Ethical and legal implications of gene editing in plant breeding: a systematic literature review / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Biotechnology policies and regulations must be revised and updated to reflect the most recent advances in plant-breeding technology. New Plant Breeding Techniques (NPBT) such as gene editing have been applied to address the myriad of challenges in plant breeding, while the use of NPBT as emerging biotechnological tools raises legal and ethical concerns. This study aims to highlight how gene editing is operationalized in the existing literature and examine the critical issues of ethical and legal issues of gene editing for plant breeding. We carried out a systematic literature review (SLR) to provide the current states of ethical and legal discourses surrounding this topic. We also identified critical research priority areas and policy gaps that must be addressed when designing the future governance of gene editing in plant breeding.

Set-Up Madness: A Review

@#Psychosis can be defined as a mental disorder in which a person’s thoughts, affective response, ability to recognize reality, and ability to communicate and relate to others are sufficiently impaired to grossly interfere with his or her capacity to deal with reality. The classical characteristics of psychosis are impaired reality testing, hallucinations, delusions, and illusions. While factitious disorder and malingering are usually acknowledged as contrived psychiatric conditions for acquisition of interior or exterior profits, respectively, another alternative, also, exists that though is not manufactured individually, is enforced peripherally. Such cases, which are usually referred by the judge’s ruling, for evaluation and treatment, are more important than comparable simulated or genuine mental conditions, because incorrect diagnosis, or careless, cagily, and guarded validation of preliminary diagnosis that has been issued in the authorized or emergency department, can seriously endanger the individual’s civil rights, while it should not be overlooked that incorrect diagnosis is a kind of malpractice that may harm an individual awfully. In the present article the clinical picture of the said situation, in addition to some case histories, and recommendable hints for differential diagnosis between different types of psychoses, has been discussed.

Sexting e adolescência: a emergência de novos temas para a psicologia do desenvolvimento / Sexting and adolescence: new themes for developmental psychology / Sexting y adolescencia: nuevos temas para la psicología del desarrollo

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar questões sociais e psicológicas relacionadas ao fenômeno do sexting, que se refere à prática de compartilhamento de imagens íntimas na internet e redes sociais. Por intermédio de uma análise não-sistematizada da literatura, sobretudo de publicações internacionais, pretende-se: i) definir o sexting, levando em consideração os aspectos consensuais presentes na literatura da área; ii) explicar sua ocorrência na contemporaneidade, avaliando possíveis impactos na saúde mental das pessoas, em especial de adolescentes; iii) refletir sobre os fatores de risco e proteção que estão circunscritos à manifestação do sexting; iv) apresentar as implicações jurídicas em casos de divulgação indevidas de imagens íntimas. Entende-se que as discussões apresentadas no decorrer deste artigo podem abrir espaços para um campo de investigação pouco explorado na literatura nacional.

This article aim to analyze social and psychological issues related to the phenomenon of sexting, which refers to the practice of sharing intimate images on the internet and social networks. Through a non-systematized analysis of the literature, especially of international publications, it is intended to: i) define sexting, taking into account the consensual aspects present in the literature of the area; ii) explain its occurrence in the contemporary world, evaluating possible impacts on the mental health of people, especially adolescents; iii) reflect about the risk and protection factors that are involved to the manifestation of sexting; iv) present the legal implications in cases of inappropriate exposure of intimate images. It is understood that the discussions presented in this article may open spaces for a little explored field of investigation in the national literature.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo central analizar cuestiones sociales y psicológicas relacionadas con el fenómeno del sexting, que se refiere a la práctica de compartir imágenes íntimas en Internet y redes sociales. Por medio de un análisis no sistematizado de la literatura, sobre todo de publicaciones internacionales, se pretende: i) definir el sexting, teniendo en cuenta los aspectos consensuados presentes en la literatura del área; ii) explicar su ocurrencia en la contemporaneidad, evaluando posibles impactos en la salud mental de las personas, en especial de adolescentes; iii) reflexionar sobre los factores de riesgo y protección que están circunscritos a la manifestación del sexting; iv) presentar las implicaciones jurídicas en casos de divulgación indebida de imágenes íntimas. Se entiende que las discusiones presentadas en el transcurso de este artículo pueden abrir espacios para un campo de investigación poco explorado en la literatura nacional.

Legal and Ethical Issues Involved in the Application of Molecular Genetics Examination in the Genomic Era / 中国医学伦理学

Advances in cell and molecular genetics have contributed to the development of human genetic re-search and personalized medicine. The enhanced capacity of the new DNA sequencing technologies, especially the high-throughput sequencing, is not only reducing the cost of sequencing but is also enabling some new questions. The potential utilization of whole exome sequencing ( WES) and whole genome sequencing ( WGS) is increasing in the research and clinical setting. And there is a potential for the genetic counselors' of recognition and reporting of incidental or secondary findings unrelated to the indication for ordering but of medical value for patient care, which inevitably create prominent legal and ethical issues. In addition, the internet increases the risk of private informa-tion and genetic information disclosure both for research and clinical practice. Moreover, these questions maybe more significant when commercial tests in multiplex genetic profiles are currently being provided to consumerswith-out the physicians' consultation, referred to as direct-to-consumer genetic tests ( DTCgt) . Existing laws, regula-tions and guidelines in China mostlycontrol and standardize technical aspects. Special regulations and rules for ge-netic arrangement and results explaining and interpretation remain needed; besides, the qualification of relevant personnel. The molecular genetic testing-related stakeholders include the providers, professional practitioners, and consumers &subjects, should realize these problems. Governments and professional organizations should produce policies, guidelines, and recommendations for the related stakeholders, such as testing providers andconsultants, to minimize the risks, and maximize the advantages of molecular genetic technologies, thus promote precision medi-cine and personalized therapy and disease prevention.

A validade ética e legal das fotografias digitais na ortodontia / The ethical and legal validity of digital photographs in orthodontics

A utilização de imagens digitais constituiu-se em um dos grandes benefícios que a evolução tecnológica proporcionou à Ortodontia. A introdução da fotografia digital permitiu aos profissionais utilizar recursos que facilitam a elaboração do diagnóstico e do planejamento ortodôntico, auxiliando a comunicação entre eles e também com os pacientes, além de ser importante ferramenta para o ensino e a pesquisa. Apesar destas vantagens, a utilização de fotografias digitais é frequentemente questionada quanto ao seu valor ético e legal. Dessa forma, através de uma revisão sistemática da literatura, este trabalho buscou abordar todos estes aspectos envolvidos na utilização deste recurso. Concluiu-se que os profissionais dessa área ainda desconhecem o tema, tornando-se necessário discuti-lo a fim de criar consciência da obrigação clínica, ética e legal quando forem utilizados. Além disso, concluiu-se também que ainda são necessárias ferramentas que assegurem valor legal absoluto a esse tipo de fotografia, evitando os riscos de manipulações ilícitas.

The use of digital images constitutes one of the great benefits that technological change provides to Orthodontics. The introduction of digital photography allows professionals to use features that facilitate the development of diagnostic and orthodontic planning, aid communication between them and also with patients, in addition to being an important tool for teaching and research. Despite these advantages, the use of digital photographs is often questioned as to their legal and ethical value. Thus, through a literature review, this study aimed to show all these aspects involved in the use of digital photographs in orthodontics. It was concluded that professionals are still do not know of the issue, making it necessary to discuss it in order to create awareness of the obligation clinical, ethical and legal when used such resources. One can also conclude that tools are still needed to ensure absolute legal value to this type of photography avoiding the risks of illegal tampering.

The potential legal issues about mandatory nursing intervention and the strategies of nursing management in psychiatric wards / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To explore the potential legal issues about mandatory nursing intervention in psychiatric wards,and put forward the strategies of nursing management.Methods The causes and the potential legal issues of the action of psychiatric nurses to carry out mandatory nursing intervention were analyzed.Results There were legal issues on the right to life and health,the right of informed consent,the right of personal freedom and the right of personality respected about mandatory nursing intervention in psychiatric wards and there might be negligence,misconduct and responsibility of violating the laws and regulations.Conclusions While carrying out mandatory nursing intervention in psychiatric wards,nurses need to respect the patients,make related informed well,protect various related rights of patients and families,implement seriously the relevant system so as to make mandatory nursing interventions more humanized,scientific,standardized,programming,and avoid the occurrence of medical disputes.

Ethical & Legal Issues and Responsibilites towards Chinese Doctors during the Medical Process of Organ Transplantation / 中国医学伦理学

Doctors face relevant ethical responsibilities in the medical process of organ transplantation in China: fair distribution of organs,adaptive judgment of a surgical operation for patients with medium and advanced stage of liver cancer,avoidance of wasting medical resources,and a responsibility to prevent receivers from the risk of contacting HIV and HCV infection.So doctors in China should be provided with relevant ethical and legal knowledge and conceptions to take responsibilities to minimize the above risks and adverse issues,and then keep organ transplantations developing in a moderately healthy style.

Discussion on Legal Issues of Drug Records / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To provide suggestions for the documentation and management of drug records.METHODS:To analysis the related legal problems of relationships between drug records and medical records,medication records and patient rights,drug records' role as evidence,legal responsibility and risk,countermeasures and recommendations will be presented.RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:From the legal perspective,the drug record can be used as evidence as medical record and the inappropriate documentation of medication record may lead to legal responsibility.It is important to have a good understanding of the legal meaning of drug records,improve the documentation of drug records and enhance the management of drug records.