Marcel Proust y en busca del tiempo perdido: ética de la existencia humana y el mundo de la medicina recuperado / Marcel Proust and in search of lost time: ethics of human existence and the world of medicine recovered / Marcel Proust e em busca do tempo perdido: ética da existência humana e o mundo da medicina recuperado

Resumen: 1. En busca del tiempo perdido de Marcel Proust narra el proyecto-de-existencia del "autor" de la ficción de llegar a ser artista. 2. El mundo de la medicina es el ámbito en que se exterioriza la fragilidad del hombre como ser-referido-a-la-muerte. 3. El sentimiento engañoso de poder de la buena salud embriaga a la medicina, médicos, pacientes, parientes, tratamientos -depreciación irreverente hacia lo perecedero. 4. El tratamiento médico de la agonía de la abuela del "autor" muestra los elementos centrales de la relación médico-paciente de la medicina de comienzos del siglo XX: cognoscitivo, afectivo, operativo, ético y social. 5. El "autor" de la novela no es Marcel Proust y, aunque se trata de una ficción, estimula al mundo médico actual a reflexionar sobre sus fundamentos bioéticos últimos.

Abstract: 1. Marcel Proust´s In Search of Lost Time recounts the fiction of the "author's" project-of-existence to become an artist. 2. The world of medicine is the area in which the fragility of man is expressed as being-referred-to-death. 3. The deceptive feeling of the power of good health intoxicates medicine, physicians, patients, relatives, treatments - irreverent depreciation toward the perishable. 4. The medical treatment of the agony of the "author's" grandmother shows the central elements of the doctor-patient relationship in medicine at the beginning of the 20th century: cognitive, affective, operational, ethical, and social. 5. The "author" of the novel is not Marcel Proust and, although it is a fiction, it encourages today´s medical world to reflect on its fundamental bioethical foundations.

Resumo: 1. Em busca do tempo perdido de Marcel Proust narra o projeto-de-existência do "autor" da ficção de chegar a ser artista. 2. O mundo da medicina é o âmbito em que se exterioriza a fragilidade do homem como ser-referido-à-morte. 3. O sentimento enganoso de poder da boa saúde embriaga a medicina, médicos, pacientes, parentes, tratamentos -depreciação irreverente ao perecível. 4. O tratamento médico da agonia da avó do "autor" mostra os elementos centrais da relação médicopaciente da medicina do princípio do século XX: cognitivo, afetivo, operativo, ético e social. 5. O "autor" do romance não é Marcel Proust e, ainda que se trate de uma ficção, estimula o mundo médico atual a refletir sobre seus fundamentos bioéticos últimos.

O presente e o futuro da Enfermagem no Admirável Mundo Novo / El presente y el futuro de la Enfermería en Un Mundo Feliz / The present and the future of Nursing in the Brave New World

RESUMO O "Admirável Mundo Novo" previa uma sociedade dominada por um progresso científico e tecnológico que chegava ao ponto de subjugar e desumanizar os seres humanos. O futuro previsto nessa obra não é distante do que estamos vivendo na atualidade. Assim, considerando que a Enfermagem é afetada e desafiada em meio a essas transformações tecnológicas, este artigo objetiva discutir o presente e o futuro da Enfermagem em uma sociedade em constante transformação tecnológica. Em meio a todo um aparato tecnológico, no qual os procedimentos fundamentais começam a ser realizados por máquinas, a Enfermagem precisa começar a refletir sobre qual seria sua melhor postura ou seu diferencial em um mundo com forte tendência ao domínio tecnológico. As transformações do futuro ainda são incertas, mas elas alterarão drasticamente a forma de os indivíduos relacionarem-se consigo mesmos, entre si e com os serviços de saúde. Todavia, mesmo em meio às incertezas advindas do avanço tecnológico e científico do presente e do futuro, a natureza da Enfermagem, essencialmente fundamentada nas interações humanas, pode garantir um lugar de destaque para essa profissão na sociedade.

RESUMEN Un mundo feliz preveía una sociedad dominada por un progreso científico y tecnológico que llegaba al punto de subyugar y deshumanizar a los seres humanos. El futuro previsto en esa obra no está tan lejano de lo que estamos viviendo en la actualidad. De esa forma, considerándose que la Enfermería se ve afectada y desafiada en medio de dichas transformaciones tecnológicas, este artículo tiene el fin de discutir el presente y el futuro de la Enfermería en una sociedad en constante transformación tecnológica. A la vista de todo ese aparato tecnológico, en el que las máquinas empiezan a realizar los procedimientos fundamentales, la Enfermería necesita empezar a reflejar acerca de cuál sería su mejor postura o su rasgo distintivo en un mundo con fuerte tendencia al dominio tecnológico. Los cambios del futuro todavía son inciertos, pero modificarán drásticamente la forma cómo los individuos se relacionan consigo mismos, entre sí y con los servicios sanitarios. Sin embargo, aun mediante las incertidumbres advenidas del avance tecnológico y científico del presente y del porvenir, la naturaleza de la Enfermería, esencialmente fundada en las interacciones humanas, puede asegurar un sitio de relieve a esa profesión en la sociedad.

ABSTRACT The "Brave New World" envisioned a society dominated by scientific and technological progress that went as far as to subjugate and dehumanize human beings. The future foreseen in this literary work is not far from what we are currently experiencing. Thus, considering that Nursing is affected and challenged in the midst of these technological transformations, this article aims to discuss the present and future of Nursing in a society that is undergoing constant technological transformations. In the midst of a whole technological apparatus in which fundamental procedures begin to be carried out by machines, Nursing needs to begin reflecting on what would be the best posture or its differential in a world with strong technological tendencies. Future transformations are still uncertain, nonetheless they will drastically change the way individuals relate to one another and to health services. Even in the midst of these uncertainties arising from present and future technological and scientific advances, the nature of Nursing which is essentially based on human interactions, can guarantee a place of prominence for this profession in society.

Robert Walser: el más solitario de los escritores: la influencia de su enfermedad en su creación literaria / Robert Walser: the loneliest writer: the influence of his disease on his literary work

Robert Walser (1878-1956) is an important but unknown European writer of the twentieth century. He was also a mysterious and solitary man who lived at the margins of society. After the questionable diagnosis of schizophrenia, he nearly stopped writing and spent almost three decades in two Swiss psychiatric hospitals. The originality of his work, undoubtedly conditioned by his mental disorder, renders interesting a review of his life and a discussion of the possible differential diagnosis of his disease.

Los diagnósticos de Gerard de Nerval: La influencia de la locura en la genialidad literaria / The influence of madness in the literary production of Gerard de Nerval

Gerard de Nerval was a French writer, poet and essayist, precursor of surrealism that used for the first time this word in literature and influenced many modern writers. Since the age of 32, Nerval had recurrent psychotic episodes mixed with a severe depression, leading to many hospitalizations, and finally to his death. This mental disease clearly influenced his works and provided originality to his prose and poetry. However no clear explanation has ever been given to his mental disorder. We analyzed the clinical data available from his own works and the opinion of his close friends and postulate the hypothesis that Nerval had a mood disorder.

Marcel Proust: el rol de su enfermedad y la Medicina en la vida y obra del autor de "A la busca del tiempo perdido", a un siglo de su creación / The role of disease and Medicine in the life and work of Marcel Proust

Marcel Proust is one of the greatest French writers of the XX century and of all times. In his supreme work 'In Search of lost Time", Proust demonstrated a great knowledge of medicine and specifically neurology. He was surrounded by doctors in his family and himself came in touch with many brilliant neurologists as Babinski and Sollier due to his asthma, wrongly considered as a manifestation of his "neurasthenia". He used as a literary tool the concept of emotional memory which is the basis of bis work. Nearly a century after Proust began the elaboration of bis masterpiece, this paper reviews important medical aspects of his life and the influence that medicine had on his work.