Sex Determination Using Direct Photography Technique: a Mobile-phone Camera: A Digital Approach for Lip Prints Analysis in Malaysian Malay Population (Klang Valley) (Penentuan Jantina Menggunakan Teknik Fotografi Terus: Kamera telefon bimbit: Pendekatan Digital untuk Analisis Cetakan Bibir dalam Penduduk Melayu Malaysia (Lembah Klang) / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

@#Cheiloscopy may not be as well-known as other techniques of identification, such as fingerprint or DNA analysis, but it has its own impact in the appropriate circumstances. Cheiloscopy has been recognized as an important tool for human identification. A manual approach of studying lip prints was utilised by many researchers (magnifying glasses). Nonetheless, the current study relied solely on a mobile phone camera to visually capture lip prints for sex determination. 377 samples of lip prints were analysed with Adobe Photoshop software and classified into six different types of lip print patterns, according to Suzuki and Tsuchihashi classifications. Lip prints were divided into six sections including upper left, upper middle, upper right, lower left, lower middle and lower right. Pearson's Chi-square test revealed significant differences between male and female lip prints (p < 0.05) among the Malaysian Malay population of the Klang Valley, with Type V (irregular pattern) lip prints being the most prevalent. In comparison to magnifying glasses, our studies proved the ability to record and examine lip prints utilising a digital approach.

Distribution and Association of Lip Print Pattern, Finger Print Pattern and ABO Blood Groups in Relation to Gender and Family Among South Indian Population

Background: Positive identification of living/ deceased using distinct traits is a cornerstone of forensic science. According to Locard’s principle “When two objects come into contact, there is always transfer of material from one to another”. The finger prints, lip prints and blood remains are the evidence for forensic identification. Aim: To study the frequency, distribution and association of ABO blood groups, finger print pattern, lip print pattern among gender and also the inherent nature of patterns among family members. Materials and Methods: A total of 200 Subjects (100 males, 100 females) within the age range of 17- 30 years and 20 families were randomly selected and aggregated as groups. Lip prints and finger prints were collected using dusting technique with fine carbon powder. ABO blood group was determined by slide agglutination method. Results: Ulnar loop - Males - Vertical, Radial loop - Males - Branching, Whorl - Females - Branching, Arch - Males - Intersecting; Females - Vertical. O positive, B positive - Loop - Branching, A positive - Loop - Vertical and Intersecting, AB positive - Whorl - Branching and Intersecting. Among 20 families, 14 families showed 100 percent pattern resemblance. High percentage of similar pattern was observed between father to daughter (70%) in finger prints and mother to son in lip prints (71%). Conclusion: Correlating the uniqueness of these physical evidence helps in personal identification as it can narrow the search & to substantiate the facts where there is little evidence

Lip print: a humanitarian forensic action / Huella labial: una acción forense humanitaria

ABSTRACT Introduction: forensic science involves diverse scientific disciplines that apply their particular expertise to the legal and judicial system. However, in the last decades this science has been linked to humanitarian actions and human rights proceedings. Forensic dentistry plays a vital role in personal identification. The lip print analysis is a relatively a simple procedure used in this discipline. It consists of patterns evaluation of cracks in the elevations and depressions on the labial mucosa. The aim of this study was to determine the lip print patterns of a southern Colombian population in order to add evidence of preconditions for forensic issues as part of a humanitarian forensic action. Methods: a total of 384 participants ≥ 35 years old were included in this study. The lip prints were analyzed through Suzuki and Tsuchihashi's classification in order to identify the predominant lip prints in males and females. Descriptive analysis was used to determine the sample characteristics and a χ2 test was performed to analyze independence according to sex variable for these categorical data. Results: the analyses showed that Type I and I' together were the most commonly lip prints seen in this sample, followed by Type II. There were not statistical differences between males and females. Conclusions: the evaluation of lip prints is a cost-effective method, and it could be an alternative in developing countries, especially in those that address massive violations of human rights.

RESUMEN Introducción: la ciencia forense involucra diversas disciplinas científicas que aplican su experiencia particular al ámbito legal y judicial. Sin embargo, en las últimas décadas esta ciencia se ha relacionado con acciones humanitarias y procesos de derechos humanos. La odontología forense juega un papel vital en la identificación personal. El análisis de la huella labial es un procedimiento relativamente sencillo utilizado en esta disciplina. Éste consiste en la evaluación de patrones de fisuras en elevaciones y depresiones de la mucosa labial. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar patrones de huella labial en una población del sur de Colombia, con el fin de agregar evidencia de precondiciones para problemas forenses como parte de una acción forense humanitaria. Métodos: en este estudio se incluyó un total de 384 participantes ≥ 35 años. Las huellas labiales se analizaron mediante la clasificación de Suzuki y Tsuchihashi para identificar el predominio en hombres y mujeres. Se utilizó un análisis descriptivo para identificar las características de la muestra y se realizó una prueba de χ2 para analizar la independencia en la variable sexo para estos datos categóricos. Resultados: los análisis mostraron que los Tipos I y I' en conjunto fueron las huellas labiales más comunes que se observaron, seguidas del Tipo II. No existieron diferencias estadísticas entre hombres y mujeres. Conclusiones: la evaluación de las huellas labiales es un método económico y podría ser una alternativa en países en desarrollo, especialmente en aquellos que sustentan violaciones masivas de derechos humanos.

A CHEILOSCOPIC STUDY IN RELATION TO FINGER PRINTS OF EBIRA ETHNIC GROUP, KOGI STATE, NIGERIA

Lip prints permanency, finger print as well as the number of easily observable and measurable characteristics have been one of the most suitable parameters for studying personal identification. The study, aimed at determining the relationship between lip and finger prints with relation to sex among Ebira Ethnic Group of Nigeria Four hundred and. ten subjects (205 males and 205 females) aged between 18-65 years, participated in the study. Fischer's formula or infinite population was used to calculate the optimal sample size. Lip prints of the participants were collected using lip gloss and microscopic slides pressed gently on the lips, ink powder is slightly blown on the slides to show the prints.A HP G3110 Scanjet Scanner (9000 x 4800 dpi resolution) which is a classical type of scanner was used to determine digital patterns of the fingers. SPSS version 20.0 was used in analysing the data. Statistical significance was put into consideration using one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) when (P = 0.05 or P ? 0.05). The predominant lip print pattern of the upper and lower lip of both sexes distributed as Type II and Type IV which are sexually dimorphic, on both hands the most prominent finger print pattern was the loop for both female and males which shows no significant sex difference. The association between lip and finger prints was significant. This is very important in personal identification in forensics.

Digital Approach for Lip Prints Analysis in Malaysian Malay population (Klang Valley): Scanning Technique (Analisis Cap Bibir Populasi Melayu di Lembah Klang secara Digital: Teknik Imbasan) / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

@#Lip print is useful in forensic investigations for individual identification. The present study aimed to discriminate sex based on lip print patterns in Malaysian Malay population in Klang Valley using a scanning technique. Lip prints of 360 subjects (180 males and 180 females) were taken using the lipstick-cellophane tape technique, pasted onto A4 papers. These papers were then scanned using Brother DCP-J100 printer (300dpi resolution). The images were analysed using a software based on Suzuki and Tsuchihashi’s classification. The lip print images were divided into six sections which are upper left, upper middle, upper right, lower right, lower middle and lower left. The Pearson chi-square test showed that there are significant differences (p < 0.05) between sexes in each section except for the upper middle section. In males, type V (irregular pattern) was the dominant pattern for upper left, upper right, lower right and lower left sections (ranging from 71.1% to 86.7%) while type IV (reticular pattern) was dominant at upper and middle sections (ranging from 57.2% to 66.1%). Type IV (48.3%) was dominant in upper middle section for female, while for the rest of the sections, type V was the dominant lip print pattern (ranging from 40% to 82.8%). These results showed that sex differentiation between males and females in Malaysian Malay population, Klang Valley can be suggested to be used for identification in forensic investigation.

Lip Print Analysis in Malaysian Chinese Population (Klang Valley): Lipstick-Cellophane Tape Technique (Analisis Cap Bibir Populasi Cina Malaysia di Lembah Klang: Teknik Gincu-Pita Selofan) / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

@#Cheiloscopy is recognized as a tool for personal identification due to its strength in criminalistics. In this study, the lip print of Malaysian Chinese population in Klang Valley was used for gender determination using lipstick-cellophane technique. 412 subjects (203 males and 209 females) were selected conveniently. Lipstick was first applied on the lips and the lip print was lifted using cellophane tape prior to pasting them onto a plain A4 paper and analysis using magnifying glass. Six topography areas of lip prints were classified using Suzuki and Tsuchihashi’s classification, including upper left, upper middle, upper right, lower right, lower middle and lower left. Chi-square test showed that all lip sections were significantly different from each other (p < 0.05). Type II was the dominant pattern in four lip sections for both genders: upper left (male 81.3%, female 57.4%), upper right (male 71.9%, female 42.9%), lower left (male 98.0%, female 90.0%) and lower right (male 96.1%, female 86.1%). Type IV was the dominant pattern for both middle part of the lips; upper middle (male 56.2%, female 50.7%) and lower middle (male 62.6%, female 50.2%). The results showed that gender can be differentiated based on lip print patterns. This finding suggested that cheiloscopy could be used in aiding personal identification for forensic investigation.

Estudo queiloscópico em graduandos da Faculdade de Odontologia de Pernambuco: estudo-piloto / Study cheiloscopy in undergraduate of the Faculdade de Odontologia de Pernambuco: pilot study

Esse estudo teve como objetivo identificar e classificar os sulcos das impressões labiais obtidas, e estabelecer relação entre os tipos de sulcos presentes nas impressões labiais e o fenótipo cor da pele e o sexo. A amostra foi composta por 60 estudantes de graduação do curso de Odontologia, de ambos os sexos. Para determinação e classificação dos sulcos labiais (Tipos I, I', II, III, IV e V), fez-se uso de amostras individuais de batons para tomada das impressões em suporte de cartolina branca. O sulco labial mais comum encontrado foi o Tipo I, seguido pelo Tipo II e pelo Tipo I'. Nos sexos feminino e masculino, o Tipo I e Tipo II foram os padrões dominantes. Os sulcos do Tipo II e I` foram predominantes em melanodermas; nos faiodermas e leucoderma, no entanto, os padrões predominantes foram os Tipos I e II. Pode-se concluir que a análise da impressão labial tem o potencial para o reconhecimento do gênero de um indivíduo, embora requeira um estudo detalhado para a realização correta do queilograma... (AU)

The aim of this study was to identify and classify the grooves of lip prints obtained, and establish a relationship between the types of labial grooves present on the prints and the phenotype of skin color and gender. The sample consisted of 60 graduate students, of both sexes. For determination and classification of lip grooves (Types I, I', II, III, IV and V), individual lip printing taken from lipsticks on white cardboard were used. The most common labial groove found, according to the classification proposed by Suzuky and Tsuchihaschi (1970), was type I, followed by Type II and Type I'. In females and in males, Type I and II were the dominant patterns. The grooves of the type II and I' were prevalent in melanoderm, in faioderm and in Caucasian the predominants patterns were types I and II. It can be concluded that lip print analysis has the potential for the recognition of the gender of an individual, but requires a detailed study to correctly perform the cheilogram... (AU)

Diferencias por género a través del estudio de los tipos de huellas labiales en estudiantes de posgrado de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Buenos Aires / Gender differences through the study of lip prints types in postdoctoral students from the School of Dentistry, University of Buenos Aires

Las huellas labiales representan una alternativa para la identificación humana por ser únicas en cada persona. Se buscó establecer la frecuencia de tipos de huellas labiales en estudiantes de Posgrado de la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, tomando como referencia la clasificación de Suzuki y Tsuchihashi. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en 50 hombres y 50 mujeres. Se fotografiaron los labios de cada participante, aplicando posteriormente lápiz labial a los efectos de que efectúen impresiones sobre un soporte de papel, estableciéndose los diferentes tipos de huellas. Se transcribieron los datos a una ficha diseñada a tal afecto y las fotografías se almacenaron en una computadora, conformando una base de datos. Para el género femenino, el tipo labial II (líneas bifurcadas), se halló en el 100% de la muestra. En el género masculino los tipos labiales predominantes fueron el I (líneas verticales completas) y II (líneas bifurcadas), ambos presentes en 48 participantes (96%). No existe diferencia significativa entre la frecuencia de tipos de huellas labiales en ambos géneros, por lo que sería factible la identificación humana en Argentina, desde el punto de vista poblacional e individual, en personas con similares características que la muestra estudiada (AU)

Digital Approach for Lip Prints Analysis in Malaysian Malay Population (Klang Valley): Photograph on Lipstick-Cellophane Tape Technique / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

@#Personal identification in forensic investigation is not an easy process. Lip print analysis is one of the techniques that can be used to assist in human identification. This study was conducted to investigate the sex based on lip print pattern among Malaysian Malay population in Klang Valley, using photograph on lipstick-cellophane tape technique and the Suzuki and Tsuchihashi classification. A total of 360 subjects (180 males and 180 females) aged 15 and above were included in this study. The lip print was taken by pressing a cellophane tape to the lipstick applied on lip, pasted it onto a plain A4 paper and then photographed using a smart phone camera (OPPO F1). The images were then analysed using Adobe Photoshop software. A lip print image were divided into six sections: upper left, upper middle, upper right, lower right, lower middle and lower left. The Pearson chi-square test showed that there are significant differences between sexes in each section except for the upper middle section. Type V (irregular pattern) was the dominant pattern for the upper left, upper right, lower right and lower left sections (ranging from 71.1% to 86.7% for males and 80.6% to 83.9% for females) while type IV (reticular pattern) was mostly found in upper middle and lower middle section. Malaysian female displayed type V as the dominant lip print pattern in every section (ranging from 39.4% to 83.9%) except upper middle section and for Malaysian male, type V dominated the lip print pattern in all section (ranging from 71.1% to 86.7%) except for the upper and lower middle section. The result of this study can be applied in assisting the human identification for forensic science investigation.

Pattern of Lip Print among Undergraduate Students: A Forensic Anthropological Study

Background: Scientific study of lip prints as lines and fissures in form of wrinkles and grooves on labial mucosal surface of upper and lower lip which developed since sixth week of intra uterine life is called as Cheiloscopy. Materials and methods: The present study was done among total 121 2nd MBBS students after obtaining their informed written consent and ethical approval. Lip prints were collected, developed and analyzed with use of red/pink lipstick (Persona®: non-metallic, non-glossy, non-persistent), white paper, cellophane tape, scanner, hand magnifying glass, scissors, Adobe Photoshop CS5 Software etc. Results: Out of 73 male students, most common lip pattern was II (branched) in 45.21%, followed by I (long vertical) in 27.4%, IA (short vertical) in 15.6%. Out of 48 female students, most common lip pattern was II (branched) in 44.64%, followed by I (vertical) in 25.62%, IA (short vertical) in 13.22%. Out of total 121 students, most common lip pattern was II (branched) in 44.64% and least common was V (mixed indefinite) in 1.65%. Conclusion: It was found that type II (branched) was most common type of lip print observed among students while type V (mixed indefinite) was the least common among students.

Cheiloscopy as an additional forensic parameter : a review

@#Criminal activities involving human life always puts lives at stake. Newer advances in other fields especially medicine and dentistry is essential in solving the mysteries of death. Different disciplines insert a part of the puzzle until it is complete. Fingerprints, DNA profiling, Forensic anthropology are commonly employed in personnel identification, mass disasters and others. Investigators may also rely on lip prints to identify possible suspects or to support evidence gained in specific investigations. A lip print at scene of crime can be the basis for inference as to the number of people involved, gender, habits, occupational traits, and others, based on the pathological changes present. This review deals with lip prints and their possible acquisition and usage.

Cheiloscopy: An Aid to Personal Identification in India.

Background: As said “Identification is an individual’s birth right”. Identification of the individual is based on certain characteristics, which is unique to that individual. Cheiloscopy is the examination of lip prints, the lip prints are permanent and fixed, like fingerprint and palatal rugae, hence it can be used in personal identification. Aim: This study is undertaken to evaluate the uniqueness of lip print for personal identification Methods: The study was carried out on 400 subjects (200 male and 200 female) among the population of India. Lipstick was applied on the lips and print was taken on bond paper, the prints were divided into four quadrants and were analyzed by using magnifying lens and Suzuki and Tsuchihashi classification were used to identify the most common type of pattern among Indians for personal identification. Results: Our study shows that the most common type of pattern in Indian race was TYPE III (39%) and in all the quadrants (I, II, III, IV) most dominant pattern was type III in males and type II in females. Conclusion: The present study reveals that, there was no similarity in the lip print pattern of one individual with that of the other individual. The lip print pattern varies between the same age group people as well as among the population of same region.

Lip Prints in Sex and Race Determination / Jurnal Sains Kesihatan Malaysia

Individual identification is an important and challenging task in forensic investigation. Lip print on drinking glass or cigarette butt found at crime scenes may link to a suspect. The aim of this study was to determine the differences in lip print between sexes or races, differences in lip measurement between sexes or races and determine a way to estimate sex and race by using lip print or lip measurements for main races in Malaysia. A total of 134 subjects (67 males and 67 females) of Malay, Chinese and India were recruited from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Campus Kuala Lumpur (UKMKKL), Malaysia. Lip prints were taken by using a lipstick and a transparent cellophane tape. Lip measurements were taken by using electronic digital callipers. Lip prints were classified according to Tsuchihashi classification. Statistical analysis indicated that there was a significant difference in lip print between sexes (p 0.05). Width of oral opening and the height of lower lip both indicated significant differences between sexes (p < 0.001) while the height of upper lip and lower lip each indicated significant differences between races (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant interaction between sexes and races for all lip measurements. Formulae for sex and race determination were calculated with Classification Tree when there was significant difference between every comparison. Tables of accuracy percentage and performance evaluation for method in categorizing sex or race by using lip print or lip measurement were made. For validation of method in sex determination based on the formulae formed, accuracy in females is 90% and 65% in males. Therefore, overall percentage of accuracy in sex determination was 77.5%. This study can provide a preliminary idea about the use of lip prints in sex or race determination among Malaysian population.