Resumen de la evidencia disponible del beneficio de ácidos grasos EPA y DHA para determinar un valor referencial recomendado para su ingesta: Overview / Summary of the available evidence from the benefit of EPA and DHA fatty acids for Determine a reference value recommended for intake

ANTECEDENTES Y OBJETIVO Dentro de los ácidos grasos n-3 polinsaturados, el ácido eicosapentaenoico(EPA) y el ácido docosahexaenoico(DHA) han sido estudiados ampliamente por los efectos beneficiosos de su ingesta. En este contexto el Departamento de Nutrición solicita este resumen con el objetivo de informar la toma de decisiones respecto del efecto de EPA y DHA sobre la salud de la población. METODOLOGÍA Se buscó en 5 bases de datos con el objetivo de identificar revisiones sistemáticas del tema. Se utiliza la metodología sobre la certeza de la evidencia GRADE. Se excluyen estudios que incluyeran ensayos clínicos con animales, que describieran mecanismos de acción de omega-3, artículos en otro idioma que no sea inglés/español. RESULTADOS -Los ácidos grasos omega-3 podrían reducir la mortalidad de la población por toda causa, pero la evidencia no es contundente. -La ingesta de EPA y DHA no prevendría el cáncer en la población. -En términos cardiovasculares, el EPA y DHA probablemente reducen la presión arterial, reducen la mortalidad por causa cardiovascular, y reduce los eventos coronarios. -Los ácidos grasos n-3 polinsaturados probablemente mejoran la eficiencia neuronal. -Podrían existir algunos beneficios de ácidos grasos Omega-3 en la reducción del riesgo de presentar partos prematuros, fibrosis quística, metabolopatías, inmunopatías y concentraciones sanguíneas elevadas de triglicéridos y colesterol. -Los ácidos grasos Omega-3 no generan beneficios en el crecimiento de los recién nacidos y su desarrollo neurológico. Sin embargo, EPA y DHA pueden impactar sobre el desarrollo visual. -La ingesta de EPA y DHA no tiene un efecto sobre la depresión maternal. -La ingesta de DHA en dosis entre 0.5-3.4g por día reduce la depresión maternal perinatal. Sin embargo, dosis de 1.68g aumentan los niveles de colesterol HDL y LDL, a la vez que reducen el nivel de triglicéridos. -Ingestas mayores a 200mg diarios de EPA y DHA reducen el nivel sanguíneo de triglicéridos, mientras que dosis mayores a 3g aumentarían los niveles de colesterol LDL. -Las recomendaciones de organizaciones a lo largo del mundo varían en cuanto a sexo y edad de las personas. Además, exceptuando a Japón, las recomendaciones se encuentran entre 100-500mg diarios de EPA y DHA.

The Benefit Risk Assessment of Consumption of Marine Species Based on Benefit-Risk Analysis for Foods (BRAFO)-tiered Approach / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To assess the net health effect caused by the consumption of specific marine species based on Benefit-Risk Analysis for Foods (BRAFO)-tiered approach.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty species were collected from the Zhoushan Archipelago, China. Concentrations of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, methyl mercury (MeHg), and dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) in the samples were analyzed for benefit risk assessment based on BRAFO-tiered approach.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Based on the BRAFO-tiered approach, reference scenario (no intake) and alternative scenario (intake of specific species of 200 g/week) were determined. The exposure to MeHg/DLCs via alternative scenario of all studied species did not exceed provisional tolerable weekly/monthly intake. However, the adult population with high DLCs exposure in China would significantly exceed the upper limit of DLCs via an additional alternative scenario of some species such as Auxis thazard. The results of deterministic computation showed that alternative scenario of all studied species generated clear net beneficial effects on death prevention and child IQ gain.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The alternative scenario of all studied species could be recommended to population with average DLCs exposure, and the reference scenario of species with relatively high DLCs concentration could be recommended to population exposed to high DLCs.</p>

Effects of ELOVL4 gene overexpress on the synthesis efficiency of n3 and n6 very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM:To compare the synthesis efficiency of n3 and n6 very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid ( VLC-PUFA ) by overexpressing ELOVL4 protein, providing guidance for treating Stargardt-like macular dystrophy (STGD3). METHODS:To establish recombinant adenovirus with the ELOVL4 protein and green fluorescent protein, transferred into cultured PC12 cells. The cells were divided into 3 groups: PC12, PC12 + Ad- GFP and PC12 + Ad-ELOVL4, former two groups serve as controls. ELOVL4 gene expression was quantified by qRT-PCRs. ELOVL4 protein was analyzed by Western - Blot ( WB ) . The transduced cells were treated with both EPA and AA (1:1). After 48h of incubation, cells were collected, total lipids extracted and fatty acid methyl esters prepared and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry ( GC-MS) . RESULTS:When supplemented together, 20:5n3 (EPA) and 20:4n6 ( AA) were efficiently taken up at almost the same amounts in the PC12 cells regardless of ELOVL4 expression. The ELOVL4-expressing cells elongated both EPA and AA to a series of n3 and n6 VLC-PUFAs. From 20:5n3/EPA, 34:5n3 and 36:5n3 account for 0. 71% and 1.6%, respectively. From 20:4n6/DHA, 34:4n6 and 36:4n6 were only 0. 46% and 0. 61%, respectively. The total relative mol% of n3 VLC-PUFAs synthesized from EPA was almost two times that of n6 VLC-PUFAs synthesized from AA. CONCLUSION: ELOVL4 protein preferentially elongates n3 PUFA to VLC - PUFAs over n6 PUFA. Dietary supplementation of appropriate n3/n6 PUFAs may provide STGD3 patients with some therapeutic benefits.

Role of ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid in metabolic syndrome / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

This article reviews the long-term outcome data and guidelines up to date, and systemically reviews the effect of ω-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid consumption, the major effective component in deep-sea fish oil, on metabolic syndrome, including improvements in abdominal obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, etc. Its adverse effects are also commented.