Light activation and thermocycling methods on the shear bond strength of brackets bonded to porcelain surfaces

Abstract The present study was evaluated the effect of different light activation and thermocycling methods on the shear bond strength (SBS) and on the adhesive remnant index (ARI) of metal brackets bonded to feldspathic ceramic. Hundred metal brackets were bonded to 20 porcelain cylinders, divided into four groups (n=25) based on light activation and thermocycling processes. The cylinders were etched with 10% hydrofluoric acid for 60 s and coated with two layers of silane. The brackets were bonded with Transbond XT composite resin. Light activation in Groups 1 and 3 was performed during 3 s using the VALO Ortho Cordless appliance with irradiance 3,200 mW/cm2 and in Groups 2 and 4 for 40 s using Optilight Max appliance with irradiance 1,200 mW/cm². The samples were stored in deionized water at 37°C for 24 h and the samples from Groups 1 and 2 were submitted to the SBS test at a rate of 1 mm/min, whereas the samples from Groups 3 and 4 were submitted to 7,000 thermal cycles (5°/55°C) before to the SBS test. The data were assessed by two-way analysis of variance and by Tukey's test (a=0.05). No significant difference was observed between SBS means in the different light activation devices used. The samples subjected to thermocycling revealed lower SBS values (p≤0.05). There was predominance of score 0 for ARI in all groups. Therefore, the different light activation methods did not interfere in SBS, but thermocycling reduced SBS.

Resumo No presente estudo foi avaliado o efeito de diferentes métodos de fotoativação e ciclagem térmica na resistência da união ao cisalhamento (RUC) e no índice de remanescente adesivo (IRA) de braquetes metálicos colados à cerâmica feldspática. Cem braquetes metálicos foram colados em 20 cilindros de porcelana, divididos em 4 grupos (n=25) de acordo com o processo de fotoativação e ciclagem térmica. Os cilindros foram condicionados com ácido fluorídrico 10% por 60s e receberam 2 camadas de silano. Os braquetes foram colados com a resina composta Transbond XT. A fotoativação nos Grupos 1 e 3 foi realizada por 3 segundos usando o aparelho VALO Ortho Cordless com irradiância de 3200 mW/cm2 e nos Grupos 2 e 4 por 40 segundos utilizando o aparelho Optilight Max com irradiância de 1200 mW/cm². As amostras foram armazenadas em água deionizada a 37°C por 24 h, após as amostras dos grupos 1 e 2 foram submetidos ao teste de RUC, velocidade de 1 mm/min, e as amostras dos grupos 3 e 4 foram submetidas a 7.000 ciclos térmicos (5°/ 55°C) antes da RUC. Os dados foram submetidos à Análise de Variância dois fatores e ao teste de Tukey (a=0,05). Não foi encontrada diferença significativa entre as médias da RUC nos diferentes aparelhos de fotoativação. Quando submetidos à ciclagem térmica apresentaram menores valores de RUC (p≤0,05). O IRA mostrou predominância de escore 0 para todos os grupos. Conclui-se que os diferentes métodos de fotoativação não interferiram na RUC, porém a ciclagem térmica reduziu a RUC.

Indirect Restoration Thickness and Time after Light-Activation Effects on Degree of Conversion of Resin Cement

This study evaluated the effects of indirect restorative materials, curing conditions and time on the degree of conversion (DC) of a dual-cured resin cement using infrared spectroscopy. The resin cement (RelyX Unicem 2, 3M ESPE) was applied to the diamond surface of a horizontal attenuated-total-reflectance unit and activated using one of following conditions: self-cure, direct light exposure, light exposure through indirect restorative materials (resin nano-ceramic: Lava Ultimate, 3M ESPE or feldspathic ceramic: Vita Blocks Mark II, Vita Zahnfabrik). Four thicknesses (0.5, 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0 mm) of each indirect material were analyzed, and the light-activation was performed using a blue LED light. Data (n=5) were analyzed by three-way ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc and Dunnett's tests (α=5%). No significant differences in DC were observed between indirect materials of similar thickness. All groups exhibited higher DC after 10 min than after 5 min. At both times points, the self-cure group exhibited significantly lower DC than all the light exposure groups. Only when the overlying indirect restoration had a thickness of 2 mm did DC decrease significantly. The presence of a thick, indirect restoration can decrease the DC of resin cement. DC after 10 min was higher than after 5 min. The self-cure mode yielded lower DC than the light-activating one.

Este estudo avaliou os efeitos do tipo de material restaurador indireto, da condição de ativação e do tempo no grau de conversão de um cimento resinoso de dupla ativação, utilizando espectroscopia de luz infravermelha. O cemento resinoso (RelyX Unicem 2, 3M ESPE) foi aplicado à superfície do diamante da unidade de reflectância atenuada e ativado segundo as seguintes condições: ativação química, exposição direta da luz e aplicação da luz através de dois materiais protéticos: resina nano-cerâmica (Lava Ultimate, 3M ESPE) ou cerâmica feldspática (Vita Blocks Mark II, Vita Zahnfabrik). Quatro espessuras de cada um desses materiais (0,5; 1,0; 1,5 e 2,0 mm) foram analisadas e a ativação realizada com luz LED. Os dados (n=5) foram analisados pela ANOVA três fatores, testes de Tukey e Dunnett (5%). Nenhuma diferença do grau de conversão foi observada entre os materiais. Todos os grupos mostraram maior grau de conversão após 10 min que após 5 min. Em ambos os tempos, o grupo ativado quimicamente teve menor grau de conversão que todos os grupos fotoativados. O grau de conversão foi reduzido somente quando foi utilizada a peça protética de 2 mm. Espessas peças protéticas podem reduzir o grau de conversão do cemento resinoso. A grau de conversão após 10 min é maior que após 5 min da cimentação. A ativação química produz menor grau de conversão que a fotoativação.

Effects of immediate and delayed light activation on the polymerization shrinkage-strain of dual-cure resin cements / 대한치과보철학회지

PURPOSE: This study was designed to compare the amount of polymerization shrinkage of dual-cure resin cements according to different polymerization modes and to determine the effect of light activation on the degree of polymerization. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four kinds of dual-cure resin cements were investigated: Smartcem 2, Panavia F 2.0, Clearfil SA Luting and Zirconite. Each material was tested in three different polymerization modes: self-polymerization only, immediate light polymerization and 5 minutes-delayed light polymerization. The time-dependent polymerization shrinkage-strain was evaluated for 30 minutes by Bonded-disk method at 37degrees C. Five recordings of each material with three different modes were taken. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and multiple comparison Scheffe'test (alpha=.05). RESULTS: All materials, except Panavia F 2.0, exhibited the highest polymerization shrinkage-strain through delayed light-activated polymerization. No significant difference between light activation modes was found with Panavia F 2.0. All materials exhibited more than 90% of polymerization rate in the immediate or delayed light activated group within 10 minutes. CONCLUSION: As a clinical implication of this study, the application of delayed light activation mode to dual-cure resin cements is advantageous in terms of degree of polymerization.

Effect of Activation Mode on Shear Bond Strength of Metallic Brackets

The aim of this study was to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) of metallic orthodontic brackets bonded to bovine teeth using light-activated or chemically activated composite resins. One hundred and twenty bovine mandibular incisors were divided into 6 groups (n=20), according to the bonding materials: Transbond XT (T); Enforce Dual (ED); Enforce chemical (EC); Enforce Light-activated (EL); Concise Orthodontic (C); and RelyX Unicem Capsule (UN). Metallic brackets were positioned and firmly bonded to the teeth. Light-activation for T, ED, EL and UN was carried out with four exposures on each side of the bracket with 20 s total exposure times using XL2500 (3M ESPE). EC and C were chemically cured. Next, all specimens were stored in deionized water at 37 °C for 24 h. The shear bond strength was carried out at a crosshead speed of 1.0 mm/min. Data were subjected to one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=0.05). The adhesive remnant index (ARI) was evaluated at 8× magnification. C (17.72±4.45) presented significantly higher SBS means (in MPa) than the other groups (p<0.05), followed by EC (11.97±5.77) and ED (10.57±1.32). EL (5.39±1.06) and UN (4.32±1.98) showed the lowest SBS means, while T (9.09±2.56) showed intermediate values. For ARI, there was a predominance of score 0 for EC, C and UN, and score 3 for T, ED and EL. In conclusion, the activation mode influenced the SBS.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resistência de união ao cisalhamento (RUC) de braquetes ortodônticos metálicos colados ao dente bovino utilizando resinas compostas ativadas por luz ou quimicamente ativadas. Cento e vinte incisivos mandibulares bovinos foram divididos em 6 grupos (n=20), de acordo com o material de colagem: Transbond XT (T); Enforce Dual (ED); Enforce químico (EC); Enforce ativado por luz (EL); Concise Ortodontico (C); e RelyX Unicem Capsula (UN). Braquetes metálicos foram posicionados e firmemente colados aos dentes. A ativação por luz para os grupos T, ED, EL e UN foi realizada em quatro exposições, sendo uma em cada lado do braquete, para um tempo total de exposição de 20 s usando o aparelho XL2500 (3M ESPE). Os grupos EC e C foram ativados quimicamente. Após, todas as amostras foram armazenadas em água deionizada a 37 °C por 24 h. O teste de resistência de união ao cisalhamento foi realizado após o período de armazenagem, à velocidade de 1 mm/minuto. Os dados foram submetidos à Análise de Variância e ao teste de Tukey (α=0,05). O índice de remanescente adesivo (IRA) foi avaliado em aumento de 8x. O valor de RUC (MPa) do grupo C (17,72±4,45) foi significantemente maior do que o de outros grupos (p<0,05), seguido pelo grupo EC (11,97±5,77) e ED (10,57±1,32). Os menores valores de RUC foram obtidos pelos grupos EL (5,39±1,06) e UN (4,32±1,98). O grupo T (9,09±2,56) apresentou valor intermediário. O IRA mostrou predominância de escore 0 para os grupos EC, C e UN e escore 3 para os grupos T, ED e EL. Em conclusão, o modo de ativação influenciou nos valores da RUC.

Clinical assessment of whitening efficacy and safety of in-office tooth whitening system containing 15% hydrogen peroxide with or without light activation / 대한치과보존학회지

OBJECTIVES: This clinical study evaluated the effect of light activation on the whitening efficacy and safety of in-office bleaching system containing 15% hydrogen peroxide gel. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-three volunteers were randomly treated with (n = 17, experimental group) or without light activation (n = 16, control group), using Zoom2 white gel (15% H2O2, Discus Dental) for a total treatment time of 45 min. Visual and instrumental color measurements were obtained using Vitapan Classical shade guide and Shadepilot (DeguDent) at screening test, after bleaching, and 1 month and 3 month after bleaching. Data were analyzed using t-test, repeated measure ANOVA, and chi-squared test. RESULTS: Zoom2 white gel produced significant shade changes in both experimental and control group when pre-treatment shade was compared with that after bleaching. However, shade difference between two groups was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Tooth shade relapse was not detected at 3 months after bleaching. The incidence of transient tooth sensitivity was 39.4%, with being no differences between two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The application of light activation with Zoom2 white gel system neither achieved additional whitening effects nor showed more detrimental influences.

Relationship between the degree of conversion, solubility and salivary sorption of a hybrid and a nanofilled resin composite

This study analyzed the relationship between the degree of conversion (DC), solubility, and salivary sorption of a hybrid (Filtek P 60) and a nanofilled resin composite (Filtek Supreme), and evaluated the influence of the light-activation mode on these properties. Two light-activation modes were used: Conventional (C; 850 mW/cm² for 20 s) and Soft-start (SS; 100-1,000 mW/cm² for 10 s + 1,000 mW/cm² for 10 s). The DC ( percent) was evaluated by FT-Raman spectroscopy. The solubility and salivary sorption were measured after immersion in artificial saliva for 7 days. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and Student-Newman-Keuls' test and linear regression analysis (a = 0.05). The DC varied from 50.52 percent (nanofilled composite) to 57.15 percent (hybrid composite), and was influenced by the light-activation mode: C > SS. The solubility (0.45 mg/mm³) and salivary sorption (8.04 mg/mm³) of the nanofilled composite were greater than those of the hybrid composite (0.40 mg/mm³ / 6.87 mg/mm³), and were influenced by the light-activation mode: SS > C. Correlation was found between DC and solubility (r = - 0.89, p<0.05), as well as between solubility and salivary sorption (r = 0.95). These findings suggest that nanofilled composites may present higher degradation in the oral environment than hybrid ones. Soft-start light-activation mode may increase the solubility of resin composites.