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A partir do conceito de lugar e não-lugar de Marc Augé, tomado emprestado da geografia e da antropologia, discutiremos o uso do espaço virtual como possibilidade de diferentes formas de subjetivação. A importância que os territórios físicos e virtuais adquirem na forma como nos constituímos, os usos que fazemos de ambos e como navegamos nesses espaços serão analisados à luz das contribuições de Pierre Lévy e de Donald Winnicott. Tomando Winnicott como interlocutor no campo psicanalítico, em suas postulações acerca do olhar e da localização da experiência cultural, vamos investigar o lugar da experiência virtual como possibilidade de um novo território de existência. Se, para Pierre Lévy, a virtualidade está estritamente vinculada à criatividade, para Winnicott, antes de olhar criativamente o mundo, o indivíduo deve te r internalizado a experiência de ter sido olhado. Trata-se, portanto, de discutir as múltiplas possibilidades que o mundo virtual pode oferecer como experiência de olhar ou de não ser visto. Em outras palavras, a leitura da internet como um lugar ou não-lugar dependerá dos usos que o sujeito faz de seus recursos, da relação que estabelece com os mesmos e consigo mesmo.
Based on Marc Augé's concept of places and non-places, and borrowing from Geography and Anthropology, we shall discuss the use of virtual space as a possibility of different forms of subjectivity. The importance that physical and virtual territories have acquired in the way we are made, the uses we make of both and how we navigate these spaces will be analyzed in the light of Pierre Lévy's and Donald Winnicott's contributions. Taking Winnicott as an interlocutor in the psychoanalytic field, in his postulations about the perspective and the location of cultural experiences, we will investigate the place of virtual experience as the possibility of a new territory of existence. To Pierre Lévy, virtuality is closely linked to creativity; Winnicott, on the other hand, tells us that, in order to look at the world in a creative way, an individual must, above all, have internalized the experience of being looked at. It is therefore the case of discussing the many opportunities that the virtual world can offer as an experience of looking or of not being seen. That is, reading the internet as a place or a non-place will depend on the uses which an individual makes of its resources, and on the relationship established with them and with him or herself.
Desde el concepto de lugar y no lugar citado por Marc Augé y que proviene de la geografía y de la antropología, discutiremos el uso del espacio virtual como una posibilidad de diferentes formas de subjetivación. La importancia que adquieren los territorios físicos y virtuales en la forma en que nos constituimos, los usos que les damos y cómo navegamos en estos espacios se analizarán a la luz de los aportes de Pierre Lévy y de Donald Winnicott. Considerando a Winnicott como interlocutor en el campo psicoanalítico, en sus postulados sobre la mirada y la ubicación de la experiencia cultural, vamos a investigar el lugar de la experiencia virtual como un nuevo territorio posible de existencia. Si para Pierre Lévy la virtualidad está íntimamente relacionada a la creatividad, Winicott nos dice que el individuo, para ver el mundo creativamente, antes que nada, debe haber internalizado la experiencia de haber sido observado. Se trata entonces de discutir las múltiples posibilidades que el mundo virtual puede ofrecer como experiencia de observar o de no ser visto. Es decir, la lectura del internet como un lugar o no lugar dependerá del uso de los recursos por parte del individuo, de la relación que establece con los mismos y consigo mismo.
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Tuberculosis involving skull base and brain is relatively common in developing countries. Preoperative neuro-radiological features of such lesions mimic neoplastic lesions of brain & skull base and postoperative histopathological study brings the ultimate diagnosis. Here we present a case of large tubercular lesion involving retrobulbar, infratemporal and middle cranial fossa that preoperatively thought to be a malignant lesion in a young child and was managed surgically with anti-tubercular drugs having a happy termination. Even radiologically malignant looking mass lesion in brain and skull base can be proved as tuberculosis that can bring happiness to the patient and also to the treating neurosurgeons.
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La medición de la agudeza visual en niños representa un importante reto para el optómetra por ser laboriosa y requerir conocimiento y paciencia. Según el estímulo, la agudeza visual puede dividirse en tres tipos: de detección, de resolución y de reconocimiento. Los valores de estas pueden ser diferentes y se alteran en diferente proporción en presencia de problemas visuales. El presente artículo hace una revisión de los tests de agudeza visual para niños, sobre los que se han realizado gran número de investigaciones en los últimos años: Teller, Cardiff, Lea, HOTV y las cartillas logMAR que podrían emplearse en el grupo de escolares.Conclusiones: las pruebas contempladas en esta revisión no son necesariamente las más utilizadoas en nuestra práctica clínica cotidiana; sin embargo, la actividad investigativa en torno a éstas ha aportado a la construcción de protocolos diagnósticos. El referente para una mejor práctica clínica debe ser la optometría basada en la evidencia, ya que ésta permite a los profesionales disponer de nuevos elementos de juicio objetivos, con fundamento científico, que contribuyan a la elección de la mejor alternativa para determinar la agudeza visual en los niños. El optómetra debe seguir rigurosamente los protocolos de evaluación de la agudeza visual para dar a sus mediciones mayor confiabilidad y analizar los resultados obtenidos dentro del contexto de la historia clínica. Los métodos para la evaluación de la agudeza visual pueden adaptarse de acuerdo con las habilidades, el conocimiento y la experiencia del niño que va a examinarse. Con esta revisión se evidencia la importancia de realizar estudios sobre la aplicación de estos tests en nuestro medio con el fin de evaluar su confiabilidad y utilidad en nuestros pacientes.
The visual acuity measurement in children is an important Challenger for the optometrist, given de complexity of the task and to require knowledge and patience. According to the stimulus, the visual acuity can be divided in three types: detection, resolution and recognition. The values of these can be different and they are altered in different proportion in the presence of visual problems. The present article makes an overhaul of the test of the visual acuity for children which years have generated great number of investigations in the past years: Teller, Cardiff, Lea, HOTV and logMAR charts that could be used in the school age group.Conclusions: The tests reviewed are not necessarily used commonly used our clinical daily practice, nevertheless the investigative activity concerning these has reached in the construction of diagnostic protocols. The reference for a better clinical practice must be the optometry based on the evidence, since this one allows to the professionals to have new facts that contribute to the election of the best alternative to determine the visual acuity in the children. The optometrist a must follow rigorously the protocols of evaluation of the visual acuity to give to measurements major reliability and to analyze the results obtained inside the context of the history. The methods for the evaluation of the visual acuity can be adapted in agreement with the skills, knowledge and experience of the child being examinated. There is evident the importance of realizing studies on the application of these test in order to evaluate their reliability and utility in our patients
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Testes de Aptidão , Pediatria , Acuidade VisualRESUMO
Objective To introduce a single level fixation and reduction for cervical dislocation. Methods 15 patients who had old cervical dislocation were treated from May 2003 to April 2004. All the patients had facet locking that could not be reduced though traction. We used posterior approach to relax facet locking and thick Ethicon wire to fix spinal process. We used anterior poach to plug coralline hydroxyapatite (CHA) as the graft. AO plates and locking screws were used to fix the vertebral body. Results All the patients got satisfactory reduction and good alignment through lysis of facet locking and CHA plug. Conclusion The posterior decompression combined with anterior stabilization can achieve satisfactory reduction and alignment for dislocation of inferior cervical vertebra.
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OBJECTIVE:To objectively look upon and analyse the influence of WTO entry on wholesale and retail of Chinese pharmaceutical businessMETHODS:Using comparative method,the influence of WTO entry was analysed concerning wholesale and retail of drugs,economically developed and developing districts,psychological and practical pressureRESULTS & CONCLUSION:Based on the analytic results,Chinese pharmaceutical business should avoid pell-mell development,enhance confidence,actively deal with the impact and seize the opportunity to seek to live on and to develop
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Eighty-four cementless primary total knee arthroplasties were performed from June 1989 to May 1993, and the prevalence and characteristics of osteolysis were determined after a mean follow-up of 6.4 years(range, 5 to 8.1 years). Eighteen knees(21.4%) were identified as being associated with osteolysis, and the incidence of osteolysis was 10,7% for the femur and 13.1% for the tibia. Osteolysis was first noted radiographically at an average postoperative 4.7 years(range, 2.5 to 8, i years). Osteolysis of the femur was identified adjacent to the nonporous-coated regions of the anterior and posterior flanges of the components, The medial screw was more frequently associated with osteolytic lesion than the lateral one. Ten(55.6%) of the 18 prostheses were revised, 5 for advanced polyethylene wear, 3 for failed tibia1 fixation, and 2 for severe osteolysis. Significant factors associated with osteolysis were increased body weight(p<0.05) and malalignment(p<0.05). Femoral osteolysis was more common in Ortholoc design(20.0%) than in AMK design(4.1%). The AMK prosthesis(16.3%) showed higher in an incidence of screw osteolysis and tibial osteolysis than Ortholoc prosthesis(8.6%). The nonporous-coated flanges of the components and the polyethylene locking mechanism may be responsible for the differences in the incidence and region of osteolysis.
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Artroplastia , Fêmur , Seguimentos , Incidência , Joelho , Osteólise , Polietileno , Prevalência , Próteses e Implantes , TíbiaRESUMO
A questionnaire survey was conducted to find out the fact about urinary incontinence in the elderly populace of a rural area in Tokushima prefecture. The survey was part of the study of the health status and urination of the aged, commissioned by the National Mutual Insurance Federation of Agricultral Cooperatives (Zenkyoren).<BR>It was found that 23.6% of the old people, male and female combined, living in their own home have the incontinence problem. The ratio for hospitalized patients was a little lower than this, but the involuntary voiding of urine into clothing and bedclothes was a problem in 27.0% of those staying in nursing homes.<BR>The number of incontinent persons was slightly larger in women than men. It showed a tendency to increase with advancing age.<BR>As for the type of incontinence, urgency and overflow types were common in men, while urgency and abdominal pressure types are predominant in women.<BR>The cause of urinary incontinence was unidentified in most of the cases. Next to the unknown cause came a sequela to cerebral apoplexy. A relatively larger number of incontinence cases among nursing home inmates could be ascribed to senile dementia.<BR>Even among those old people who live in their own home without depending much on their children, more than 20% said they have involuntarily leaked urine. About 30-50% of them confided they wet their pants more than once a day. To them, incontinence is a perennial problem, undermining the old people's quality of life. They wish to go out but cannot help staying at home only to swear at the condition they are in.<BR>In nursing homes, a great deal of time and energy has to be spent for looking after incontinent aged people. The burden of care which falls on nurses and aids is beyond measure. These findings suggest that we should face up to the actual state of affairs connected with incontient old people and care for those people and hasten to frame measures to cope with the situation.