Women's experiences with the post-placental intrauterine device: a qualitative study

Abstract Objective: To explore women's experiences with postpartum intrauterine device (PPIUD) insertion and the decision-making process in the postpartum period. Methods: A qualitative design was employed with face-to-face interviews using a semi-structured script of open questions. The sample was intentionally selected using the concept of theoretical information saturation. Results: Interviews were conducted (1) in the immediate postpartum period, and (2) in the postpartum appointment. 25 women (N = 25) over 18 years old who had a birth followed by PPIUD insertion were interviewed between October 2021 and June 2022. Three categories were constructed: (1) Choice process, (2) Relationship with the health team at the time of birth and the postpartum period, and (3) To know or not to know about contraception, that is the question. Conclusion: Professionals' communication management, popular knowledge, advantages of the PPIUD and the moment PPIUD is offered play a fundamental role in the construction of knowledge about the IUD. Choice process did not end in the insertion.

Evidence of intrauterine device insertion by nurses in Primary Health Care: an integrative review / Evidencias de inserción de dispositivos intrauterinos por parte de enfermeros en Atención Primaria de Salud: revisión integradora / Evidências da inserção de dispositivo intrauterino por enfermeiros na Atenção Primária à Saúde: revisão integrativa

ABSTRACT Objectives: to synthesize and analyze evidence on intrauterine device insertion by nurses in Primary Health Care. Methods: an integrative review, carried out in the BDENF, CINAHL, LILACS, SciELO, Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science databases in June 2022, delimiting the period from 1960 to 2022. Results: 141 articles were identified in the initial search, and 10 studies made up the final sample. Four (40%) were developed in the United States and one (10%) in Brazil, with publications from 1979 to 2021. The findings were grouped into three categories: Nurse training to insert an intrauterine device; Nurses' competency to insert an intrauterine device; and Women's access to intrauterine devices. Conclusions: nurse theoretical and practical training is a prominent element, consolidated in the favorable outcomes of insertions performed by nurses and satisfaction among women, a practice that has expanded access to the contraceptive method in Primary Health Care.

RESUMEN Objetivos: sintetizar y analizar la evidencia sobre la inserción de dispositivos intrauterinos por parte de enfermeras en la Atención Primaria de Salud. Métodos: revisión integrativa, realizada en las bases de datos BDENF, CINAHL, LILACS, SciELO, Scopus, PubMed y Web of Science en junio de 2022, delimitando el período de 1960 a 2022. Resultados: se identificaron 141 artículos en la búsqueda inicial y 10 publicaciones conformaron la muestra final. Cuatro (40%) fueron desarrollados en Estados Unidos y uno (10%) en Brasil, con publicaciones de 1979 a 2021. Los hallazgos se agruparon en tres categorías: Capacitación de enfermeras para insertar un dispositivo intrauterino; Competencia de las enfermeras para insertar un dispositivo intrauterino; y Acceso de las mujeres a los dispositivos intrauterinos. Conclusiones: la formación teórica y práctica de los enfermeros es un elemento destacado, consolidado en los resultados favorables de las inserciones realizadas por los enfermeros y la satisfacción de las mujeres, práctica que ha ampliado el acceso al método anticonceptivo en la Atención Primaria de Salud.

RESUMO Objetivos: sintetizar e analisar as evidências da inserção de dispositivo intrauterino por enfermeiros na Atenção Primária à Saúde. Métodos: revisão integrativa, realizada nas bases de dados BDENF, CINAHL, LILACS, SciELO, Scopus, PubMed e Web of Science em junho de 2022, delimitando-se o período de 1960 a 2022. Resultados: identificaram-se 141 artigos na busca inicial, e 10 publicações compuseram a amostra final. Quatro (40%) foram desenvolvidos nos Estados Unidos e um (10%) no Brasil, sendo publicações de 1979 a 2021. Os achados foram agrupados em três categorias: Treinamento dos enfermeiros para inserção de dispositivo intrauterino; Competência dos enfermeiros para inserção de dispositivo intrauterino; e Acesso das mulheres aos dispositivos intrauterinos. Conclusões: o treinamento teórico e prático dos enfermeiros é um elemento de destaque, consolidado nos desfechos favoráveis das inserções realizadas por enfermeiros e satisfação entre as mulheres, prática que tem ampliado o acesso ao método contraceptivo na Atenção Primária à Saúde.

Five-year Contraceptive Use of 52-mg Levonorgestrel Releasing Intrauterine System in Young Women, Menstrual Patterns, and New Contraceptive Choice / Cinco anos de uso contraceptivo do sistema intrauterino liberador de levonorgestrel 52 mg em mulheres jovens, padrões menstruais e nova escolha contraceptiva

Abstract Objective To evaluate the continuation rates of the 52-mg levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) during the first 5 years of use, reasons for its discontinuation, bleeding patterns, and new contraceptive choice after the 5th year, in adolescents and young women. Methods The present study was a 5-year prospective cohort conducted in a Family Planning Service of a tertiary hospital in Brazil. We selected 100 healthy women between 15 and 24 years old who used 52-mg LNG-IUS for contraception. The clinical follow-up of these women took place from June 2017 to December 2022. The study evaluated the continuation rates of the method, reasons for its discontinuation, bleeding patterns, and new contraceptive choice after the 5th year. Continuous data were reported as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and range (minimum-maximum). Categorical variables were described as percentages. Results The continuation rates of LNG-IUS were 89.1% (82/92), 82.9% (72/87), 75.3% (64/85), 70.5% (60/85), and 64.2% (54/84) in the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th years of use, respectively. The main reason for discontinuation was acne (11/30). Amenorrhea rates were 50, 54.1, 39, 35.7, and 51.8% at 12, 24, 36, 48, and 60 months, respectively. All patients who completed the study and needed contraception after the 5th year opted for long-acting contraceptive methods (LARC). Conclusion The LNG-IUS showed high continuation rates in adolescents and young women in the first 5 years of use. Most patients who completed the study chose a LARC method after the 5th year.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar as taxas de continuação do sistema intrauterino liberador de levonorgestrel (SIU-LNG) 52 mg durante os primeiros 5 anos de uso, razões de sua descontinuação, padrões de sangramento e nova escolha contraceptiva após o 5° ano, em adolescentes e mulheres jovens. Métodos O estudo foi uma coorte prospectiva de 5 anos realizada em um Serviço de Planejamento Familiar de um hospital terciário no Brasil. Selecionamos 100 mulheres saudáveis entre 15 e 24 anos que usaram o SIU-LNG 52 mg para contracepção. O acompanhamento clínico dessas mulheres ocorreu de junho de 2017 a dezembro de 2022. O estudo avaliou as taxas de continuação do método, razões de sua descontinuação, padrões de sangramento e nova escolha contraceptiva após o 5° ano. Os dados contínuos foram relatados como média ± DP e intervalo (mínimo-máximo). As variáveis categóricas foram descritas como porcentagens. Resultados As taxas de continuação do SIU-LNG foram 89,1% (82/92), 82,9% (72/87), 75,3% (64/85), 70,5% (60/85) e 64,2% (54/84) no 1°, 2°, 3°, 4° e 5° anos de uso, respectivamente. O principal motivo de descontinuação foi a acne (11/30). As taxas de amenorreia foram de 50, 54,1, 39, 35,7 e 51,8% aos 12, 24, 36, 48 e 60 meses, respectivamente. Todas as pacientes que completaram o estudo e necessitaram de contracepção após o 5° ano optaram por métodos contraceptivos de longa duração (LARC). Conclusão O SIU-LNG apresentou altas taxas de continuação em adolescentes e mulheres jovens nos primeiros 5 anos de uso. A maioria das pacientes que completou o estudo escolheu um método LARC após o 5° ano.

Prevalence and determinants of long‑acting reversible contraception initiation among teenage mothers in a tertiary hospital / Philippine Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology

Background@#According to the WHO, about 16 million girls at the age of 15–19 years give birth each year. In the Philippines, 600 live births a day are registered under teenage mothers. At Mariano Marcos Memorial Hospital and Medical Center, 12% of all obstetric admissions yearly are teenagers. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends long‑acting reversible contraception (LARCs), in the form of intrauterine device and progestin subdermal implant as pregnancy prevention options for young mothers. The objective of the study was to identify the prevalence and determinants of long‑acting reversible contraception (LARC) initiation among teenage mothers in Mariano Marcos Memorial Hospital and Medical Center.@*Methodology@#Prospective observational study: A self‑administered questionnaire was given to the respondents wherein they ranked determinants involved in their selection of a contraceptive method on a scale of 1–4 (1 being the most important, and 4, the least important.@*Results@#A total of 162 teenage mothers participated in the study. Majority of the respondents were 17–18 years old, enrolled up to high school, single, unemployed, and primiparas. Eighty‑seven percentage of all teenage mothers admitted at Mariano Marcos Memorial Hospital and Medical Center from December 2020 to December 2021 used long‑active reversible contraception. Ranked from most (1) to least (4) important, the respondents considered: (1) Effectivity, (2) Long duration, (3) Family influence, and (4) Peer influence as their determinants for initiating LARC method. The high effectiveness and long duration of LARC were the primary reasons for initiation, while the least factors they considered were that of peer and family influence.

Manejo farmacológico del sangrado irregular no menstrual asociado al uso de implantes anticonceptivos subdérmicos / Pharmacological management of irregular non-menstrual bleeding associated with the use of subdermal contraceptive implants

El spottingo sangrado irregular no menstrual es uno de los principales efectos secundarios de los implantes anticonceptivos, situación que se recomienda discutir con la usuaria previo a la colocación, para evitar falsas expectativas o temores que lleven a la extracción temprana del dispositivo. A propósito de una paciente sin antecedentes relevantes que consultó al centro de salud por spotting desde la colocación del implante cuatro meses antes, decidimos revisar la evidencia sobre la efectividad de los distintos esquemas farmacológicos disponibles para el manejo de este evento adverso. Luego de realizar una búsqueda bibliográfica concluimos que, si bien existe sustento para indicar algunos de los esquemas farmacológicos, este es aún débil y son necesarios estudios clínicos adicionales que brinden evidencia sólida sobre qué esquema en particular utilizar, evaluando sus riesgos y beneficios. (AU)

Spotting or irregular non-menstrual bleeding is one of the main side effects of contraceptive implants, a situation that health professionals must discuss with the user prior to its placement in order to avoid false expectations or fears that lead to early removal of the implant. Regarding a patient with no relevant history who consulted the health center due to spotting four months after implant placement, we decided to review the evidence onthe effectiveness on different pharmacological schemes available for the management of this adverse event. After performing a literature search, we concluded that, although there is support for indicating some of the pharmacological schemes, this is still weak, and further clinical studies are needed to provide solid evidence on which particular scheme touse, assessing its risks and benefits. (AU)

Potential of LARC to recover loss in satisfied demand for modern contraception after the COVID-19 pandemic: a case scenario analysis of Brazil and Mexico / Potencial de los anticonceptivos de acción prolongada para recuperar las pérdidas en la demanda satisfecha de anticonceptivos modernos después de la pandemia de COVID-19: análisis de escenarios en Brasil y México / Potencial dos métodos contraceptivos reversíveis de longa duração para recuperar a perda de demanda por planejamento familiar atendida por métodos contraceptivos modernos após a pandemia de COVID-19: análise de cenários do Brasil e do México

ABSTRACT Objectives. To estimate inequalities in demand for family planning satisfied with modern methods among women in Latin America and the Caribbean, with an emphasis on Brazil and Mexico, and to calculate the scenario for recovery of modern contraceptive coverage by expanding access to long-acting contraceptives (LARC) after the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods. National health surveys from 2006 to 2018 were used to estimate the demand for family planning satisfied with modern methods and how it was affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The scenario included three variables: coverage, health outcomes, and costs. Considering coverage, United Nations Population Fund data were used to estimate the impact of COVID-19 on access to contraception in Latin America and the Caribbean. Health outcomes were assessed with the Impact 2 tool. Direct investment was used to evaluate cost-effectiveness. Results. Substantial inequalities were found in the use of modern contraceptive methods before the pandemic. We showed the potential cost-effectiveness of avoiding maternal deaths by introducing LARCs. Conclusions. In the scenario predicted for Brazil and Mexico, the costs of modern family planning and averted disability-adjusted life years are modest. Governments in Latin America and the Caribbean should consider promoting LARCs as a highly efficient and cost-effective intervention.

RESUMEN Objetivos. Estimar las desigualdades en la demanda de planificación familiar satisfecha con métodos anticonceptivos modernos entre las mujeres de América Latina y el Caribe, especialmente en Brasil y México, y analizar el escenario de recuperación de la cobertura de los anticonceptivos modernos mediante la ampliación del acceso a los anticonceptivos de acción prolongada tras la pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos. Se emplearon encuestas nacionales de salud desde el año 2006 hasta el año 2018 para estimar la demanda de planificación familiar satisfecha con métodos modernos y el impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19. El escenario comprendía tres variables: cobertura, resultados en materia de salud y costos. En lo respectivo a la cobertura, se emplearon datos del Fondo de Población de las Naciones Unidas para evaluar la repercusión de la COVID-19 en el acceso a los anticonceptivos en América Latina y el Caribe. Los resultados en materia de salud se examinaron con la herramienta Impact 2. Se empleó la inversión directa para evaluar la costo-efectividad. Resultados. Se encontraron desigualdades sustanciales en el uso de métodos anticonceptivos modernos antes de la pandemia. Se demostró la posible costo-efectividad de evitar muertes maternas mediante la introducción de anticonceptivos de acción prolongada. Conclusiones. De acuerdo con el escenario previsto para Brasil y México, los costos de la planificación familiar moderna y los años de vida ajustados en función de la discapacidad evitados son moderados. Los gobiernos de América Latina y el Caribe deberían considerar la posibilidad de promover los anticonceptivos de acción prolongada como intervención sumamente eficiente y costo-efectiva.

RESUMO Objetivos. Estimar as desigualdades na demanda por planejamento familiar atendida por métodos contraceptivos modernos em mulheres da América Latina e do Caribe, com ênfase no Brasil e no México, e calcular o cenário de recuperação da cobertura por métodos contraceptivos modernos por meio da ampliação do acesso a métodos contraceptivos reversíveis de longa duração (LARC) após a pandemia de COVID-19. Métodos. Foram usadas pesquisas nacionais de saúde de 2006 a 2018 para estimar a demanda por planejamento familiar atendida por métodos contraceptivos modernos e como ela foi afetada pela pandemia de COVID-19. O cenário incluiu três variáveis: cobertura, desfechos de saúde e custos. Para cobertura, os dados do Fundo de População das Nações Unidas foram usados para estimar o impacto da COVID-19 no acesso à contracepção na América Latina e no Caribe. Desfechos de saúde foram avaliados com a ferramenta Impact 2. O investimento direto foi usado para avaliar a relação custo-benefício. Resultados. Foram constatadas desigualdades importantes no uso de métodos contraceptivos modernos antes da pandemia. Demonstramos a potencial relação custo-benefício de evitar mortes maternas mediante a introdução de LARC. Conclusões. No cenário previsto para o Brasil e o México, os custos do planejamento familiar moderno e dos anos de vida ajustados por incapacidade por ele evitados são modestos. Os governos da América Latina e do Caribe devem considerar a promoção dos LARC como uma intervenção altamente eficiente e custo-efetiva.

Immediate post placental insertion of intrauterine contraceptive device at caesarean delivery: a prospective study

Background: In India almost 65% of the women have an unmet need for family planning in the first postpartum year. Increasing rates of institutional deliveries creates an opportunity for providing quality post-partum family planning services. Post-partum Intrauterine contraceptive device (PPIUCD), a form of long acting reversible contraception (LARC) is one of the most affective and safest method available. The present study aims at evaluating the safety, efficacy, rate of acceptance and rate of discontinuation of Intra caesarean inserted contraceptive device Copper T-380A.Methods: This was a prospective study conducted at ESIC Medical College, Sanathnagar in women delivered by caesarean section during the period between March 2018 to February 2019. Recruitment was done based on the WHO medical eligibility criteria (MEC) for PPIUCD and also their willingness to participate in the study. Follow-up visits were scheduled at 6 weeks, 3 months and 6 months.Results: Of the 265 women fulfilling the WHO MEC, 180 (67.92%) were willing to participate in the study. Total acceptance rate was 67.7%. Majority of them belonged to the age group 21-30 years (80%) and para 2 (53.88). 93.3% of the women were literates. 12 (6.66%) cases lost to follow up and the complications were studied in the rest 168 women. During follow up -38.69% had missing strings, 12.5% menstrual disturbances, 4.76% abdominal pain and spontaneous expulsion in 4.1%. No cases of perforation and pregnancy were reported. Total continuation rate was 84%.Conclusions: PPIUCD is a safe and convenient option of contraception with low expulsion rates and high continuation rates.

Indications and reasons for discontinuing the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) / Indicações e razões para descontinuação do sistema intra-uterino liberador de levanogestrel (SIU-LNG)

Abstract Objectives: to identify the main indications and reasons for discontinuing the use of the Levonorgestrel-Releasing Intrauterine System (LNG-IUS). Methods: a cross-sectional study was carried out from medical records of 327 women who used the LNG-IUS 52mg between January 2011 and December 2016 at a public hospital in the Northeast of Brazil. Results: the main indications for the use of the LNG-IUS were: contraception (32.7%), myoma/metrorrhagia (28.7%) and endometriosis/pelvic pain (22.3%). Of the 327 women, 68 (20.8%) had discontinued using the device. The most frequent reasons for discontinuation were: expulsion (9.2%), LNG-IUS expiration (3.7%), bleeding (2.4%) and pain (1.5%). Most patients had no difficulty in the insertion and did not require anesthesia/sedation. Among the 30 women who expelled the device, 17 (56.7%) had used it for metrorrhagia and myoma, 8 (26.7%) for contraception, and 5 (16.6%) for endometriosis/pelvic pain. Conclusions: the LNG-IUS is a well-accepted contraceptive method, with therapeutic applications for some gynecological conditions and a low expulsion rate.

Resumo Objetivos: identificar as principais indicações e razões para a descontinuação do uso do sistema intra-uterino liberador de levanogestrel (SIU-LNG). Métodos: foi realizado um estudo transversal a partir de prontuários de 327 mulheres que usaram o SIU-LNG 52mg entre janeiro de 2011 e dezembro de 2016 em um hospital público do Nordeste do Brasil. Resultados: as principais indicações para o uso do SIU-LNG foram: contracepção (32,7%), mioma / metrorragia (28,7%) e endometriose / dor pélvica (22,3%). Das 327 mulheres, 68 (20,8%) haviam descontinuado o uso do dispositivo. Os motivos mais frequentes de descontinuação foram: expulsão (9,2%), expiração de SIU-LNG (3,7%), sangramento (2,4%) e dor (1,5%). Conclusão: a maioria dos pacientes não teve dificuldade na inserção e não necessitou de anestesia / sedação. Entre as 30 mulheres que expulsaram o dispositivo, 17 (56,7%) o utilizaram para metrorragia e mioma, 8 (26,7%) para contracepção e 5 (16,6%) para endometriose / dor pélvica. O SIU-LNG é um método contraceptivo bem aceito, com aplicações terapêuticas para algumas condições ginecológicas e baixa taxa de expulsão.

Empowering adolescent mothers in the choice of contraceptive methods at the postpartum period: avoiding a subsequent pregnancy / Empoderando mães adolescentes na escolha do método contraceptivo no pós-parto: Evitando-se a gravidez subsequente

Abstract Objective Almost 80% of adolescent pregnancies are unplanned, and between 28 and 63% of adolescent mothers had a repeated pregnancy within 18 months. Among girls with repeated pregnancies, two-thirds reported that the pregnancy was unplanned. We aim to assess contraceptive use by adolescent mothers with increasing choice for long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) methods in postpartum consultation after a semistructured group intervention involving adolescent mothers. Methods Retrospective observational study conducted at the Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, state of São Paulo, Brazil, involving new antenatal and postpartum education groups for adolescents. At postpartum consultations, the adolescents chose their contraceptive. The datawas compared with previous series followed in a period before the implementation of the education group - a historical control group. Results We included 129 adolescent after childbirth from January 1st, 2015 through July 31st, 2017. Out of this total, 63% had ever used contraceptive methods before pregnancy, and the most frequent method was combined oral contraceptives (33%) followed by condoms (21%). At the first postpartum consultation, the most common contraceptive chosen was intrauterine contraception (IUC) (37.2%) and depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) (34.1%).When comparing the rates before and after the education interventions, there was a 3-fold increase in the use of IUCs. Conclusion Antenatal and postpartum education have shown a significant increase in the choice for LARC methods among adolescent mothers, with very high acceptability after a period using the method. The educational groups performed during the antenatal care and beyond the gestational period are easy to be applied worldwide with low dependence on funding.

Resumo Objetivo Cerca de 80% das gestações na adolescência não são planejadas, e entre 28 e 63% das mães adolescentes apresentam repetição da gravidez em 18 meses. Entre as meninas com gravidez repetida, dois terços relataram que a gravidez não foi planejada. Métodos Estudo observacional retrospectivo realizado na Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo, SP, Brasil, envolvendo novos grupos de educação pré-natal e pósparto para adolescentes. Nas consultas pós-parto, os adolescentes optaram pela contracepção. Os dados foram comparados com uma série de casos seguida em um período anterior à implementação do grupo de educação pré-natal - um grupo de controle histórico. Resultados Foram incluídas 129 adolescentes no período pós-parto de 1° de janeiro de 2015 a 31 de julho de 2017. Destas, 63% já tinham usado métodos contraceptivos antes da gravidez, e o método prévio mais frequente foi contraceptivo oral combinado (33%) seguido por preservativo (21%). Na primeira consulta pós-parto, o anticoncepcional mais comumente escolhido foi o dispositivo intrauterino (DIU) (37,2%) e o acetato de medroxiprogesterona de depósito (DMPA) (34,1%). Ao comparar as taxas antes e depois das intervenções de educação pré-natal, houve um aumento de três vezes no uso de DIUs. Conclusão Educação pré-natal e pós-parto mostraram um aumento significativo na escolha de métodos contraceptivos reversíveis de longa duração entre mães adolescentes. Grupos educativos realizados durante o pré-natal e alémdo período gestacional são ferramentas para promoção da saúde e são de fácil aplicação mundial, com baixa dependência de financiamento.

Conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas de universitárias em relação aos métodos contraceptivos reversíveis de longa duração (LARC) / nowledge, attitudes and practices of university students about long acting reversible contraceptives (LARC)

RESUMO Modelo do estudo: Estudo observacional transversal descritivo. Objetivo: Avaliar os conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas de universitárias em relação aos métodos contraceptivos reversíveis de longa duração. Metodologia: A população se constituiu por universitárias do sexo feminino matriculadas no Curso de Medicina da Universidade Federal de São Carlos em 2017. O instrumento utilizado foi um questionário autoaplicável, estruturado e de múltipla escolha, composto por 27 questões divididas em características sociodemográficas, antecedentes contraceptivos, conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas em relação aos métodos contraceptivos reversíveis de longa duração. Os dados coletados foram armazenados no programa Microsoft Excel 2010. Resultados: Participaram desta pesquisa 104 universitárias, sendo que mais da metade delas (60,19%) não conheciam a terminologia contraceptivos reversíveis de longa duração, mas conheciam: DIU de cobre (39,60%), DIU de levonorgestrel (34,95%) e implante subdérmico (21,35%). Os métodos contraceptivos reversíveis de longa duração foram considerados muito eficazes por 84,61% das participantes. A maioria não tinha conhecimento sobre o período de proteção contra a gravidez do DIU de cobre e do implante subdérmico. Dentre elas, 57,69% demonstraram bastante interesse em utilizá-los, sendo a eficácia confiável (87,5%), o principal estímulo. O custo elevado foi motivo de desestímulo para a escolha dos métodos (72,11%), bem como de dificuldade de acesso a esses métodos (75,00%). Entre as usuárias dos métodos contraceptivos reversíveis de longa duração, 69,23% estavam muito satisfeitas, sendo a eficácia confiável e a proteção prolongada as principais causas da satisfação. Conclusão: Conclui-se que o conhecimento sobre os métodos contraceptivos reversíveis de longa duração não se apresenta com único fator para a escolha desses métodos, visto que atitudes e práticas que as estimulam ou desestimulam podem interferir nesta escolha, bem como no acesso aos mesmos (AU)

ABSTRACT Type of study: Transversal study with a descriptive approach. Objective: To evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of university students concerning the long-acting reversible contraceptives. Methodology: The population con-sisted of female university students of the medical school at UFSCar in 2017. The instrument was a multi-choice structured questionnaire, self-administered anonymously composed of 27 questions divided into socio-demographic characteristics, contraceptive antecedents, knowledge, attitudes, and practice about long-acting reversible contraceptives methods. The data collected were stored in the Microsoft Excel 2010 software. Results: 104 university students participated in this study. More than a half of them (60.19%) did not know the terminology long-acting reversible contraceptives, but they knew: copper IUD (36.90%), levonorgestrel IUD (34.95%) and subdermal implant (21.35%). The long-acting reversible contraceptives methods were considered highly effective by 84.61% participants. The most part did not know about the protection period of these methods. Among them, 57.69% showed interest in using these methods, being the reliable efficacy (87.5%) the main encouragement. The high cost was the main discouragement (72.11%) and the difficult to access the health service (75%). Among the users of the long-acting reversible contraceptives methods, 69.23% were very satisfied, the main reasons being the reliable efficacy and prolonged protection. Conclusion: The knowledge about types of contraception is not an essential factor in the choice of a method since the attitudes and practices that encourage or discourage them interfere in the choice, as well as in the access of these methods (AU)

Métodos contraceptivos reversíveis de longa duração no Sistema Único de Saúde: o debate sobre a (in)disciplina da mulher / Long-acting reversible contraception methods in the Brazilian Unified National Health System: the debate on women's (in)discipline

Resumo Recentemente a Federação Brasileira das Associações de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia submeteu ao Ministério da Saúde uma solicitação para oferta no Sistema Único de Saúde de métodos contraceptivos reversíveis de longa duração (LARC), para jovens mulheres de 15 a 19 anos. Os dois dispositivos a serem incluídos seriam o implante subdérmico liberador de etonogestrel, com duração de três anos, e o sistema intrauterino liberador de levonorgestrel, com duração de cinco anos. O Ministério da Saúde abriu então consulta pública para avaliar tal introdução, terminando por decidir contrariamente à inclusão destes métodos na rede pública de saúde. O artigo discute as estratégias discursivas utilizadas para fundamentar e justificar a aceitação e aplicabilidade destes métodos em "populações especiais". O debate sobre o planejamento reprodutivo precisa compreender melhor as descontinuidades contraceptivas no uso de métodos, a centralidade da contracepção de emergência e o quanto as hierarquias de gênero dificultam uma prática contraceptiva segura. Ao contrário, a ênfase na (in)disciplina da mulher no tocante aos cuidados com a utilização de métodos contraceptivos de uso regular termina por reforçar sua condição de menoridade social.

Abstract Recently, the Brazilian Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics Associations submitted a request to the Brazilian Ministry of Health for an introduction of long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) methods for young women aged 15 to 19 years in the Brazilian Unified National Health System. The two devices to be included were the etonogestrel-releasing subdermal implant (ENG implant), with a duration of three years, and the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS), lasting five years. The Ministry of Health then launched a public inquiry to evaluate this introduction, deciding against the inclusion of these methods in the public health services. The article discusses the discursive strategies used to justify the acceptance and applicability of these methods in "special populations." The debate on family planning needs to understand fully the discontinuity of contraception in the use of such methods, the central concept of emergency contraception, and how gender hierarchies prejudice safe contraceptive practice. On the contrary, the emphasis on the (in)discipline of women regarding care with regular-use contraceptive methods effectively reinforces their condition of social minority.

Availability and Use of Contraceptive Implants in Jamaica: Results of a Review of Medical Records and a Survey of Reproductive Healthcare Providers in Six Public Health Centres / Disponibilidad y uso de los implantes anticonceptivos en Jamaica: resultados de una revisión de las historias clínicas y una encuesta de los proveedores de salud reproductiva en seis centros de salud pública

ABSTRACT Objective: The prevalence of sub-dermal contraceptive implant use in Jamaica is low, despite growing international acceptance of long-acting reversible contraception. This study assessed the availability, effectiveness, side-effects and utilization of sub-dermal contraceptive implants and described the characteristics of users over a one-year period. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of women aged 15-45 years who utilized contraceptive implant-related services at any of the six included public health centres in Jamaica during 2013, and surveyed 20 available reproductive healthcare providers. Results: In 2013, 738 women attended a Jamaican public health centre for contraceptive implant services: 493 (66.8%) for insertion, 202 (27.4%) for removal and 53 (7.2%) for follow-up visits (10 women had the same implant inserted and removed in 2013). The women's median age was 26.0 years, 24.3% were ≤ 18 years, and 85.9% had ≥ 1 child. Most women (68.5%) did not have documented side-effects; irregular bleeding, the most commonly documented side-effect, was recorded for 24%. Of the 493 women who had implants inserted, three (0.6%) were identified to be pregnant within three months of insertion. Among the 202 women who had implants removed, 11 (5.4%) experienced complications with removal. Reproductive healthcare providers highlighted the need for an expansion of contraceptive implant availability and provider training. Conclusion: Sub-dermal implants have few insertion complications and side-effects and are effective, but were underutilized in Jamaica. Increased implant availability and enhanced reproductive healthcare provider training may improve implant utilization and reduce unintended pregnancy rates in Jamaica.

RESUMEN Objetivo: La prevalencia del uso de implantes anticonceptivos subdérmicos en Jamaica es baja, a pesar de la creciente aceptación internacional de la anticoncepción reversible de acción prolongada. El presente estudio evalúa la disponibilidad, efectividad, efectos secundarios y utilización de los implantes anticonceptivos subdérmicos, y describe las características de los usuarios durante el período de un año. Métodos: Se revisaron las historias clínicas de mujeres de 15 a 45 años de edad, que utilizaron servicios relacionados con los implantes anticonceptivos en cualquiera de los seis centros de salud pública de Jamaica durante 2013, y se encuestaron 20 profesionales de salud reproductiva disponibles. Resultados: En 2013, 738 mujeres asistieron a un centro de salud pública de Jamaica para recibir servicios de implantes anticonceptivos: 493 (66.8%) para inserción, 202 (27.4%) para eliminación, y 53 (7.2%) para visitas de seguimiento (a 10 mujeres se les insertó y se les quitó el mismo implante en 2013). La edad promedio de las mujeres fue 26.0 años, 24.3% tenían ≤ 18 años, y el 85.9% tenían ≥ 1 niño. La mayoría de las mujeres (68.5%) no presentaban efectos secundarios documentados. El sangramiento irregular - el efecto secundario más comúnmente documentado - se registró en un 24%. De las 493 mujeres que tenían implantes insertados, se halló que tres (0.6%) resultaron embarazadas en el plazo de tres meses tras la inserción. De las 202 mujeres a las que se les había retirado el implante, 11 (5.4%) tuvieron complicaciones en el proceso de la eliminación. Los profesionales de la salud reproductiva destacaron la necesidad de expandir la disponibilidad de implantes anticonceptivos y la capacitación de proveedores. Conclusión: Los implantes subdérmicos presentan pocas complicaciones a la hora de su inserción, y tienen pocos efectos secundarios. Sin embargo, son subutilizados en Jamaica, a pesar de ser efectivos. Una mayor disponibilidad de implantes y una mejor capacitación de los profesionales de la salud reproductiva pueden mejorar la utilización de implantes y reducir las tasas de embarazos no intencionados en Jamaica.

Sindrome de Marshall- Smith en mujer adulta: nuevos retos en anticoncepción / Marshall-Smith syndrome in an adult woman: new challenges in contraception

Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 38 años con Síndrome de Marshall-Smith. Se trata de una enfermedad rara de etiología desconocida, cuyas características incluyen anomalías craneofaciales, maduración ósea acelerada, alteraciones en el desarrollo neurológico y en las vías respiratorias con compromiso de la vía aérea y escasa supervivencia a largo plazo debido a problemas respiratorios. Sin embargo, los avances en el soporte respiratorio han permitido que algunos pacientes lleguen a la etapa adulta. Nuestra paciente, sin retraso intelectual ni psicomotor, solicita método anticonceptivo. Los pacientes con enfermedades raras necesitan ser atendidos con especial dedicación intentando reducir al mínimo la transmisión genética de dichas entidades, y mejorando al máximo su calidad de vida. Se ofrece un método anticonceptivo reversible de larga duración, sin riesgos para la evolución de su patología respiratoria, y atendiendo a los criterios medicos de elegibilidad de método anticonceptivo de la OMS, se indica la utilización de un implante subdérmico de etonogestrel. Con un perfil de seguridad y farmacocinética equivalente a los métodos de solo gestágeno y mayor comodidad.

A 38-year-old female patient with a history of Marshall-Smith syndrome is reported. It is a rare congenital disorder of unknown aetiology, which features include craneo facial dysmorphism, accelerated bone maturation, neurodevelopmental abnormalities, and upper and lower airways compromise. Long term survival is a problem due to respiratory complications, but it has decreased since airway support has improved, and that allows survival into adulthood. Our patient has neither intelectual nor psychomotor delay, so she asks for contraception method. As a rare genetic condition it needs to be attended with special consideration in order to reduce the disorder's transmission and to increase the life's quality of patients. A secure contraception method should be offered with no risk at all, attending to medical elegibility criteria for contraception use. We considered progestogen-only options and the patient's choice was etonogestrel subcutaneous implant.

Analysis of implementation situation and influencing factors of long-acting reversiblecontraception measures after PAC in 4 068 artificial abortion women / 重庆医学

Objective To explore the implementation situation and influencing factors of long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) after receiving post-abortion care (PAC) in artificial abortion women.Methods According to the demographic characteristics and abortion risks,4 068 artificial abortion women in the family planning clinic of our hospital were classified.The LARC implementation situation after receiving PAC was compared among different characteristic populations.The Chi square test was utilized to analyze the statistical significance of the data by SAS software.Results The LARC rate in young women was 7.9%),which was lower than 27.7% in 19-40 years old women and 11.8% in perimenopausal women;the LARC rate in nulliparous women was 10.6%,which was lower than 27.7% in parous women;the LARC rate in high-risk abortion women was 33.1%,which was higher than 16.6% in low-risk abortion women,these data analysis had statistically significant significance (P 80%).Conclusion Young women,nulliparous women and postpartum women in high-risk artificial abortion should be ranked the focus group for PAC consulting.