RESUMO
O presente estudo explorou a relação da medida de vocabulário da Escala WISC-III com as habilidades de precisão de leitura de palavras e de compreensão de texto, com 174 crianças, matriculadas no 3º e 4º anos do ensino fundamental. Identificou-se evidência de predição do vocabulário na compreensão de texto, mesmo depois do controle da precisão de leitura de palavras, da consciência fonológica e morfológica, e da memória de curto prazo. O mesmo não foi encontrado para a leitura de palavras. Os resultados indicam que o vocabulário medido pelo teste do WISC-III se relaciona com as habilidades de leitura, mas tem papel preditivo apenas na compreensão de texto. Esses achados são discutidos à luz da teoria do Modelo Simples de Leitura e da Hipótese Qualidade Lexical. (AU)
The present study explored the relationship of the WISC-III Vocabulary measure with the skills of word reading and reading comprehension in 174 children enrolled in the 3rd and 4th grades of Elementary School. Evidence of prediction of vocabulary in reading comprehension was identified, even after controlling for word reading, phonological awareness, short-term memory, and morphological awareness. The same was not found for the skill of word reading. The results indicate that the WISC-III vocabulary relates to reading skills, but has a predictive role only in text comprehension. These findings are discussed in light of the Simple Reading Model theory and the Lexical Quality Hypothesis. (AU)
En el presente estudio fue analizada la relación de la medida de vocabulario de la Escala WISC-III con las habilidades de comprensión de lectura y de texto, participando 174 niños, matriculados en 3º y 4º año de Enseñanza Primaria. Se encontraron evidencias de predicción de vocabulario en la comprensión de texto, inclusive después de controlar otras variables como precisión lectora de palabras, conciencia fonológica, memoria de corto plazo y conciencia morfológica. La misma evidencia no fue encontrada en la lectura de palabras. Los resultados indican que el vocabulario medido por el WISC-III se relaciona con las habilidades de lectura, pero tiene un papel predictivo sólo en la comprensión de texto. Estos hallazgos son discutidos a la luz de la teoría del Modelo de Lectura Simple y la Hipótesis Calidad Léxica. (AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Feminino , Criança , Leitura , Estudantes/psicologia , Vocabulário , Escalas de Wechsler , Ensino Fundamental e Médio , Compreensão , Memória de Curto PrazoRESUMO
El objetivo del trabajo que se informa fue contribuir al conocimiento del proceso de alfabetización temprana en español en sectores en desventaja socioeconómica y cultural y analizar los resultados de un estudio destinado al desarrollo de habilidades relativas a la lectura de palabras y textos en niños de 4 a 7 años de edad. Se comparó el desempeño de dos grupos de niños (experimental y control) que concurrían a escuelas públicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina) y que habían sido homologados en todas las variables analizadas. Uno de ellos recibió intervención específica en alfabetización temprana durante 2 años. Las evaluaciones se realizaron antes, durante y a mediano plazo, una vez finalizada la intervención. Sobre los datos obtenidos se calcularon estadísticos descriptivos (medias, desvíos estándar y porcentajes de aciertos) y estadísticos inferenciales (prueba t y de diferencia de proporciones). Asimismo, se realizaron análisis cualitativos de los tipos de errores cometidos y de las estrategias utilizadas para la lectura de palabras (pre-analítica,analítica incompleta inicial e intermedia y alfabética consolidada) y lectura de texto (lectura silabeante sin y con recodificación, fluida y expresiva). Los resultados encontrados muestran mejoras evidentes en la lectura de palabras largas y pseudopalabras, con una diferencia al final de la intervención de hasta un 33% entre ambos grupos, a favor del grupo experimental, cuyos niños utilizan mayor porcentaje de estrategias analíticas. En la lectura de textos aparece una diferencia similar (27%) a favor del grupo experimental, entre los niños que pueden leer fluidamente un texto corto. Esto prepara los cimientos para un adecuado progreso en la comprensión lectora y demuestra el alto impacto de la intervención realizada.
The purpose of this study is to contribute to the understanding of the process of early literacy in Spanish in children with cultural and socio-economic disadvantages. Likewise, it aims at showing the results of a study about reading skills - specifically the reading of words and texts by 4 to 7 year-old children. The study was conducted following research models of Cognitive Psychology and was carried out by comparing the performance of two groups of children, the test group and the control group. These children attended public schools in the Province of Buenos Aires (Argentina) and they were treated as equivalents in all of the analyzed variables. One of the groups received specific early literacy intervention for two years. The assessments were made before, during and midway after finishing the intervention. The reading of words and pseudo words as well as reading and reading comprehension were evaluated. Gough and Juel (1989) propose a simple reading model that states that reading comprehension is the result of the multiplication of decoding and oral language comprehension [RC (reading comprehension) = D*LC (decoding multiplied by language comprehension)]. The multiplying nature of this relationship means that both factors, D and LC, are necessary for comprehension purposes but none of them are sufficient by themselves (Gough, Juel, & Griffith, 1992; Hoover & Gough, 1990). By analyzing the correlation between RC and each of the two factors, it is clearly shown that decoding is the most important step at the beginning of the learning process [r (RC*D) = .61 and r (RC*LC) =.39] and that the values are later reversed at the beginning of secondary school [r (RC*LC) = .68 and r (RC*D) = .39] (Alegría, 2006). Therefore, the differences in the reading comprehension process during the first years of schooling could be due to differences in fluency in reading. At the same time, the automatic word recognition theory (La Berge & Samuels, 1974) provides a strong explanation about the importance of fluency in reading. If the word recognition process is not fluent enough, a lot of energy is placed on paying attention, causing comprehension to be impaired. Taking the above information into account, one of the objectives of the implemented early intervention program has been to promote automatic decoding so that a minimum of other attention resources would be needed. In order to achieve this, it was necessary to develop phonological skills, knowledege of grapheme - phoneme correspondence, as well as the fast ensemble of phonemes. From the data gathered descriptive statistics (means, standard deviations, and achievement percentages) and inferential statistics (t test and percentage difference tests) were obtained. Likewise, a qualitative analysis of the types of mistakes made and the strategies used for word reading (pre-analytical, initial incomplete analytical and intermediate, and consolidated literacy) as well as the different categories in oral text reading (syllabification reading with and without recoding, fluent and expressive) was made. The results of the study show significant improvement in the reading of long words and pseudo words with a 33 % difference between the two groups, in favor of the experimental group, at the end of the intervention. The children from this group use a greater percentage of analytical strategies, which helps them read new words. Regarding text reading, there is a 27% difference among the children who can read a short text fluently in the test group and the ones who cannot do it in the control group. This finding has helped established a good foundation for adequate improvement in reading comprehension skills and shows the high impact the intervention has had on these children.