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Background: Atypical organisms are a common causative agent of pneumonia in children more than 3 years of age. Though atypical pathogens are said to cause relatively milder form of pneumonia severe manifestations can also occur.' Very few studies are available on the prevalence of atypical pneumonia in children less than 3 years. Hence in this study the prevalence of atypical organisms in pneumonia was identified by using serum Polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Methods: This is a prospective observational study conducted in children between 1 month to 3 years of age with clinical diagnosis of pneumonia admitted in wards and PICU in KIMS hospital. Authors excluded Immuno compromised children. Detailed history and clinical examination was done. Investigations - complete hemogram, Chest X-ray, blood Culture and sensitivity and serum PCR was done for a sample size of 50 children.Results: Among the three atypical organisms, Legionella pneumoniae was identified in 4% (2/50) cases by serum PCR.Conclusions: In this study it was found that the prevalence of 4%. Legionella pneumonia can be fatal in 10% of cases. Hence atypical pathogens like Legionella should be kept in mind even in children less than 3 years when pneumonia is not responding to beta lactam antibiotics, in such cases macrolides to be considered.
RESUMO
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate causes for profound visual impairment in children ?3 years of age at a tertiary eye care center in Andhra Pradesh, India. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted for all the children (?3 years) who attended the pediatric ophthalmology service between January 2012 and February 2017. Results: A total of 428 severely visually impaired children aged ?3 years were seen during the study period: 264 (62%) of them were boys and I64 (38%) were girls. The average age at presentation was 14.02 months. The causes of visual impairment were cerebral visual impairment (CVI) 142 (33%), a combination of CVI and ocular visual impairment (OVI) 48 (11%), and OVI only 236 (56%), which included congenital cataract 56 (13.1%), retinopathy of prematurity 52 (I2.6%), optic atrophy 17 (4.5%), congenital nystagmus (4.4%), congenital globe anomalies 2I (5.2%), and high refractive errors - 10 (2.8%). Delays in different areas of development were seen in 103 out of 142 children with CVI (72.5%), which included motor delay 53 (51.5%), cognitive delay 15 (14.6%), speech delay in 3 (2.9%), and delay in multiple areas of development (like combination of motor, cognitive, and speech delay) in 32 (31.1%). Conclusion: In children under 3 years of age, CVI is a major cause of profound visual impairment in our area and the majority of them manifest delay in several areas of development.