Training and evaluation of donor lung procurement technique in swine models / 器官移植

Objective To investigate the training methods and evaluation parameters for donor lung procurement technique in swine models. Methods The surgical skills of donor lung procurement in 15 swine models were summarized. The operation time, objective evaluation parameters before lung perfusion, gross observation after lung perfusion, the type and frequency of intraoperative errors were assessed. Results All donor lung procurement surgeries were successfully completed in 15 swine models. The mean time interval from skin incision to lung perfusion was 22.6 min. Prior to lung perfusion, the oxygenation index of the donor lung was (501±68) mmHg, (404±100) mL (under the pressure of 15 mmHg) for the tidal volume and (29±4) mL/cmH2O for the static compliance. Along with the increasing surgical frequency, the oxygenation index and tidal volume were improved. Favorable lung inflation was obtained after lung perfusion in a majority of swine models. Intraoperatively, multiple operating errors occurred including dissection error, pulmonary arterial intubation error and procedure error, etc. As the frequency of operation increased, the frequency of surgical errors was significantly decreased. Conclusions After certain training for donor lung procurement in swine models, the incidence of intraoperative procedure error is significantly reduced and the quality of the donor lung tends to be enhanced. Objective parameters, such as oxygenation index and the gross shape of the donor lung can be utilized to evaluate the levels of surgical techniques.

Trasplante de pulmón / Lung transplantation

Lung transplantation (LT) has evolved to become an Important alternative in the management of patients with end-stage pulmonary disease and chronic respiratory failure. The beginnings of this technique can be traced back to the experiments of Carrel and Guthrie over a hundred years ago. However, it was not until 1963 when the first clinical experience was performed by Hardy. Clinical success did not arrive until the 1980's thanks to the works of the Toronto Lung Transplant Group. Well established criteria have been described in order to consider a patient as a potential candidate to receive a lung. Several diseases are capable of causing terminal lung damage and in general they can be classified according to their origin as obstructive (COPD, emphysema), restrictive (fibrosis), chronic infectious (cystic fibrosis, bronquiectasis), and vascular (primary pulmonary hypertension). The most frecuent diagnosis is COPD. Clynically relevant modes of LT include the implant of one lung (single LT), or both lungs (bilateral sequential LT). Transplantation of the cardiopulmonary block is reserved for special situations and lobar transplantation is still considered experimental. Donor condition is essential to the success of LT. The potential donor patient frecuently suffers deterioration in lung function due to edema formation or infection and both complications restrict lung's using for transplantation. Lung preservation is also limited to a short period of time which rarely exceeds 6 hours in spite of specially-designed preservative solutions such as the low potassium dextran. Outcome after LT shows current one-year survival between 65-70% with reduction to 40-45% after five years. Mortality within the first year is usually related to primary graft failure and infection. Long-term survival depends on controlling infectious problems due to immunosupresion as well as the development of bronchilitis obliterans as a manifestation of chronic rejection. LT is a therapeutic modality reserved for selected patients with chronic respiratory failure due to end-stage lung disease.

El trasplante de pulmón se ha desarrollado como parte del manejo de pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar terminal que presentan insuficiencia respiratoria. Si bien los inicios de la técnica se encuentran en los experimentos de Carrel y Guthrie a principios del siglo XX, no fue sino hasta 1963 en que Hardy efectuó el primer trasplante pulmonar. Sin embargo, el éxito clínico no se tradujo en realidad sino hasta fines de los años ochenta gracias al esfuerzo del Grupo de Trasplante de la Universidad de Toronto. Existen criterios bien establecidos para considerar cuando un enfermo pulmonar terminal se encuentra en condiciones de ameritar un trasplante. Las patologías capaces de producir daño pulmonar terminal son muy variadas, pero en términos generales pueden dividirse en aquellas de origen obstructivo (EPOC, enfisema), las de tipo intersticial (fibrosis pulmonar), las de origen infeccioso crónico (fibrosis quística, bronquiectasias) y las de patología vascular (hipertensión pulmonar primaria). Con mucho el diagnóstico más frecuente es la EPOC. Es posible trasplantar un solo pulmón (trasplante unilateral) o bien los dos pulmones (trasplante bilateral secuencial). El trasplante del bloque cardiopulmonar se reserva para situaciones especiales y el trasplante lobar se considera aún experimental. Las condiciones del donador son especialmente importantes y constituyen muchas veces el principal obstáculo a vencer debido al deterioro pulmonar que sufren estos pacientes durante el manejo previo a la toma de decisión sobre la donación de los órganos. El deterioro pulmonar y la infección sobreagregada son los principales problemas que limitan la procuración de pulmones. La preservación pulmonar aún se encuentra limitada a un tiempo corto que rara vez excede las seis horas a pesar de utilizar soluciones especialmente diseñadas como lo es la de dextrán baja en potasio. Los resultados muestran una sobrevida a un año de entre 65-70% disminuyendo a 40-45% a los cinco años. Las causas de mortalidad dentro del primer año se relacionan con falla primaria del injerto, así como infecciones oportunistas. A largo plazo, además de infecciones oportunistas por la inmunosupresión se agrega el problema del desarrollo de bronquiolitis obliterante como manifestación de rechazo crónico. El trasplante pulmonar es una modalidad de manejo adecuada para pacientes seleccionados con falla respiratoria crónica secundaria a enfermedad terminal, sin embargo, se encuentra limitada por la disponibilidad de órganos para trasplantar.