Determining Temperature Extreme in Warri City, Niger-Delta Region, Nigeria

Climate change and global warming which is also known as a change in Earth’s overall climate or rising temperature have taken centre stage in international concerns, several fora and treaties have been observed with a view of stemming trend, in rising temperatures. This study evaluated ten years of maximum and minimum annual temperature of Warri in Nigeria between (2005 and 2015) to determine trends and identified extreme fluctuation in temperature. Data used for this study were sourced from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency’s Zonal Office, Warri. An objective method for determining temperature extreme has been used. Least square linear regression equation has been used to estimate temperature that would be equalled or surpassed 1%, 5% and 10% of the hours at any given location during the warmest and coldest months of the year. These equations are based on an index calculated from the three readily available parameters; the mean monthly temperature, the mean daily maximum temperature for the month and the mean daily minimum temperature for the month. The warmest month in Warri was March with a mean monthly temperature of 33.9 while the coldest month was July with mean monthly of 25.8.

Concordancia entre la medición directa y el valor estimado de colesterol de LDL en pacientes ambulatorios / Concordance between direct measurement and estimated LDL cholesterol in outpatients / Concordância entre medição direta e colesterol LDL estimado em pacientes ambulatoriais

Los laboratorios clínicos estiman la concentración del colesterol asociado a la lipoproteína de baja densidad (cLDL) mediante la ecuación de Friedewald; sin embargo, ésta presenta una notable desviación cuando la concentración sérica de triglicéridos se encuentra elevada. Se compararon 4.644 resultados de cLDL valorados en el laboratorio central del Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins (Lima-Perú), mediante el ensayo directo homogéneo, con los valores estimados por las ecuaciones de Friedewald, Anandaraja, Chen, Vujovic, Córdova y de regresión múltiple. Además, se estratificaron los resultados en 5 grupos en función de las concentraciones de triglicéridos para determinar la influencia que ejerce el nivel de triglicéridos sobre dichas ecuaciones. En el total de las estimaciones, las ecuaciones de regresión y Vujovic mostraron los menores sesgos de -3,00 y -2,90 mg/dL, respectivamente. Asimismo, ambas ecuaciones presentaron un grado de acuerdo sustancial con la determinación directa y un menor error sistemático en los tres niveles de decisión clínica para el cLDL; sin embargo, la ecuación de regresión presentó una mejor performance para estimar el cLDL en concentraciones de triglicéridos ≥401 mg/dL. Se concluye que la ecuación de regresión presenta bajo error analítico, además de mostrar una buena concordancia con el método directo, incluso a concentraciones altas de triglicéridos.

Clinical laboratories estimate the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc) associated with the Friedewald equation, but the latter shows a significant deviation when the serum triglyceride concentration is elevated. A total of 4644 LDLc values assessed at the central laboratory of the Edgardo Rebagliati Martins Lima-Perú Hospital were compared by means of the homogeneous direct assay with the values estimated by the Friedewald, Anandaraja, Chen, Vujovic, Córdova and multiple regression equations. Besides, the results were stratified into 5 groups based on triglyceride concentrations to determine the influence exerted by the triglyceride level on these equations. In the total of the estimates, the regression equations and Vujovic showed the lowest biases of -3.00 and -2.90 mg/dL respectively. Likewise, both equations presented a degree of substantial agreement with the direct determination and a smaller systematic error in the three levels of clinical decision for LDLc. However, the regression equation showed a better performance for estimating LDLc at triglyceride concentrations ≥401 mg/dL. It is concludeasdasdd that the regression equation presents low analytical error, besides showing a good concordance with the direct method even at high triglyceride concentrations.

Laboratórios clínicos calculam a concentração do colesterol associado à lipoproteína de baixa densidade (LDLc), utilizando a equação de Friedewald; no entanto ela apresenta um desvio significativo quando a concentração sérica de triglicerídeos está elevada. 4644 resultados de LDLc foram comparados avaliados no laboratório central do Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins (Lima-Peru), por ensaio directo homogêneo, com os valores estimados pelas equações Friedewald, Anandaraja, Chen, Vujovic, Córdova e de regressão múltipla. Além disso, foram estratificados os resultados em cinco grupos com base nas concentrações de triglicerídeos para determinar a influência que exerce o nível de triglicerídeos sobre tais equações. No total das estimativas, as equações de regressão e Vujovic mostraram os menores vieses de -3,00 e -2,90 mg/DL, respectivamente. Também, ambas as equações apresentaram um grau substancial de acordo com a determinação direta e um menor erro sistemático nos três níveis de decisão clínica para o LDLc; contudo, a equação de regressão apresentou melhor desempenho para estimar o LDLc em concentrações de triglicerídeos ≥401 mg/dL. Conclui-se que a equação de regressão apresenta baixo erro analítico, além de mostrar boa concordância com o método direto, mesmo em altas concentrações de triglicerídeos.

Relationship between the intima-media thickness of carotid artery and the accumulated radiation dose and its threshold value in intervention workers / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the relationship of the intima-media thickness( IMT) of carotid artery and accumulated radiation dose in intervention workers,and to evaluate the threshold dose leading to the abnormal IMT. METHODS: By cluster random sampling,155 intervention workers were selected as intervention group and 620 workers from the radiology departments were selected as control group. All workers came from 27 hospitals in Shandong Province. The workers in these two groups were given radiological occupational health check-up. Their accumulated dose of radiation was collected and IMT was measured by ultrasound. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to analyze the dose-effect between the IMT and the accumulated dose. RESULTS: In the intervention group,IMT was( 0. 70 ± 0. 11) mm,the abnormal rate of IMT was 4. 5%( 7 /155). The IMT in the control group was( 0. 68 ± 0. 09) mm,and the abnormal rate of IMT was 3. 9%( 24 /620). The abnormal rate of IMT between the two groups had no statistical significance( P > 0. 05). The multiple linear regression equation was y = 0. 007 x_1+ 0. 001 x_2- 0. 098 x3+ 0. 223( y means IMT,mm; x_1 means age,x_2 means accumulated radiation dose,mSv; x3 means gender),and the threshold doses deduced in all ages corresponding to 1 mm of IMT showed that the threshold dose was higher with younger age,and the larger accumulated radiation dose was needed to cause the IMT abnormity in the female than in the male workers. CONCLUSION: The IMT is positively correlated with the accumulated radiation dose in radiation workers,and the threshold dose of abnormal IMT could be estimated by the linear regression equation.

Measurement of lumbar vertebral body by spiral CT and its clinical significance / 中国医学装备

Objective:To obtain the volume of thoracolumbar vertebral(T12-L5)in elderly people by CT post processing software, and establish the calculation formula of lumbar vertebral body volume from L1 to L4.Methods: Collect the elderly lumbar CT examination cases, 60 normal elderly people without lumbar lesions were included in this study. The volume of each vertebral body from T12 to L5 was obtained by processing software after a lumbar CT scan. The volume values of vertebral body from L1 to L4 were regarded as dependent variables and the volumes of upper and lower vertebral body was considered as independent variables. All the data were analyzed with multiple linear regression method.Results: There was a correlation between the volume of each lumbar vertebral from L1 to L4 and volumes of adjacent vertebral bodies, and the multivariate linear regression equation between them was obtained successfully.Conclusion: The volume of vertebral body can be accurately measured by CT processing software, and the calculation formula can be used to predict the normal vertebral volume value before fracture. The ratio of bone cement quantity to vertebral volume value can be earned and used to guide the operation of bone cement implantation for the further study.