Capacidad resolutiva de las Unidades de Atención Primaria en Oftalmología / Resolution capacity of ophthalmic primary care units in Chile

Objetivo: Evaluar la capacidad resolutiva de la Unidad de Atención Primaria en Oftalmología para disminuir la lista de espera oftalmológica no incluida en el Plan de Garantías Explícitas en Salud (GES) de la Región de Ñuble, entre el año 2017 y el 2019. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, no experimental, de corte transversal, donde se evaluaron los registros estadísticos mensuales y la lista de espera oftalmológica No GES de la región de Ñuble, generada entre el año 2017 y el 2019. Resultados: Se realizó un promedio de 1 875 (± 983) consultas médicas y 3 407(± 1 625) consultas de Tecnólogo Médico anualmente, con un nivel de resolutividad del 84 por ciento: el 82 por ciento para resolución de vicio de refracción; el 77,7 por ciento (p < 0,001) de las interconsultas por vicio de refracción y el 80,1 por ciento (p < 0,001) de otros diagnósticos se resolvieron en menos de 150 días. Las Unidades de Atención Primaria en Oftalmología en estudio demostraron capacidad resolutiva similar a estudios anteriores, con una disminución de los tiempos de espera para la atención oftalmológica en atención primaria. Conclusiones: Las Unidades de Atención Primaria en Oftalmología tienen una alta capacidad resolutiva, menores tiempos de espera, mejoran el acceso y la oportunidad a través de un modelo integral de trabajo en equipo que puede ser replicado a nivel mundial y también en otras especialidades de salud(AU)

Objective: Evaluate the resolution capacity of ophthalmic primary care units to shorten the ophthalmic waiting list not included in the Explicit Health Guarantees Plan (GES) of Ñuble Region in the period 2017-2019. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional non-experimental evaluation was conducted of the monthly statistical records and the No GES ophthalmic waiting list of the Ñuble Region generated in the period 2017-2019. Results: An average 1 875 (± 983) medical consultations and 3 407 (± 1 625) consultations with a medical technologist were held annually, with a resolution level of 84 percent: 82 percent for refraction vice resolution; 77.7 percent (p < 0.001) of the interconsultations for refractive vice and 80.1 percent (p < 0.001) for other diagnoses were resolved in less than 150 days. The ophthalmic primary care units studied displayed a resolution capacity similar to previous studies, with a reduction in the waiting time for ophthalmic primary care. Conclusions: Ophthalmic primary care units display a high resolution capacity, shorter waiting times, improved access and opportunity through a comprehensive teamwork model which may be replicated globally and in other medical specialties(AU)

COVID-19 en pacientes trasplantados renales, en lista de espera y en evaluación para trasplante. Experiencia en un hospital público en Argentina / COVID-19 in renal transplant patients, on the waiting list and under evaluation for transplantation. Experience in a public hospital in Argentina

RESUMEN Objetivos: Evaluar frecuencia de hisopado, casos positivos y tasa de letalidad por SARS-CoV-2 en pacientes trasplantados, en lista de espera o en evaluación en un Hospital Público de la Argentina. Material y métodos: Se realizó un análisis retrospectivo de los pacientes de la unidad (trasplantados, en lista de espera o en evaluación para trasplante) hasta el 30 de septiembre de 2020. Se buscó en forma individualizada cada paciente en el SINTRA, en bases de datos de pacientes de una unidad de trasplante y en el sistema SISA, para buscar: realización de hisopados, porcentaje de positividad de los mismos, mortalidad general y aquella vinculada a SARS-CoV-2. Se consideró edad, sexo, tiempo en diálisis, condición de diabético, hipertensión y enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. Se realizó análisis estadístico mediante Student, Mann Whitney y Chi cuadrado según correspondiere. Resultados: Durante 2020, estuvieron en seguimiento, en la Unidad de Trasplante Renal, un total de 1513 pacientes entre trasplantados renales en seguimiento (n=515), pacientes en lista de espera renal (n= 413) y pacientes en evaluación para trasplante (n=585). Se registraron un total de 103 casos positivos de COVID-19, sobre 477 hisopados realizados (positividad del 32,51%). La tasa de letalidad global fue del 21,88%, variando según el paciente estuviera en lista de espera (22,73%), en evaluación de trasplante (30%) o trasplantado (35,48%). Estas diferencias no alcanzaron significación estadística. Conclusiones: Se presenta un análisis descriptivo de los efectos de la pandemia sobre nuestra población. Es importante notar que nuestro centro atiende un porcentaje elevado de pacientes de bajos recursos y un área geográfica extensa, por lo cual los resultados pueden haber sido sesgados por estas características. En nuestra población trasplantada se observó un incremento de 10 veces la letalidad observada en la población general. La presencia de un mayor grado de inmunosupresión y factores de riesgo (diabetes, edad, hipertensión) podrían explicar lo observado.

ABSTRACT Objectives: Assess frequency of swabbing, positive and lethality rate cases of SARS-CoV-2 in transplant patients on the waiting list or evaluation in a Public Hospital of Argentina. Methods: A retrospective analysis was carried out of the patients in the unit (transplanted, on the waiting list or under evaluation for transplantation) until September 30, 2020. Each patient was searched individually in the SINTRA, in databases of patients of a transplant unit and in the SISA system, to find: swabbing, percentage of tests positivity, general mortality and that related to SARS-CoV-2. Age, sex, time on dialysis, diabetic condition, hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease were considered. Statistical analysis was performed using Student, Mann Whitney and Chi square as appropriate. Results: During 2020, a total of 1,513 patients were under follow-up in the Kidney Transplant Unit, including kidney transplants under follow-up (n=515), patients on the renal waiting list (n=413) and patients under evaluation for transplantation (n=585). A total of 103 positive cases of COVID-19 were registered, out of 477 swabs performed (positivity of 32.51%). The overall case fatality rate was of the 21.88%, varying according to the patient was on the waiting list (22.73%) in transplant evaluation (30%) or transplanted (35.48%). These differences did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: A descriptive analysis of the effects of the pandemic on our population is presented. It is important to note that our center cares for a high percentage of low-income patients and a large geographic area, so the results may have been biased by these characteristics. In our transplanted population, a 10-fold increase in mortality observed in the general population was observed. The presence of a higher degree of immunosuppression and risk factors (diabetes, age, hypertension) could explain what was observed.

Relationship between donor quality and recipient gravity in liver transplant / Relação entre a qualidade do doador e a gravidade do receptor de transplante hepático

ABSTRACT Background: Tools such as MELD score and DRI are currently used to predict risks and benefits on liver allocation for transplantation. Aim: To evaluate the relation between donor quality and recipient severity on liver allocation. Methods: Liver transplants performed in 2017 and 2018 were evaluated. Data were collected from Paraná's State Government Registry. DRI was evaluated in relation to recipient MELD score and position on waiting list. Results: It was observed relation between DRI and position on waiting list: higher risk organs were allocated to recipients with worse waiting list position. There was no relation between DRI and MELD score. Afrodescendents and elderly donor organs were allocated to lower MELD score and worse waiting list position recipients. Conclusion: There is no relation between DRI and MELD on liver allocation. However, DRI interferes with allocation decision based on recipients waiting list position. Donor race and age interfere on both recipient MELD score and waiting list position

RESUMO Racional: Visando prever riscos e benefícios na alocação de órgãos no transplante hepático, são utilizados sistemas como o MELD, atual critério classificatório da lista de espera de transplantes, e o DRI, ferramenta que avalia fatores de risco do doador. Objetivo: Relacionar a qualidade do doador de fígado com a gravidade do seu receptor. Métodos: Foram avaliados os transplantes hepáticos realizados entre 2017 e 2018 no Estado do Paraná. Os dados foram coletados no sistema eletrônico da Central Estadual de Transplantes. Informações dos doadores foram relacionadas às dos receptores através da relação entre o DRI e o MELD e a posição do receptor na lista de espera. Resultados: Foram avaliados 520 doadores e 520 receptores. Observou-se relação entre DRI e posição na lista de espera: órgãos de doadores com maior risco pelo DRI foram alocados para receptores com pior posição na lista de espera. Não houve correlação entre o DRI e o MELD. No entanto, órgãos de doadores da raça negra ou com idade maior ou igual a 60 anos foram alocados para receptores com MELD mais baixo e com pior posição na lista de espera. Conclusão: Não existe relação entre o DRI e o MELD na distribuição de enxertos hepáticos no Estado do Paraná. O DRI interfere na alocação de acordo com a posição do receptor na lista de espera. A idade e a raça dos doadores interferem na alocação de acordo com o MELD e a posição em lista dos receptores.

Estrategias de afrontamiento de pacientes en espera de trasplante renal / Coping strategies for patients on the waiting period for kidney transplantation

RESUMEN Introducción: durante el período de espera para el trasplante renal, el paciente experimenta estados emocionales negativos. Las estrategias de afrontamiento asumidas por cada individuo pueden facilitar u obstaculizar el manejo de la situación. Objetivo: identificar las estrategias de afrontamiento desarrolladas por los pacientes que se encuentran en la lista de espera para el trasplante renal. Material y Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal con 22 pacientes de ambos sexos con edades comprendidas entre los 20 y los 59 años en el Servicio de Hemodiálisis del Hospital General Docente "Abel Santamaría Cuadrado" en Pinar del Río en el período comprendido entre mayo y octubre de 2016. Se utilizó el cuestionario de "Modos de afrontamiento de Lazarus y Folkman" para explorar las estrategias de afrontamiento, y una entrevista semiestructurada. Resultados: la estrategia de afrontamiento más desarrollada por los pacientes fue la planificación. La confrontación y evitación predominó en las mujeres, mientras en los hombres la planificación; las personas de 20 a 39 años desarrollaron la planificación y las personas de 40 a 59 años la aceptación de la realidad y la evitación; prevaleció la confrontación, junto con la planificación en las personas casadas. En el primer periodo de espera del trasplante renal sobresalieron la planificación y la confrontación, mientras que el escape o la evitación en el período de seis años o más. Conclusiones: las estrategias de afrontamiento centradas en el problema, en particular la planificación, predominó en pacientes que esperan trasplante renal.

ABSTRACT Introduction: During the waiting period for kidney transplantation, the patient experiences negative emotional conditions. The coping strategies assumed by each individual can facilitate or delay the management of the situation. Objective: To identify the coping strategies developed by patients in the waiting list for kidney transplantation. Material and Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 22 patients of both sexes aged 20 to 59 years at Abel Santamaría Cuadrado General Teaching Hospital in Pinar de Río between May and October, 2016. The questionnaire developed by Lazarus and Folkman was used to explore the coping strategies, as well as a semi-structured interview. Results: The most coping strategy developed by patients was planning. Disagreement and avoidance predominated in women and planning predominated in men. People aged 20 to 39 years and married people predominated in the planning strategy and the acceptance of reality and avoidance was developed in people aged 40-59 years; planning and confrontation predominated in married people during the first waiting period for the transplantation, whereas escape or avoidance were observed in the six-year period or more. Conclusions: Coping problem-focused strategies, particularly planning, predominated in patients in the waiting period for kidney transplantation.

Tiempo de espera y calidad de atención en pacientes de odontoestomatología intervenidos en sala de operaciones / Waiting time and quality of care in operated odontostomatology patients

Introducción. Los tiempos de espera para cirugía electiva son indicadores que legitiman socialmente los servicios sanitarios públicos, si su situación es la adecuada. Objetivo. Determinar la relación entre el tiempo de espera y la percepción de la calidad de atención, en pacientes de odontoestomatologia de un hospital de la seguridad social. Métodos. Los niveles de satisfacción e insatisfacción se determinaron por medio del instrumento SERVQUAL modificado. Los resultados se correlacionaron con el tiempo de espera superior a 180 días y con la afectación de la calidad de vida; además, se evaluaron los factores con mayor influencia sobre el grado de insatisfacción. Resultados. El grado de satisfacción fue del 44%. Los pacientes que esperaron más de 180 días presentaron 2,6 veces más posibilidad de insatisfacción, los pacientes afectados presentaron 3,4 veces más posibilidad de insatisfacción. Finalmente, los pacientes afectados presentaron 3,3 más posibilidad de insatisfacción, en relación con que esperaron más de 180 días, los cuales presentaron 2.5 más posibilidad de insatisfacción. Conclusión: Existe relación inversa entre el tiempo de espera y la percepción de la calidad de atención; además, el grado de insatisfacción está asociado, sobre todo, a la afectación de la calidad de vida más que al propio tiempo de espera.

Introduction: Waiting times for elective surgery are indicators that legitimize socially public health services, if their situation is appropriate. Objective: To determine the relationship between the waiting time and the perception of the quality of care in Odontostomatology patients of a Social Security hospital. Methods: Satisfaction and dissatisfaction levels were determined by means of the modified SERVQUAL instrument, the results were correlated with the waiting time of more than 180 days and the quality of life; was affected, as well as which of these factors was most influenced about the degree of dissatisfaction. Results: The degree of satisfaction was 44%. The patients who waited more than 180 days presented 2.6 times more possibility of dissatisfaction, the affected patients presented 3.4 times more possibility of dissatisfaction. Finally, the affected patients presented 3.3 more possibilities of dissatisfaction, in relation to those who waited more than 180 days, which presented 2.5 more possibilities of dissatisfaction. Conclusion: There is an inverse relationship between waiting time and the perception of quality of care; In addition, the degree of dissatisfaction is associated, above all, with the impact of the quality of life rather than the waiting time itself.

Trasplante cruzado y ABO incompatible. Cambio en el panorama tradicional de trasplante renal en México / Donor exchange programs and ABO incompatible transplant. Change in the traditional view of kidney transplantation in Mexico

Resumen Existen numerosos estudios que demuestran la superioridad en términos de sobrevida y calidad de vida del trasplante como terapia de sustitución renal en comparación con hemodiálisis y diálisis peritoneal. A nivel nacional y mundial las listas de espera aumentan desproporcionadamente en relación con el número de trasplantes realizados. Los diferentes gobiernos deben instituir medidas para garantizar la autosuficiencia de órganos en cada país, como los programas de intercambio de donantes y el ABOi, recursos ya probados en diferentes partes del mundo con adecuada seguridad y efectividad que pueden mejorar el índice de trasplantes ante alguna barrera inmunológica de la pareja donante-receptor.

Abstract There are numerous studies that demonstrate the superiority in terms of survival and quality of life of the transplant as a renal replacement therapy compared with hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. National and global waiting lists increase disproportionately in relation to the number of transplants performed and the different governments should institute measures to guarantee the self-sufficiency of organs in each country and does the donor exchange programs and the ABOi resources already tested in different parts of the world with adequate safety and effectiveness that can improve the rate of transplants when there is some immunological barrier of the donor-recipient pair.

Enquanto a cirurgia não chega: a experiência dos pacientes na fila de espera de Artroplastia total de quadril / While the surgery does not come: the experience of the patients waiting for Total Hip Arthroplasty

Este estudo tem como objetivo geral conhecer o significado que tem para a pessoa a experiência de aguardar na fila de Artroplastia total de quadril. E como objetivos específicos: analisar o significado que tem para a pessoa a experiência de aguardar na fila de Artroplastia total de quadril e propor um plano de cuidado de enfermagem para assistir o paciente que se encontra na fila baseado na teoria de enfermagem de Joyce Travelbee. Estudo do tipo descritivo com abordagem qualitativa, aprovado pelos Comitês de Ética em Pesquisada UERJ e da Instituição campo de coleta de dados, com os seguintes pareceres: CAAE 79594817.8.0000.5282 e 79594817.8.3001.5273, respectivamente. Foi desenvolvido em um Instituto especializado em traumatologia e ortopedia na cidade do Rio de Janeiro com 17 participantes, sendo sete mulheres e dez homens, na faixa etária de 31 a 80 anos. A coleta de dados ocorreu nos meses de março e abril de 2018, onde foram realizadas as entrevistas no referido Instituto. Para tratamento dos dados, utilizou-se a análise de conteúdo delineada por Bardin, emergindo quatro categorias e seis subcategorias: I- Minha vida antes do comprometimento articular; II- Mudanças na vida frente à limitação articular (Limitações físicas que causam restrição na vida; Modificações na rotina após a doença e Limitações socioafetivas geradas pela doença); III- Sentimentos vivenciados enquanto a cirurgia não vem (Sentimentos vivenciados ao receber o diagnóstico cirúrgico; Sentimentos vivenciados enquanto espera pela cirurgia e Sentimentos vivenciados pelo paciente quando ele é chamado para realizar a cirurgia); IV- Recursos utilizados para gerenciamento dos efeitos da doença enquanto a cirurgia não vem (Família como rede de apoio; Crença religiosa como suporte frente à espera e Busca de tratamentos para amenizar os efeitos da doença). Análise dos resultados se deu à luz da teoria de enfermagem de Joyce Travelbee. Os principais resultados evidenciam que os pacientes precisaram aguardar de 3 a 10 anos pela cirurgia e esse tempo os afetou tanto física quanto psicologicamente, com a piora da dor, aumento das limitações físicas, afastamento do convívio social e prejuízo emocional, trazendo implicações para o cuidado de enfermagem sob a ótica da teoria de Joyce Travelbee. Conclui-se que o tempo de espera prolongado pode afetar integralmente a saúde do paciente, sendo necessário criar estratégias como um acompanhamento por telemonitoramento com vistas a acolher as demandas desses pacientes durante o tempo de espera, favorecendo assim, a redução de danos à saúde.

This study has as general purpose to know the meaning that has for the person the experience of waiting for Total hip arthroplasty. And as specific goals: to analyze the meaning that has for the person the experience of waiting for Total hip arthroplasty and to propose a nursing care plan to assist the patient who is waiting for surgery based on the nursing theory of Joyce Travelbee. It s a descriptive study with a qualitative approach, approved by the Research Ethics Committees UERJ and the Institution data collection field, with the following opinions: CAAE 79594817.8.0000.5282 and 79594817.8.3001.5273, respectively. It was developed in an Institute specialized in traumatology and orthopedics in the city of Rio de Janeiro with 17 participants, being seven women and ten men, in the age group of 31 to 80 years. The data collection took place in March and April of 2018, where the interviews were held at the mentioned Institute. For the data treatment, the content analysis outlined by Bardin was used and four categories and six subcategories emerged: I- My life before the joint involvement; II- Changes in life in the face of joint limitation (Physical limitations that cause restriction in life; Modifications in routine after illness and Socio-affective limitations generated by the disease); III- Feelings experienced while surgery does not come (Experienced feelings when receiving the surgical diagnosis; Feelings experienced while waiting for surgery and Feelings experienced by the patient when he is called to perform the surgery); IV- Resources used to manage the effects of the disease while the surgery does not come (Family as a support network; Religious belief as support in front of waiting and Search for treatments to mitigate the effects of the disease). Analysis of the results was given in light of the nursing theory of Joyce Travelbee. The main results show that patients had to wait from 3 to 10 years for surgery and this time affected them both physically and psychologically, with worsening of pain, increased physical limitations, withdrawal from social life and emotional impairment, with implications for care from the perspective of Joyce Travelbee theory. It is concluded that prolonged waiting time can affect the patient's health, and it is necessary to create strategies such as telemonitoring to meet the demands of these patients during the waiting time, thus favoring the reduction of health damage.

Coping e qualidade de vida em pacientes em lista de espera para transplante renal / Coping and quality of life in patients on kidney transplant waiting lists

Resumo Objetivo: Caracterizar o perfil de enfrentamento e qualidade de vida dos pacientes em lista de espera de transplante renal. Métodos: Estudo transversal, com abordagem quantitativa, foram entrevistados pacientes maiores de 18 anos, alfabetizados e em lista de espera de transplante renal. Foram excluídos os pacientes em espera de mais de um órgão. A apresentação dos resultados ocorreu pela estatística descritiva - distribuição absoluta e relativa (n - %), bem como, pelas medidas de tendência central e de variabilidade, sendo que, o estudo da distribuição de dados das variáveis contínuas ocorreu pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Na comparação das pontuações relativas dos estilos e das dimensões para qualidade de vida entre dois grupos independentes foi utilizado o teste de Mann Whitney U. Quando as variáveis contínuas foram comparadas aos tipos de tratamentos (com numero de casos superior a 5) foi utilizado o teste de KruskalWallys-PostHocDunn. A relação de linearidade entre os escores dos estilos ECJ e as dimensões da SF36 ocorreu pelo coeficiente de correlação de e Spearman. Os dados foram analisados no programa Statistical Package for Social Sciences versão 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA, 2008) para Windows, sendo que, para critérios de decisão estatística adotou-se o nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Do total de 58 pacientes, 30 (51,7%) eram do sexo masculino com média de idade de 44,6 (±15,2) anos. O perfil de enfrentamento foi o Autoconfiante (42) e Otimista (6) pacientes. As dimensões com a melhor qualidade de vida foram: a dor (67,2), aspectos sociais (66,6) e saúde mental (65,4). Houve correlação significativa, (r<0,333), entre o estilo paliativo e vitalidade (r=-0,288; p=0,028) e paliativo e aspectos sociais (r=-0,283; p=0,031). O Estado Geral de Saúde e os estilos Emotivo (r=-0,424; p=0,025) e Paliativo (r=-0,524; p=0,004), bem como, entre a Vitalidade e o estilo Paliativo (r=- 0,530; p=0,004) apresentaram correlação significativa. Nos homens houve correlação significativa (0,300<r≤0,600) na comparação da dimensão Dor com os estilos Confrontivo (r=-0,413; p=0,023) e Emotivo (r=-0,370; p=0,044). Conclusão: O estudo identificou o perfil de enfrentamento dos pacientes em hemodiálise e em lista de espera de transplante renal. Destaca-se o perfil Coping autoconfiante e otimista na maioria dos pacientes, bem como, o impacto na qualidade de vida dessa população destacando-se resultados positivos em relação à melhoria da Dor, Aspectos sociais e Saúde mental, porém ficou evidente o comprometimento da qualidade de vida no que se refere aos aspectos físicos e emocionais.

Abstract Objective: To characterize the coping and quality of life profile of patients on kidney transplant waiting lists. Methods: Cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach, which entailed interviews with patients over 18 years of age, able to read and write, and on a kidney transplant waiting list. Patients waiting for more than one organ were excluded. The results were presented using descriptive statistics - absolute and relative distribution (n - %), as well as central tendency and variability measurements. The data distribution of the continuous variables was analyzed by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. In the comparison of the relative scores of the styles and dimensions for quality of life between two independent groups, the Mann-Whitney U test was used. When the continuous variables were compared with the types of treatment (with number of cases over five), the Kruskal-Wallis post-hoc Dunn test was used. The linearity relationship between the scores of the Jalowiec Coping Scale (JCS) styles and the SF-36 dimensions was determined through the Spearman correlation coefficient. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences, version 20.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA, 2008) for Windows. For the statistical decision criteria, a level of significance of 5% was adopted. Results: Of the total 58 patients, 30 (51.7%) were men, with a mean age of 44.6 (±15.2) years. The coping profile was self-reliant (42) and optimistic (6). The dimensions with the best quality of life were: pain (67.2%), social aspects (66.6) and mental health (65.4). There was a significant correlation (r<0.333) between the palliative style and vitality (r=-0.288; p=0.028) and the palliative style and social aspects (r=-0.283; p=0.031). There was also a significant correlation between general health status and the emotive (r=-0.424; p=0.025) and palliative styles (r=-0.524; p=0.004), as well as between vitality and the palliative style (r=-0.530; p=0.004). Among men, there was a significant correlation (0.300<r≤0.600) in the comparison between the pain dimension and the confrontational (r=-0.413; p=0.023) and emotive (r=-0.370; p=0.044) styles. Conclusion: The study identified the coping profile of patients on hemodialysis and a kidney transplant waiting list. A self-reliant and optimistic profile was noted among most patients, and there were positive results on the quality of life of this population in relation to improvement in pain, social aspects and mental health. However, quality of life was negatively affected in reference to physical and emotional aspects.

Resultados de un programa nacional de trasplante cardiaco pediátrico: fortalezas y debilidades / Results of a national program of pediatric heart transplantation: strengths and weakness

El trasplante cardiaco pediátrico es una terapia efectiva para tratar la insuficiencia cardiaca avanzada. Objetivos: Analizar los resultados inmediatos y a mediano plazo de niños enlistados para trasplante cardiaco. Pacientes y Método: Se analizó el registro de pacientes enlistados para trasplante, entre octubre de 2001 y julio de 2016, analizando datos demográficos, diagnósticos, status de enlistamiento, tiempo de espera, datos de donantes, uso de asistencia ventricular, complicaciones y mortalidad. Resultados: La serie abarca 30 pacientes con edad promedio de 9,4 años (1 mes a 15 años). El diagnóstico principal fue miocardiopatía dilatada en 24 pacientes (80%). El status de ingreso fue I (urgencia) en 19 casos y II (no urgencia) en 11. Fallecieron 10 en la lista de espera (33,3%) en un promedio de 52 días (13 a 139 días). Catorce pacientes fueron trasplantados (46.7%), con un tiempo de espera de 199,6 días (4 a 586 días). Requirieron asistencia ventricular 9 pacientes (30%). Todos recibieron inmunosupresión tri asociada. Un paciente falleció a los 16 días por falla primaria del injerto (7,1%). El seguimiento promedio fue de 43 meses (0,5 a 159 meses). Dos pacientes fallecieron alejadamente (55 y 82 meses) por rechazo secundario al abandono de tratamiento inmunosupresor. La supervivencia a 1 y 5 años fue 93% y 74%, respectivamente. Conclusiones: Nuestro programa ha trasplantado al 50% de los pacientes enlistados con buena supervivencia a mediano plazo. Una proporción significativa de pacientes se enlistó con carácter de urgencia y un 34.5% de los pacientes fallecieron en la lista de espera.

Pediatric heart transplantation is an effective therapy to treat advanced heart failure in children. Objectives: To analyze the immediate and mid-term results of pediatric patients listed for heart transplantation. Patients and Methods: Registration of patients admitted to our transplant protocol between October 2001 and July 2016 were reviewed, analyzing demographic data, diagnosis, status at the time of listing, waiting time until transplantation, donor data, use of ventricular assist device, hemodynamic data, complications and global mortality. Results: Thirthy patients where included with a mean age of 9.4 years (1 month to 15 years). The most frequent diagnosis was dilated cardiomyopathy in 24 patients (80%). The status was I (urgency) in 19 cases and II in 11 cases. Ten patients died on the waiting list (33.3%) at an average of 52 days (13-139 days). Fourteen were transplanted (46.7%), with a waiting time of 199.6 days (4-586 days). Nine patients required mechanical support (30%). All patients received triple association of immunosuppression. One patient died 16 days post transplant due to primary graft failure (7.1%). The average follow-up was 43 months (0.5-159 months). Two patients died later on (82 and 55 months), both due to secondary rejection because of voluntary cessation of immunosuppressive therapy. Survival at 1 and 5 years was 93% and 74%, respectively. Conclusions: Our program has successfully transplanted 50% of patients enrolled, with good medium-term survival. A significant proportion of patients were listed as a medical emergency and 34.5% died on the waiting list.

Evaluación cualitativa de experiencia piloto PROCASER, como método para mejorar la pertinencia de interconsultas desde Atención Primaria con uso de Telemedicina / Qualitative evaluation of the pilot trial of PROCASER, a telemedicine-based method to improve the appropriateness of consultations from Primary Care

Entendiendo la problemática de Lista de Espera (LE) y el alto número de interconsultas no pertinentes, surge el Proyecto centros de atención de Salud en Red, "PROCASER". OBJETIVO PRINCIPAL: Evaluar el resultado de esta experiencia piloto como herramienta para la gestión de interconsultas. DISEÑO Y MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo de tipo transversal. Muestra no probabilística por conveniencia, tamaño muestral de 28 profesionales. Durante cinco meses se desarrollaron reuniones semanales por videoconferencia en la que médicos generales de cuatro centros de APS (Atención Primaria de Salud) se conectaron por teleasistencia con un médico especialista del centro de referencia (Hospital Dr. HHA Temuco-Chile), rotatorio según semana y patología a tratar. Se presentaron casos clínicos de LE desde APS con mismo diagnóstico según semana, permitiendo resolver la interconsulta, evaluar pertinencia y reforzar conceptos según patología. Se desarrollaron 14 reuniones, resolvieron 38 casos clínicos y reforzaron conceptos de 16 patologías. Al término del proyecto se aplicó un cuestionario vía internet a los médicos participantes. RESULTADOS: 79% respondieron esta encuesta; 95% consideró que se potenció la comunicación entre médicos APS con especialistas; 100% que se reforzaron conceptos y criterios de derivación; 91% afirmó que en caso de mantenerse la actividad de forma anual, pudiese disminuir el número de interconsultas no pertinentes. CONCLUSIÓN: Si bien aún no es factible conocer el impacto real, PROCASER pudiese ser a futuro una nueva forma de asociar la telemedicina a un nuevo método de trabajo para mejorar la pertinencia de derivación y disminuir las LE.

In light of the issue of wait lists (WL) and the high number of unnecessary consultations, the Network of Primary Health Care Centers Project (known as "PROCASER", for its acronym in Spanish) was born. MAIN OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results of a pilot trial of PROCASER as a method to manage consultations. DESIGN AND METHODS: Cross-sectional descriptive study, with a non-probabilistic convenience sample of 28 general practitioners. Over the course of five months, weekly meetings were held via videoconference between general practitioners from four primary health care centers (PHC) and a specialist from the referral center (Hospital Dr. HHA in Temuco, Chile); which specialist participated depended on the pathology discussed. Each week, clinical cases from the WL that shared a diagnosis were presented by the PHC physicians to the specialist to discuss the consultation, evaluate its pertinence, and reinforce concepts about the pathology. There were a total of 14 meetings, during which 38 clinical cases were resolved, and 16 pathologies were discussed. At the end of the project, an onli¬ne survey to evaluate the program was administered to the participating physicians. RESULTS: Of the participating physicians, 79%, answered the survey. Of those, 95% felt that com-munication between medical specialists APS was enhanced by PROCASER, 100% said that their knowledge of pathologies and their referral criteria were strengthened; and 91% said that if the program were continued on an annual basis, it could reduce the number of irrelevant consultations. CONCLUSION: While it is not yet possible to know the real impact, Although the quantitative results are not yet available, the results of the survey suggest that PROCASER could be a new way to as-sociate telemedicine to a work method to improve the relevance of consultations and decrease WL.

Hypoxia among patients on the liver-transplant waiting list / Hipoxia entre os pacientes na lista de espera para transplante de figado

Background: Hepatopulmonary syndrome is formed by a triad of liver disease, intrapulmonary vascular dilatation and changes in blood gases. This condition is present in 4-32% of patients with cirrhosis. Aim : To analyze the blood gas changes data of patients in liver-transplant waiting list. Method: Clinical data of 279 patients in liver transplantation waiting list in May 2013 were studied. Overall patient was analyzed by the demographic aspects, laboratorial and image findings on exams that determine lung disease (hypoxemia) in these cirrhotic patients. The mean values and standard deviations were used to examine normally distributed variables. Results: There was a high prevalence of male patients (68%); the mean age was 51(±5,89) years, and the predominant reason for listing was hepatitis C cirrhosis. The MELD score mean was 16±5,89, without prioritization or special situation. The most common blood type was O in 129 cases (46%) and the mean of body max index was 25,94±4,58. Regarding arterial blood gas tests was observed 214 patients with PaO2 <90 mmHg, 80 with PaO2 <80 mmHg and 39 with PaO2 <50 mmHg. In relation to O2 saturation, 50 patients had <90%, 33 <80% and 10 <50%. Conclusion: Was observed a high rate of hypoxemia in patients on waiting list liver transplant. Due to the high severity and morbidity, is suggested better monitoring and therapeutic support to hypoxemic patients on liver transplant waiting list. .

Racional: A síndrome hepatopulmonar é formada por tríade clínica com doença do fígado, dilatação vascular intrapulmonar e alterações nos gases sanguíneos. Esta condição está presente em 4-32% dos pacientes com cirrose. Objetivo : Analisar as alterações gasométricas nos pacientes em lista de espera de transplante de fígado. Método: Foram estudados dados clínicos de 279 pacientes na lista de espera para transplante hepático em maio de 2013. Foram analisados aspectos demográficos, gasometria arterial e achados de imagem que determinam a doença pulmonar (hipoxemia) nestes pacientes cirróticos. Os valores médios e desvios-padrão foram utilizados para examinar as variáveis ​​normalmente distribuídas. Resultados: Houve alta prevalência de homens (68%); a idade média foi de 51 (±5,89) anos; e a razão predominante para listar para o transplante foi cirrose pelo vírus C. O MELD médio foi de 16±5,89, sem priorização ou situação especial. O tipo de sangue mais comum foi O, 129 casos (46%) e a média do índice de massa corporal foi 25,94±4,58. Com relação aos exames de gasometria arterial, observou-se 214 pacientes com PaO2 <90 mmHg, 80 com PaO2 <80 mmHg e 39 com PaO2 <50 mmHg, e em relação à saturação de O2, 50 pacientes <90%, 33 pacientes <80% e 10 pacientes <50%. Conclusão: Observou-se alta taxa de hipoxemia nos pacientes em lista de transplante de fígado; devido à elevada gravidade e morbidade, sugere-se melhor seguimento e suporte terapêutico aos doentes hipoxêmicos na lista de espera para o transplante de fígado. .

Hepatocarcinoma (CHC) y trasplante hepático / Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver transplantation

El trasplante hepático constituye hoy en día la mejor modalidad terapéutica para el hepatocarcinoma, ya que permite no solamente erradicar la lesión tumoral, sino, también, el hígado cirrótico con potencial de nuevos tumores y, de esta forma, mejorar la sobrevida y obtener mejores posibilidades de curación a corto y largo plazos. En esta revisión se pretende dar una visión actualizada del manejo del hepatocarcinoma en el paciente cirrótico, desde que se identifica la lesión inicial, los criterios de enlistamiento y exclusión, el seguimiento y alternativas terapéuticas en la lista de espera, la importancia del estudio del explante en el manejo futuro y, finalmente, el pronóstico a largo plazo y las terapias coadyuvantes en casos de recurrencia postrasplante.

Today liver transplantation has become the best therapeutic modality for HCC because it allows not only eradication of the tumor, but also removes cirrhotic liver with its potential for new tumors. In this way liver transplantation improves survival and chances of a cure in both the short and long term. This review aims to provide an update on management of hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients from initial identification of the lesion, through inclusion and exclusion criteria, and including monitoring and therapeutic alternatives for patients on the waiting list for donor organs. It includes an overview of the importance of studying the explant for future management as well as long-term prognosis and adjunct therapies in cases of post-transplant recurrence.

O significado do transplante de fígado para o paciente em lista de espera: abordagem fenomenológica / El significado del trasplante de hígado para el paciente en lista de espera: abordaje de la fenomenología / The meaning of the liver transplantation for the patient in the waiting list: phenomenology approach

O objetivo do transplante de fígado é aumentar a sobrevida de pacientes portadores de doenças hepáticas irreversíveis agudas e crônicas, além de proporcionar melhor qualidade de vida. Objetivou-se apreender o significado do transplante de fígado para o paciente em lista de espera. Pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, com referencial teórico-metodológico na Teoria Humanística de Paterson e Zderad. Realizou-se entrevista com dezoito pacientes candidatos ao transplante de fígado em um Centro de referência no Ceará-Brasil. Os dados foram analisados com base no método de Bandin. Da categoria Significado do transplante, emergiram as subcategorias: Uma nova vida e Prolongamento da vida e melhoria da sua qualidade. Identificou-se o termo "nova vida" como a unidade de sentido de maior significância, seguida da necessidade de retornar suas atividades cotidianas e hábitos de vida relacionados à alimentação, educação, trabalho e lazer, resgatando a autonomia e dignidade. Buscar o sentido e o significado que os pacientes atribuem à experiência vivida neste período é de suma importância para o processo do cuidar(AU)

El objetivo del trasplante de hígado es aumentar la supervivencia de los pacientes portadores de las enfermedades hepáticas irreversibles agudas y crónicas, además de proporcionar mejor calidad de vida. El objetivo fue aprehender el significado del trasplante de hígado para el paciente en lista de espera. La investigación de acercamiento cualitativo, con referencial teórico-metodológico en la Teoría Humanística de Paterson y Zderad. Fue hecha entrevista con dieciocho pacientes candidatos al trasplante de hígado en Centro de referencia en Ceará-Brasil. Los datos fueran analizados con base en lo referencial teórico de lo Proceso de Enfermería Fenomenológica. De la categoría Significado del trasplante, salió la subcategoría: Una nueva vida y Prolongación de la vida y mejora de su calidad. Fue identificado el término "nueva vida" como la unidad de sentido de significado más grande, acompañado de la necesidad de regresar sus actividades diarias y los hábitos de vida relacionaron al alimento, educación, trabajo y ocio, rescatando la autonomía y dignidad. Buscar el sentido y el significado que los pacientes atribuyen a la experiencia vivida en este periodo es muy importante para el proceso del cuidado(AU)

The objective of the liver transplantation is to increase the survival of the carriers patients of the acute and chronic irreversible liver diseases, besides providing better life quality. The aim was to apprehend the meaning of the liver transplantation for the patient in the waiting list. Research of qualitative approach, with theoretical-methodological reference in the Paterson and Zderad's Humanistic Theory. Was done interview with eighteen candidates patient to the liver transplantation in the reference center in Ceará-Brazil. The data would be analyzed with base in the theoretical reference of the Phenomenological Nursing Process. Of the category Meant of the transplant, emerged the subcategory: A new life and Prolongation of the life and improvement of your quality. Was identified the term "new life" as the unit of sense of larger meaning, followed by the need to return his daily activities and life habits related to the feeding, education, work and leisure, ransoming the autonomy and dignity. To look for the sense and the meaning that the patients attribute to the experience lived in this period is very important for the care process(AU)

Análise da mortalidade na lista de espera de fígado no Paraná, Brasil: o que devemos fazer para enfrentar a escassez de órgãos? / Analysis of liver waiting list mortality in Paraná, Brazi: what shall we do to face organ shortage?

RACIONAL: O transplante hepático é a melhor modalidade terapêutica para pacientes em estágio final de doença hepática. Minimização de morte, enquanto se espera o procedimento, envolve priorização de acordo com o estado clínico e a alocação adequada de fígados de doadores. OBJETIVO: Análise da mortalidade na lista de espera de fígado no estado do Paraná, PR, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados ​​os dados sobre todos os pacientes (n = 65) que foram registrados na lista de espera de fígado durante um período de 32 meses. RESULTADOS: A morte em lista de espera foi de 41,5% (n = 27). Nenhuma diferença estatística foi observada em relação aos MELD / MELD-Na entre o grupo que faleceu (19,88 / 21,6) e não morreu (17,28 / 19,47). MELD-Na previu maior mortalidade, especialmente no subgrupo de pacientes com gravidade intermediária da doença (classe B) previsto pelo escore de CTP. CONCLUSÃO: É crítica a escassez de doadores de órgãos nessa região e a taxa de mortalidade em lista de espera excede em muito o risco inerente de um transplante de fígado, especialmente entre pacientes com MELD mais baixos. É desejável a utilização de um protocolo agressivo de doadores com critérios expandidos, split liver e transplante de doador vivo.

BACKGROUND: Orthotopic liver transplantation is the best therapeutic modality for patients with end stage of liver disease. Minimization of death, while waiting for the procedure, involves accurate priorization according to clinical status and appropriate allocation of donor livers. AIM: The mortality analysis in the liver waiting list in Paraná state, PR, Brazil. METHODS: Were analyzed the data on all patients (n=65) who were registered on the liver waiting list during a 32 months period in the state of Paraná, southern Brazil. RESULTS: The death rated in waiting list was 41,5% (n=27). No statistic difference was observed regarding the MELD/MELD-Na scores between the group who died (19,88/21,6) and not died (17,28/19,47). MELD-Na predicted a higher mortality, especially in the subgroup of patients with intermediate severity of disease (class B) predicted by the CTP score. CONCLUSION: It´s critical the shortage of donor organs in our region, waiting list mortality rate far exceeds the inherent risk of a liver transplant, especially among patients with lower MELD scores. It´s desirable to use an aggressive protocol of expanded criteria donors, split liver and living donor transplant.

Migração de pacientes para transplante hepático / Migration of patients for liver transplantation

A necessidade premente de tratamento leva o hepatopata candidato a transplante de fígado a verdadeiras eregrinações. A migração do paciente em busca de tratamento se faz por indisponibilidade do recurso em sua região de origem ou pelo benefício de obtê-lo mais rapidamente em outros centros. O objetivo deste estudo é identificar a procedência dos pacientes encaminhados para transplante de fígado no Hospital das Clínicas da UFMG e caracterizar a migração de pacientes para essa modalidade de tratamento. Método: foram revistos os registros de 1.241 pacientes encaminhados no período de janeiro de 2000 a dezembro de 2010. Dados clínicos, demográficos e modo de alocação (cronológico ou por gravidade) foram comparados segundo sua procedência. A pontuação Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD) ao encaminhamento, as indicações clínicas, o tempo de espera, a mortalidade em lista e o acesso ao tratamento foram comparados entre residentes e não residentes em Minas Gerais. Foram excluídos casos pediátricos, retransplantes,hepatite fulminante e os pacientes cujos prontuários não dispunham de informações mínimas adequadas para análise. Resultados: entre os 847 pacientes analisados, 68% eram homens. O MELD inicial médio era de 16,9±5,4 e a permanência em lista de espera foi de 340 dias (mediana). Dos pacientes, 84,1% eram residentes em Minas Gerais. As indicações mais frequentes foram as cirroses por álcool (32,4%) e pelo VHC (28,1%). Pacientes de outros estados apresentaram menos tempo de espera (p<0,05) e menos mortalidade em lista de espera no período pré e pós-MELD. O número de migrantes não se alterou com a implantação da alocação pelo MELD. Candidatos oriundos da região central de Minas (6,92 casos/milhão habitante/ano) tiveram mais acesso ao transplante que os de outras regiões (p<0,05). A incidência de óbitos em lista de espera não foi diferente entre as regiões do estado. Conclusão: pacientes do interior de Minas tiveram menos acesso ao transplante hepático do que os da região central. Pacientes que migram de outros estados para Minas Gerais à procura de transplante hepático esperam menos tempo em lista.

Candidates for liver transplantation are literally forced to peregrinate as a means of coping with their urgent needs of treatment. They migrate either because of lack of resources in their home region or because of quicker access to resources in larger centers. This study aims to identify the origin of patients referred to liver transplantation at UFMG University Hospital and describe their migration processes seeking for this treatment modality. Method: The records of 1,241 patients referred to the university hospital from January 2000 through December 2010 were reviewed. Clinical and demographic data and allocation mode (chronologically and by severity) were compared according to patient origin. The Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MED) scores for referral, clinical indications, waiting time, mortality, and access to treatment were compared across residents and nonresidents in the State of Minas Gerais. Pediatric cases, retransplants, acute liver failure cases, and incomplete medical records were excluded . Results: Sixty-eight percent of the 847 patients analyzed were men. The initial MELD score was 16.9±5.4 in average, and the median time in waiting list was 340 days. Most patients (84.1 %) were residents in the State of Minas Gerais. The most frequent indications were related to alcohol cirrhosis (32.4 %) and HCV (28.1% %). Patients from other Brazilian states faced less waiting time (p<0.05) and less mortality rates in waiting list in the pre-MELD and post-MELD period. The number of migrants has not change with the implantation of the MELD allocation system. Candidates from the central region of the State of Minas Gerais (6.92 cases/million inhabitants/year) had more access to transplants than the others (p<0.05). Death incidence in waiting list was not different across state regions. Conclusion: Patients from the countryside had less access to liver transplants than patients from the central region. Patients migrating from other states to the State of Minas Gerais looking for liver transplantation spent less time in waiting list