistió en verificar si el comportamiento identificado en investigaciones antecedentes también ocurre entre los mejores atletas mundiales de todos los tiempos que compiten en la carrera de 100 metros. Materiales y métodos: Para ello, y con base en un análisis de las clasificaciones oficiales de todos los tiempos masculinos y femeninos de la Asociación Internacional de Federaciones de atletismo en la referida prueba, se utilizó muestras en categoría absoluta (Top-1,000 hasta el 31/12/2018) y categoría sub-20 (Top-100 hasta el 31/12/2003); se aplicaron leyes de potencia y otras estrategias típicas de los sistemas complejos para analizar los datos. Resultados: los resultados muestran cómo, con demasiada frecuencia, los mejores corredores masculinos y femeninos del mundo en la categoría sub-20 no evolucionan positivamente durante el resto de su carrera deportiva mejorando sus registros en las categorías superiores. Solo 51 hombres de los 100 mejores corredores sub-20 de todos los tiempos, lograron mejorar sus registros una vez que alcanzaron la categoría sénior, y las mejoras no presentaron siempre progresiones estadísticamente significativas. En consecuencia, una inversión excesiva en recursos humanos y materiales para identificar individuos con altas capacidades atléticas, no es siempre la mejor estrategia. Conclusiones: el deporte de nivel a edades tempranas puede ser un error metodológico que debe evitarse a la hora de construir las reservas deportivas de un país o federación deportiva.

RESUMO Introdução: Neste estudo, examinou-se a adequação da seleção de atletas de elite desde tenra idade. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se o comportamento identificado em pesquisas anteriores também ocorre entre os melhores atletas do mundo de todos os tempos que competem na prova de 100 metros. Materiais e métodos: Para isso, e com base na análise das classificações oficiais de todos os tempos para homens e mulheres da Associação Internacional de Federações de Atletismo na prova supracitada, foram utilizadas amostras em categoria absoluta (Top-1.000 até 31/12 /2018) e sub-20 (Top-100 até 31/12/2003); Leis de potência e outras estratégias típicas de sistemas complexos foram aplicadas para analisar os dados. Resultados: Os resultados mostram como, muitas vezes, os melhores corredores masculinos e femininos do mundo na categoria sub-20 não evoluem positivamente durante o resto de sua carreira esportiva, melhorando seus registros nas categorias superiores. Apenas 51 homens dos 100 melhores corredores sub-20 de todos os tempos conseguiram melhorar seus tempos quando chegaram à categoria sênior, e as melhorias nem sempre mostraram progressões estatisticamente significativas. Consequentemente, um investimento excessivo em recursos humanos e materiais para identificar indivíduos com altas habilidades atléticas nem sempre é a melhor estratégia. Conclusões: o esporte de nível em idade precoce pode ser um erro metodológico que deve ser evitado na construção das reservas esportivas de um país ou federação esportiva.

ABSTRACT Introduction: In this study, the suitability of selecting elite athletes from an early age was examined. Objective: The objective of this study was to verify if the behavior identified in previous research also occurs among the world's best athletes of all time who compete in the 100-meter race. Materials and methods: For this, and based on an analysis of the official classifications of all times for men and women of the International Association of Athletics Federations in the referred test, samples were used in absolute category (Top-1,000 up to the 12/31/2018) and sub -20 category (Top - 100 until 12/31/2003); power laws and other strategies typical of complex systems will be applied to analyze the data. Results: The results show how, all too often, the best male and female runners in the world in the under-20 category do not evolve positively during the rest of their sports career. improving their records in the higher categories. Only 51 men out of the top 100 U-20 runners of all time managed to improve their times once they reached the senior category, and the improvements did not always show statistically significant progressions. Consequently, an excessive investment in human and material resources to identify individuals with high athletic abilities is not always the best strategy. Conclusions: level sport at an early age can be a methodological error that should be avoided when building the sports reserves of a country or sports federation.

Tobacco Consumption and Legislations Regarding Tobacco Use in India – Is It Time for A Policy Change?

One of the most consumed and readily available products causing psychological dependence among the population is tobacco and its related products. Though the government of India is undertaking measures to reduce tobacco consumption, factors like easy availability, lack of monitoring of tobacco use among youngsters, low cost and rapid absorption into the central nervous system is prompting people from a young age to the elderly to consume tobacco-related products. Legislative measures to reduce tobacco consumption seldom reach or benefit people as laws differ across States. This increases the prevalence of respiratory diseases like Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and lung cancer. This review ar-ticle discusses the status of tobacco consumption in India with emphasis on tobacco-related legislation in States and associated health inequities.

Food Trade for Specific Health Use FOSHU through Patents in LATAM: Relevant Aspects in International Law / Comercio de Alimentos para Uso Específico de Salud FOSHU a través de Patentes en LATAM: Aspectos Relevantes en el Derecho Internacional

Introduction: This article addresses the legal regulations for Foods for Specified Health Uses (FOSHU) in the main trade associations of Latin America (LATAM), based on the Codex Alimentarius system. Objective: The objective is to determine regulatory progress in the trade of FOSHU products. Material and methods: This study includes a review of the literature emanating from the databases from 2018 to 2022, according to the framework of three general food marketing regulations: food safety claims; inspection regulations, and food manufacturing and labeling. Results: The results reveal the absence of a specific legislation for FOSHU foods, as these are only mentioned in the area of nutrition. Conclusions: The legal framework in the trade of these products is based on jus cogens. Registration of industrial patents in the main member countries of LATAM trade associations can be facilitated through the Patent Prosecution Highway (PPH)(AU)

Introducción: El artículo aborda las regulaciones jurídicas en Alimentos para Uso Específico de Salud "FOSHU" en las principales asociaciones comerciales de América Latina (LATAM), basados en el sistema Codex Alimentarius. Objetivo: Determinar el avance regulatorio en la comercialización de productos FOSHU. Materiales y métodos: Se revisa la literatura emanada de las bases de datos desde el año 2018 al 2022, según el marco de tres regulaciones generales de comercialización de alimentos: las declaraciones de seguridad alimentaria; las regulaciones de inspecciones, las de manufacturas de alimentos y etiquetado. Resultados: Los resultados revelaron la ausencia de una legislación específica para alimentos FOSHU, siendo solo mencionados en el área de la nutrición. Conclusiones: El revestimiento jurídico en la comercialización de estos productos; se cimienta en el ius cogens. Las inscripciones de patentes industriales en los principales países miembros de las asociaciones comerciales en LATAM pueden facilitarse por la vía del Patent Prosecution Highway (PPH)(AU)

O esporte e o Governo da Floresta: ordenamento legal das políticas esportivas no Acre entre 1999 e 2018 / Sport and the Forest Government: legal ordering of sports policies in Acre between 1999 and 2018 / El deporte y el Gobierno del Bosque: ordenamiento jurídico de las políticas deportivas en Acre entre 1999 y 2018

Este artigo tem como objetivo avaliar e problematizar a(s) concepção(ões) de esporte inscritas no ordenamento legal que balizou as políticas esportivas no "Governo da Floresta" (1999-2018). Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritivo exploratória de cunho qualitativo, realizada a partir do levantamento das leis instituídas no Governo da Floresta. A busca foi realizada na página eletrônica da Assembleia Legislativa do Estado do Acre e no site Leis Estaduais, entre os dias 01 e 15 de fevereiro de 2022. Foram encontradas 43 leis, que em síntese, indicam a presença de uma concepção de esporte que, por vezes, está sintonizada como a noção de esporte como direito do cidadão, bem cultural e componente de políticas públicas sociais. Noutros momento, reforça uma concepção esportivista voltada ao resultado e ao rendimento, com programas focais, descontínuos e seletivos.

This article aims to evaluate and problematize the conception(s) of sport inscribed in the legal framework that guided the sports policies in the "Forest Government" (1999-2018). This is descriptive-exploratory research of qualitative nature, conducted from the survey of the laws instituted in the Forest Government. The search was carried out on the webpage of the Legislative Assembly of the State of Acre and on the website State Laws, between February 1 and 15, 2022. Forty-three laws were found, which, in synthesis, indicate the presence of a conception of sport that, sometimes, is in tune with the notion of sport as a citizen's right, cultural asset, and component of social public policies. At other times, it reinforces a sports conception focused on results and performance, with focal, discontinuous, and selective programs.

Este artículo pretende evaluar y problematizar la(s) concepción(es) del deporte inscrita(s) en el marco legal que orientó las políticas deportivas en el "Gobierno del Bosque" (1999-2018). Se trata de una investigación descriptiva-exploratoria de carácter cualitativo, realizada a partir del relevamiento de las leyes instituidas en el Gobierno del Bosque. La búsqueda se realizó en la página web de la Asamblea Legislativa del Estado de Acre y en el sitio web de Leyes del Estado entre el 1 y el 15 de febrero de 2022. Se encontraron 43 leyes que, en resumen, indican la presencia de una concepción del deporte que, en ocasiones, está en sintonía con la noción de deporte como derecho ciudadano, bien cultural y componente de las políticas públicas sociales. En otras ocasiones, refuerza una concepción del deporte centrada en los resultados y el rendimiento, con programas focalizados, discontinuos y selectivos.

The Medical Termination of Pregnancy (Amendment) Act, 2021: A step towards liberation

Reform of the abortion laws in favour of the well-being of pregnant women is one aspect of the removal of gender discrimination. The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act (MTP Act) 1971, was a breakthrough legislation in this regard, as it reduced the number of unsafe illegal abortions. With advancements in ultrasonography and genetic technologies, many foetal malformations and genetic disorders were being diagnosed after 20 weeks of gestation. The fact that termination of pregnancy was not legally permitted beyond 20 weeks of gestation caused great distress to such women, and highlighted the need to increase the upper limit of termination of pregnancy. Concurrently, there has been greater awareness around the world on the rights of women to take decisions regarding their own bodies. The MTP Bill, 2020, has come as a breath of fresh air extending the term limit for legal abortions to 24 weeks for certain categories of women, and removing the limit for abortion in the presence of a significant foetal abnormality. The amendments were recently approved by Parliament and the President of India, and have become law as of March 25, 2021. This paper presents the amendments made and their implications for obstetric, ultrasonographic and foetal medical practice. It also presents a critique of the various Acts and suggests further amendments that would enhance the value of the Act.

Sports as prescribed in latin american countries: overview and characteristics of laws / O esporte prescrito nos países da américa latina: panorama e características das leis

ABSTRACT This article aims to map and analyze the main sports laws and official government bodies that regulate and manage sports in Latin America, comprising the nature of the documents and their central constitutive elements, namely: title, year of creation, and general objectives. This is an exploratory and documentary study using critical-documentary analysis, the comparative method and the evidential paradigm as a theoretical-methodological approach. The sources are composed of the official sports laws of 19 countries in Latin America. The analyses allowed us to establish the following categories: a) countries whose sports laws are specific and contain only the term sports in their name; b) countries whose sports laws are identified with numbers; c) countries whose sports laws have mixed nomenclature. Twelve countries conceptualize sports in full in their documents. We perceive that the way sports are presented in the laws shows the signs and traces of how they are thought, seen and materialized. We understand that the laws are an important milestone for the development of Latin sports. Beyond the laws, we point out that it is of paramount importance that a medium- and long-term sports policy be thought out in each specific context.

RESUMO Este artigo objetiva mapear e analisar as principais leis esportivas e órgãos governamentais oficiais que regulamentam e gerem o esporte na América Latina, compreendendo a natureza dos documentos e seus elementos centrais constitutivos, a saber: título, ano de criação e objetivos gerais. Trata-se de um estudo do tipo exploratório e documental, utiliza a crítica-documental, o método comparativo e o paradigma indiciário como abordagem teórico-metodológica. As fontes são compostas pelas Leis esportivas oficiais de 19 países da América Latina. As análises nos permitiram estabelecer as seguintes categorias: a) países cujas leis esportivas são específicas e que contém apenas o termo esporte em seu nome; b) países cujas leis esportivas são identificadas com números; c) países cujas leis esportivas possuem nomenclatura mista. Doze países conceituam o esporte na íntegra em seus documentos. Percebemos que a maneira como o esporte é apresentado nas leis demonstra os sinais e rastros de como ele é pensado, visto e materializado. Entendemos que as leis se configuram como um importante marco para o desenvolvimento do esporte latino. Além delas, apontamos que é fundamental que seja pensada uma política esportiva a médio e longo prazo em cada contexto específico.

A content analysis of the provincial laws and regulations for voluntary blood donation / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To perform quantitative analysis on the sample provincial laws and regulations for voluntary blood donation, and provide reference for further revision of laws and regulations. 【Methods】 31 study samples were current provincial laws and regulations for voluntary blood donation that can be collected from open sources. The issue date and the revision date of each sample were recorded. With "The Blood Donation Law of the People’s Republic of China" as reference, 5 categories were formed and additional clauses in samples were coded and rated following content analysis procedures. Sample provinces were divided into two groups based on donation rate and their differences in evaluation scores of categories were examined using rank sum test. 【Results】 Until December, 2021, 31 sample provinces had issued and implemented provincial laws and regulation for voluntary blood donation, and 14 of which had been revised. Many detailed clauses (total score 9.32±3.09) were added in sample provincial laws and regulations, more clauses were added in the categories of 'related government agencies and their responsibilities’, 'management of clinical blood use’ and 'rewards and punishment’. Sample provinces were divided into two groups according to the donation rate per 1 000 people recommended by World Health Organization(10‰). Compared to lower donation rate group, the total score and sub score in the categories of 'basic principles’, 'management of blood collection and supply’ were significantly higher in higher donation rate group. 【Conclusion】 In revision and improvement of provincial laws and regulations, 'basic principles’ and 'management of blood collection and supply’ could be considered. This assay mainly tries to provide a new research perspective and perform quantitative analysis on content of sample provincial laws and regulation for voluntary blood donation, the actual effect of the results in this study need longer time to be examined, and we will keep following its new advances.

An optical parameter imaging system with profile information fusion / 生物医学工程学杂志

There is a shared problem in current optical imaging technologies of how to obtain the optical parameters of biological tissues with complex profiles. In this work, an imaging system for obtaining the optical parameters of biological tissues with complex profile was presented. Firstly, Fourier transformation profilometry was used for obtaining the profile information of biological tissues, and then the difference of incident light intensity at different positions on biological tissue surface was corrected with the laws of illumination, and lastly the optical parameters of biological tissues were achieved with the spatial frequency domain imaging technique. Experimental results indicated the proposed imaging system could obtain the profile information and the optical parameters of biological tissues accurately and quickly. For the slab phantoms with height variation less than 30 mm and angle variation less than 40º, the maximum relative errors of the profile uncorrected optical parameters were 46.27% and 72.18%, while the maximum relative errors of the profile corrected optical parameters were 6.89% and 10.26%. Imaging experiments of a face-like phantom and a human's prefrontal lobe were performed respectively, which demonstrated the proposed imaging system possesses clinical application value for the achievement of the optical parameters of biological tissues with complex profiles. Besides, the proposed profile corrected method can be used to combine with the current optical imaging technologies to reduce the influence of the profile information of biological tissues on imaging quality.

Development of rehabilitation undertakings to achieve the "Healthy China 2030" goals / 中国康复理论与实践

@#Objective To review the development of rehabilitation in China, summarize the development experience, and study the laws, regulations, policies, and plans for the development of rehabilitation and service. Methods We used literature and policy research methods to review the development of rehabilitation in China, summarize development experiences, and conduct systematic content analysis of relevant laws, regulations, policies and plans. Results The year 2021 marks the centennial of the founding of the Communist Party of China. This paper reviews the historical development and valuable experiences of China's rehabilitation undertakings, analyzes the background, main contents and significance of the laws and regulations related to China's rehabilitation undertakings, and focuses on the rehabilitation policies related to the "Healthy China 2030" Planning Outline and the Opinions on Accelerating the Development of Rehabilitation Medical Work. Conclusion The development of rehabilitation in China is an important part of the health service system. Based on the perspective of health services, the development of rehabilitation in China has improved the leadership and governance capacity of rehabilitation, established a funding mechanism for rehabilitation development, trained a large number of rehabilitation professionals and technicians, established a rehabilitation medical service system covering all three levels of medical services, and incorporated assistive technologies into the modern rehabilitation service system. A corresponding health information system has been established. The rehabilitation work has played an important role in achieving the goals of the "Health China 2030" program.

"No meio do fogo cruzado": reflexões sobre os impactos da violência armada na Atenção Primária em Saúde no município do Rio de Janeiro / "In the middle of the crossfire": considerations about the armed violence impacts in Primary Health Care in the city of Rio de Janeiro

Resumo O artigo aborda os impactos da violência armada, a partir da Atenção Primária em Saúde, em um bairro do município do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo exploratório desenvolvido em dois serviços com o objetivo de identificar os principais tipos de violência, seus impactos e as estratégias utilizadas para enfrentamento do fenômeno. A produção de informações incluiu coleta de dados nos registros dos serviços, realização de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, grupos focais e seminário de devolutiva. A violência armada, dentre todas as expressões de violência, foi identificada como uma das maiores preocupações de profissionais de saúde e usuários dos serviços, em função de sua intensa ocorrência e gravidade de suas consequências sob a saúde. Destaca-se seu impacto nas estratégias de enfrentamento à violência e a dificuldade em visibilizar o fenômeno. Considera-se que esse tipo de violência, predominante nos territórios negros da cidade, é legitimada pelo racismo estrutural, sendo a política pública de segurança - baseada no ideário de guerra às drogas e no enfrentamento bélico com grupos armados que atuam no comércio varejista de drogas ilícitas - expressões do racismo de estado e da necropolítica.

Abstract The paper addresses the impacts of armed violence, based on Primary Health Care, in a neighborhood in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. This is a qualitative exploratory study developed in two services aiming to identify the main types of violence, their impacts and the strategies used to cope with the phenomenon. The production of information included data collection in the service records, conducting semi-structured interviews, focus groups and feedback seminar. Armed violence, among all expressions of violence, was identified as one of the major concerns of healthcare professionals and users of services, due to its intense occurrence and the severity of its consequences on health. Its impact on strategies to cope with the violence and the difficulty in making the phenomenon visible are highlighted. It is considered that this type of violence, prevalent in the black territories of the city, is legitimized by structural racism, being the public security policy - based on the ideal of war on drugs and on the military confrontation with armed groups that operate in the retail trade of illicit drugs - expressions of state racism and necropolitics.

Convergência e discrepância em documentos norteadores dos estágios supervisionados obrigatórios em fisioterapia: uma revisão integrativa / Convergence and discrepancies in guiding documents of the mandatory supervised practice in physiotherapy: an integrative review

INTRODUÇÃO: O estágio supervisionado obrigatório constitui-se em um componente curricular que integra o processo formativo do graduando em Fisioterapia. Todavia, a despeito de sua relevância como construto legal e normativo, os documentos oficiais não dão suporte suficiente à unificação dos critérios de sua realização, o que pode ocasionar a ocorrência de práticas irregulares. OBJETIVO: Identificar as discrepâncias e pontos de convergência existentes nos documentos oficiais e relatos de pesquisas que norteiam os estágios supervisionados obrigatórios em Fisioterapia. MÉTODOS: Revisão integrativa da literatura com consulta às bases de dados PubMed, SciELO, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde e Periódicos Capes, e aos documentos oficiais do Conselho Federal de Fisioterapia, Conselho Nacional de Saúde, Ministério da Educação e Associação Brasileira de Ensino em Fisioterapia. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados 15 artigos publicados entre os anos de 2002 e 2017 e sete documentos oficiais que abordam os estágios, a práxis pedagógica e as normas legais no contexto da Fisioterapia. CONCLUSÃO: Existem discrepâncias em relação ao número de estudantes por supervisor de estágio e por turno de prática, à identidade do profissional, sua presença durante o treinamento e intervalo temporal entre a teoria e o estágio curricular obrigatório. Já como pontos de convergência podem ser pontuados o reconhecimento do estágio enquanto uma prática curricular obrigatória e didático-pedagógica e o momento em que o estudante deverá ser estimulado a desenvolver autonomia e responsabilidade profissional, interação com a equipe multiprofissional e habilidade no manejo dos pacientes.

INTRODUCTION: The mandatory supervised practice is a curricular component that integrates the training process of the undergraduate student in Physiotherapy, however, despite its relevance as a legal and normative construct, the official documents do not provide sufficient support for the unification of the criteria for its completion, which can cause irregular practices to occur. OBJECTIVE: Identify the discrepancies and points of convergence in existing official documents and research reports that guide the mandatory supervised internships in Physiotherapy. METHODS: Integrative literature review with a consultation to the databases PubMed, SciELO, Virtual Health Library, and Capes Periodicals, and to the official documents of the Federal Council of Physiotherapy, National Council of Health, Ministry of Education, and the Brazilian Association of Teaching in Physiotherapy. RESULTS: 15 articles published between 2002 and 2017 were analyzed, as well as seven official documents that address internships, pedagogical praxis, and legal norms in the context of Physiotherapy. CONCLUSION: There are discrepancies concerning the number of students per internship supervisor and practice shift, the professional identity, their presence during training, and the time interval between theory and the mandatory curricular internship. As points of convergence, the recognition of the internship as a mandatory and didactic-pedagogical curricular practice and the moment when the student should be encouraged to develop autonomy and professional responsibility, interaction with the multidisciplinary team, and ability to manage patients can be scored.

Direito de acompanhamento ao parto: conhecimento e concepção de gestantes / Derecho de seguimiento del parto: conocimiento y concepción de las mujeres embarazadas / Right of following-up childbirth: knowledge and conception of pregnant women

Objetivo: analisar o conhecimento da Lei do Acompanhante ao Parto na perspectiva de gestantes multigestas em acompanhamento pré-natal nas Unidades Básicas de Saúde da zona rural de Cuité, Paraíba. Método: estudo descritivo, exploratório, com abordagem qualitativa. A coleta dos dados foi realizada entre os meses de maio e junho de 2017 por meio de entrevista semiestruturada, e analisados à luz da literatura mediante o Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. Resultados: constatou-se um déficit de conhecimento sobre a referida Lei, pois apenas uma das entrevistadas afirmou ter a experiência de um acompanhante durante o parto e ressaltou que este desempenha um papel de suma importância. Considerações finais: o fato de grande parte das entrevistadas, que eram gestantes multigestas e, consequentemente, passaram por mais de um acompanhamento pré-natal durante as gestações, desconhecer a Lei do Acompanhamento ao Parto, aponta uma falha quanto à sua divulgação e discussão durante a realização das consultas de pré-natal.

Objetivo: analizar el conocimiento de la Ley de Acompañantes desde la perspectiva de gestantes multi-gestacionales de seguimiento prenatal en las Unidades Básicas de Salud de la Cuité rural, Paraíba. Método: estudio descriptivo, exploratorio con abordaje cualitativo. La recolección de datos se realizó entre mayo y junio de 2017 a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas, y se analizó a la luz de la literatura a través del Discurso del Sujeto Colectivo. Resultados: hubo un desconocimiento sobre esta Ley, pues sólo una de las entrevistadas manifestó que tuvo la experiencia de una compañera durante el parto y enfatizó que esto juega un papel de suma importancia. Consideraciones finales: el hecho de que la mayoría de las entrevistadas, que eran gestantes multi-gestacionales y, consecuentemente, fueron sometidas a más de un seguimiento prenatal durante los embarazos, sin conocer la Ley de Seguimiento del Parto, señala un fracaso en cuanto a su difusión y discusión durante las consultas prenatales.

Objective: to analyze the knowledge of the Birth Companion's Law from the perspective of multi-gestational pregnant women under prenatal follow-up in the Basic Health Units of rural Cuité, Paraíba. Method: descriptive, exploratory study with qualitative approach. Data collection was performed between May and June 2017 through semi-structured interviews, and analyzed in the light of the literature through the Collective Subject Discourse. Results: there was a lack of knowledge about this Law, because only one of the interviewees stated that she had the experience of a companion during childbirth and emphasized that this plays a role of paramount importance. Final considerations: the fact that most of the interviewees, who were multi-gestational pregnant women and, consequently, underwent more than one prenatal follow-up during pregnancies, not knowing the Law of Follow-up to Childbirth, points to a failure regarding their dissemination and discussion during prenatal consultations.

Perception of smoking habits and related diseases among society

Background: Smoking is practiced by a third of world’s population. Tobacco is leading cause of deaths world over. Six million people (1/8 second) die from tobacco each year. Objective of this study was to study demographic profile and awareness regarding tobacco smoking among people of Rohilkhand, Bareilly.Methods: Randomly selected individuals of Rohilkhand region. Questionnaire method involved.Results: Among 1040 sample size, 70% were males with mean age of 37.68 years. 73.94% population belonged to upper lower socio-economic class. 52% (62.9% male and 26.6% females) were current smokers of which 60.6% were exclusive beedi smokers. 50% were unaware of oral and lung cancer due to smoking. 34% were unaware about effects of passive smoking. 48.48% smokers report cough with expectoration as commonest symptom. 60% finds peer group influential for the behavior. 76.9% smokers are willing to quit smoking. 63.4% are open for counseling. 26% were unaware of ban/law related to smoking in public places. 68% believe there is increasing trend in prevalence of its use, among minors, educational institutes and hospitals.Conclusions: Despite high awareness of ill effects of smoking, there is an increasing trend in prevalence of smoking with an increased involvement of minors attributed to peer pressure. People are unaware of passive smoking and its harmful effect on body. Moreover, advertisements, visuals and captions have failed in making an impact. There occurs a need of awareness programmes, intervention sessions, medical therapy and strict anti-smoking laws by the government, social welfare and healthcare volunteers to help people quit and control the menace in society.