Retroperitoneal cystic lymphangioma in a cirrhotic patient: A case report and review of the literature

Retroperitoneal cystic lymphangiomas (RCL) are rare benign tumors of the lymphatic system. They account for less than 1% of all lymphangiomas. Surgical resection is the recommended treatment option; however, obtaining a pre-operative diagnosis is often difficult and, in most cases, the final diagnosis is only possible following histological assessment of the surgical specimen. This report describes a case of RCL in a 58-year-old female cirrhotic patient who presented to our center with dull aching abdominal pain and distension. To our knowledge, this is the first case of a RCL in a cirrhotic patient reported in the literature.

Los linfangiomas quísticos retroperitoneales (LQR) son tumores benignos raros del sistema linfático y representan menos del 1% de todos los linfangiomas. La resección quirúrgica es la opción de tratamiento recomendada; sin embargo, obtener un diagnóstico preoperatorio suele ser difícil y, en la mayoría de los casos, el diagnóstico final solo es posible tras la evaluación histológica de la pieza operatoria. En este estudio, describimos un caso de un LQR en una paciente cirrótica de 58 años que se presentó en nuestro centro con dolor abdominal sordo y distensión. Hasta donde sabemos, este es el primer caso de LQR en un paciente cirrótico reportado en la literatura.

Perinatal prognosis in euploid fetus with cystic hygroma. report of two clinical cases

Introduction: Cystic hygroma (CH) is a rare congenital anomaly of the lymphatic system. It is characterized by cystic lesions predominantly in the fetal neck and its prenatal diagnosis has been associated with increased perinatal mortality, aneu-ploidy, and congenital malformations. Case presentation: Two cases of cervical cystic hygroma diagnosed during the second trimester of gestation are presented, one of them associated with bilateral clubfoot. Both fetuses underwent karyotyping by amniocentesis, which established that both were euploid (46 XY and 46 XX), as well as fetal nuclear magnetic resonance imaging that showed no associated major malformations. In the interdisciplinary follow-up performed 1 year after birth, no findings consistent with genetic syndromes or neurodevelopmental alterations were observed in either of the 2 cases. Conclusions: CH is a marker of poor fetal prognosis; however, euploid fetuses with this condition have a better prognosis if their lesion resolves, do not progress to hydrops fetalis, and do not present other associated malformations. Euploid fetuses with CH require specific genetic studies for RASopathies, such as Noonan syndrome, which were not available in the clinical approach of the 2 cases presented; however, typical postnatal characteristics of the disease were not evident in the clinical genetic evaluation.

Introducción. Los higromas quísticos (HQ) son anomalías congênitas poco frecuentes del sistema linfático que se caracterizan por lesiones quísticas, de predominio en el cuello. Su diagnóstico prenatal se ha asociado con un aumento de mortalidad perinatal, aneuploidías y malformaciones congênitas. Presentación de los casos. Se presentan dos casos de HQ cervicales diagnosticados durante el segundo trimestre de gestación, uno de ellos asociado a pie equino varo bilateral. En ambos fetos se practicó amniocentesis para realizar prueba de cariotipo, que permitió establecer que ambos eran euploides (46XY y 46XX), y resonancia magnêtica nuclear fetal, que no mostró malformaciones mayores asociadas. En el seguimiento interdisciplinario realizado 1 año después del nacimiento no se observaron hallazgos compatibles con síndromes genêticos ni alteraciones en el neurodesarrollo en ninguno de los 2 casos. Conclusiones. El HQ es un marcador de mal pronóstico fetal; sin embargo, fetos euploides con esta condición tienen mejor pronóstico si presentan resolución de la lesión y no desarrollan hidropesía fetal ni otras malformaciones asociadas. Los fetos euploides con HQ requieren estudios genéticos específicos para rasopatías, como el síndrome de Noonan, los cuales no estuvieron disponibles en el abordaje clínico en estos 2 casos; sin embargo, en la valoración por genética clínica no se hallaron características postnatales típicas de estas afecciones.

Correlation of fetal cervical cystic hygroma with chromosomal and structural abnormalities: analysis of 70 cases / 中华围产医学杂志

Objective:To analyze the correlation of fetal cervical cystic hygroma (CCH) with chromosomal and structural abnormalities and to assess the prognosis of CCH.Methods:This study retrospectively enrolled 70 fetuses with CCH diagnosed by prenatal ultrasound in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiao Tong University from July 2015, to December 2021. According to whether complicated by structural malformations or other anomalies, all the subjects were divided into the non-isolated and isolated CCH groups. The correlation of CCH and the gestational age at detection with chromosomal and structural abnormalities were analyzed and the prognosis of the cases were summarized using Chi-square test. Results:There were 34 isolated CCH (34/70, 49%) and 36 non-isolated CCH (36/70, 51%) among the 70 cases. In the non-isolated CCH group, there were eight cases (22%, 8/36) with abnormal heart structure, ten (28%, 10/36) with abnormal anterior abdominal wall, 16 (44%,16/36) with systemic edema and/or pleural effusion, one (3%,1/36) with craniocerebral abnormalities and one with holoprosencephaly and cardiac structural abnormalities. Eighteen out of 44 cases undergoing chromosome testing had chromosomal abnormalities, which were trisomy-18 ( n=6), trisomy-21 ( n=3), trisomy-13 ( n=3), 45,XO ( n=3), and chromosome segment duplication or deletion ( n=3). The detection rate of chromosome abnormality was higher in non-isolated CCH group comparing with isolated CCH group [59%(13/22) vs 23%(5/22), χ2=6.02, P=0.014]. There was no significant difference in the gestational age at the detection of CCH or proportion of women of advanced maternal age between the isolated and non-isolated CCH groups (both P>0.05). The ratios of isolated CCH cases with normal chromosome detected at the gestational weeks of 14-27 +6 was higher than those detected at 11-13 +6 weeks [62%(13/21) vs 17%(4/23), χ2=7.39, P=0.001]. Out of the 17 cases with isolated CCH and normal chromosomes, 12 were live births. One of the 12 cases still had a cystic mass with a diameter of 3 cm in the neck nine months after birth, and the other 11 cases had no mass at birth but one case died at the age of five months (hospitalized one week for neonatal edema),one case was found with anal atresia three days after birth and underwent operation and the remaining nine cases were normal during five months to six years follow-up. Conclusions:Non-isolated CCH is at a higher risk of chromosomal abnormalities. Isolated CCH cases detected later had higher rate of normal chromosome and often have a higher survival rate.

Linfangioma quístico de recto-sigmoides en un hospital público de Lima, Perú: reporte de caso / Cystic lymphangioma of the rectum-sigmoid in a public hospital in Lima-Peru: case report

RESUMEN Los linfangiomas son lesiones benignas que se deben a una malformación del desarrollo en el sistema linfático que ocurre durante la etapa embrionaria. Son más frecuentes en niños. Pueden encontrarse en cavidad abdominal, siendo la afectación del tracto gastrointestinal en forma ocasional. La presentación clínica es variada, dependiendo de la localización de los linfangiomas, pudiendo tener formas asintomáticas y, en ocasiones, presentarse con dolor abdominal, alteraciones del hábito defecatorio, rectorragia, etc. El diagnóstico se realiza por endoscopía, imágenes auxiliares y se confirma por medio de histología. Presentamos un caso de linfangioma quístico de recto-sigmoides que tuvimos en nuestro hospital; la paciente se presentó con proctalgia, alternancia evacuatoria y rectorragia intermitente. Examen físico sin alteraciones significativas. Durante la colonoscopía, a nivel de recto y sigmoides, se encontró múltiples lesiones protruidas, a modo de protuberancias, cuya superficie era lisa, trasluciente y de coloración azulada, con algunos orificios pseudodiverticulares, a predominio de recto. En la ultrasonografía endoscópica se observó, a nivel del recto, engrosamiento de la submucosa con múltiples imágenes anecoicas, microquísticas, algunas de ellas con tabiques finos. El diagnóstico definitivo se realizó mediante histopatología, que describe conductos linfáticos dilatados, rodeados de células endoteliales, hallazgos consistentes con linfangioma quístico de recto-sigmoides.

ABSTRACT Lymphangiomas are benign lesions due to a developmental malformation in the lymphatic system that occurs during the embryonic stage. They are more frequent in children. They can be found in the abdominal cavity, being the involvement of the gastrointestinal tract occasionally. The clinical presentation is varied, depending on the location of the lymphangiomas, and may have asymptomatic forms and, occasionally, present with abdominal pain, changes in defecation, rectal bleeding, etc. The diagnosis is made by endoscopy, auxiliary images and is confirmed by histology. We present a case of cystic rectal-sigmoid lymphangioma that we had in our hospital; the patient presented with proctalgia, alternating evacuation and intermittent rectal bleeding. Physical examination was without significant alterations. During the colonoscopy, at the level of the rectum and sigmoids, multiple protruded lesions were found, whose surface was smooth, translucent and bluish in color, with some pseudodiverticular holes, predominantly of the rectum. Endoscopic ultrasound revealed thickening of the submucosa at the level of the rectum with multiple anechoic, microcystic images, some of them with fine septa. The definitive diagnosis was made by histopathology, which describes dilated lymphatic ducts, surrounded by endothelial cells, findings consistent with cystic rectal-sigmoid lymphangioma.

Tratamiento quirúrgico de malformaciones linfáticas en pacientes pediátricos / Surgical treatment for lymphatic malformations in children

Introducción: Los linfagiomas quísticos son malformaciones de los conductos linfáticos los cuales forman cavidades con líquido linfático. Objetivos: Determinar las características clínicas, evolución y complicaciones de los pacientes operados de malformaciones linfáticas localizados en la región de la cabeza y el cuello. Diseño: Estudio observacional descriptivo tipo serie de casos. Metodología: Se revisaron las historias clínicas de los pacientes operados con resultado de patología compatible con malformaciones linfáticas, en el periodo desde enero 2008 hasta enero del 2017. Resultados: Se encontraron 254 casos que requirieron cirugía, con una media de edad de 1 año y promedio de 2.9 años. La región cervical tuvo la mayor presentación (77.6%) especificamente en la localización supra e infrahioidea unilateral (30.3%). La aparición de tumoración fue el signo más frecuente (98.8%). Se encontraron 5.9% de recidivas para el tratamiento quirúrgico y 8.2% de casos con paresia o parálisis del nervio submandibular como secuelas. 10 casos requirieron traqueostomía y tres pacientes fallecieron por complicaciones posteriores a la cirugía. Conclusiones: El tratamiento quirúrgico está indicado para los linfangiomas quísticos, minimizando la morbilidad en el paciente y evitando las recidivas futuras.

Introduction: Cystic lymphomas are malformations of the lymphatic ducts, which form cavities with lymphatic fluid. Objective: To determine the clinical characteristics, evolution and prognosis of patients undergoing surgery due to lymphatic malformations located in the head and neck. Design: Case series Methods: The medical records of patients who underwent a lymphatic malformation resection at The Head, Neck and Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, who had a pathological analysis compatible with lymphatic malformations, during the period from January 2008 to January 2017. Results: We found 254 cases that required surgery, with a median age of 1 year and an average of 2.9 years. The cervical region had the highest presentation (77.6%) specifically in the unilateral supra and infrahyoid location (30.3%). The appearance of a tumor was the most frequent sign (98.8%). 5.9% of recurrences were found for surgical treatment and 8.2% of cases with paresis or paralysis of the submandibular nerve as sequelae. 10 cases required tracheostomy and 3 patients died due to complications after surgery. Conclusions: Surgical treatment is indicated for cystic lymphangiomas. It minimizes morbidity and prevents recurrences.

Cervical lymphangioma in adults: case report and current treatment

ABSTRACT Introduction: Cystic tumors of the neck are rare in adults. Some of them include metastatic nodes, branchial cysts, thyroglossal cysts and lymphangiomas, among others. Clinically speaking, lymphangiomas are slow-growing soft masses located in different spaces of the neck. Case report: This paper reports the case of a 36-year-old woman presenting with lymph-angioma, who consulted due to a right lateral mass in the neck of 20 days of evolution without associated systemic symptoms. Although relapse is frequent, the patient was successfully treated with surgery, without evidence of recurrence at 12 months of follow-up. Discussion: When cystic tumors of the neck occur in children, surgical urgencies may arise due to obstruction of the airway. However, lymphangioma in adults only produce contour deformity and rarely require urgent intervention, which allows for conservative management such as observation, repeated drainage or sclerotherapy that can be done using OK-432 (Picibanil). Nevertheless, surgery remains a good treatment option, but some complications may occur. Conclusion: Different treatment options were reviewed, which led to conclude that surgical resection of lymphangiomas continues to be a good treatment for this complex neck lesion.

RESUMEN Introducción: Los tumores quísticos del cuello son inusuales en los adultos. Sin embargo, se pueden encontrar metástasis a ganglios, quistes branquiales, quistes tiroglosos, linfangiomas, entre otros. Clínicamente, estos últimos son masas blandas de crecimiento lento que se localizan en diferentes espacios del cuello. Reporte de caso: Se reporta un caso de linfangioma en una mujer de 36 años, quien consultó por masa lateral derecha del cuello con evolución de 20 días sin síntomas sistémicos asociados. A pesar de que la recaída es frecuente, la paciente fue tratada con cirugía exitosa sin evidencia de recidiva durante 12 meses de seguimiento. Discusión: Cuando se presentan en niños, los tumores quísticos del cuello se pueden convertir en urgencias quirúrgicas debido a obstrucción de la vía aérea; no obstante, en los adultos solo producen deformidad de contorno y rara vez requieren una intervención apremiante, lo que permite conductas conservadoras como la observación, el drenaje repetido o la escleroterapia. Esta última puede hacerse con el OK-432 (Picibanil); sin embargo, la cirugía es una buena opción de tratamiento sin estar exenta de complicaciones. Conclusión: Se realizó revisión de las diferentes opciones de tratamiento y se concluyó que la resección quirúrgica de los linfagiomas continúa siendo la opción más adecuada para el manejo de esta compleja lesión del cuello.

Analysis for the pregnancy outcome of cystic hygroma fetuses and correlation with increased nuchaltranslucency in first trimester / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective To analyze prognosis-related risk factors of first trimester cystic hygroma (CH)fetuses in which nuchal translucency(NT)was found to be thickened. Methods Tolly 216 singleton pregnancies in which fetal NT≥3.0 mm at the 11～13+6 weeks scan accepted invasive prenatal diagnosis in Beijing Gynecology and Obstetrics Hospital, Capital Medical University, from January 2014 to December 2015 were collected. A total of 164(75.9％, 164/216)single fetuses with complete data were included, they were classified into two groups, namely'CH'and'increased NT'which without CH. And 40 pregnancies (24.4％, 40/164)presented with CH group, 124 pregnancies(75.6％, 124/164)were with increased NT group. The chromosome karyotype abnormality, major organ structure malformation and adverse outcome were compared between the two groups. Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the effect of increased NT thickness, the presence of septa in CH on abnormal karyotype, major congenital anomaly and adverse outcome. Results (1)The incidence of fetal abnormal karyotype [55.0％(22/40)vs 29.0％(36/124)], major organ anomalies [45.0％(18/40)vs 25.8％(32/124)], and adverse outcome [92.5％(37/40)vs 50.8％(63 / 124)] were significantly different(all P<0.05)between the CH group and the increased NT group.(2)NT measurement was significantly higher in the CH group than that in the increased NT group (8.32 vs 5.06 mm, P<0.01).(3)Logistic analysis revealed that NT thickness was the significant risk factor in the prediction of adverse outcome for CH fetuses in first trimester. The risks of chromosomal defect, major congenital anomaly and adverse outcome increased 1.171, 1.192 and 1.913-fold(all P<0.05)with 1.0 mm increased NT thickness, while the presence of septa in CH didn't increase the risks of above(all P>0.05). Conclusions The perinatal outcome of CH is poor. The poor outcome of CH is closely attributed to thickened NT, and the presence of septa in CH does not increase the risk of adverse outcome for CH fetuses.

Abdomen agudo quirúrgico secundario a Linfangioma quístico abdominal / Acute abdomen due to abdominal cystic lymphangioma

Los linfangiomas quísticos abdominales son benignos y poco frecuentes, que se presentan mayormente en niños. Puede presentarse como molestias inespecíficas abdominales, hallazgo incidental o abdomen agudo. Por lo que se presenta el caso de una niña de 3 años que debutó con un cuadro de abdomen agudo. (AU)

Abdominal cystic lymphangiomas are benign and infrequent conditions mostly seen in children. Clinical presentation is with non-specific manifestations or with an acute abdomen. We report here the case of a 3-year old girl presenting with an acute abdomen. (AU)

Linfangioma fetal: reporte de casos en Bogotá, Colombia / Fetal lymphangioma: report of cases in Bogota, Colombia

Introducción: los linfangiomas son malformaciones del sistema linfático que pueden aparecer como cavidades multilobuladas a nivel del cuello (75%) y axilas (20%), siendo muy pocos los casos de linfangiomas extensos reportados en la literatura. La incidencia de los casos diagnosticados en el período prenatal es realmente baja pero causa una tasa muy alta de mortalidad por su relación con complicaciones o efectos de compresión, pudiendo generar dificultad respiratoria, dificultad para deglutir, fiebre, aumento repentino de la lesión o sobreinfección de la misma. Se revisan dos casos y se realiza una revisión de la literatura sobre el diagnóstico prenatal y pronóstico de la enfermedad. Metodología: se presentan dos casos con diferente desenlace y se efectúa una búsqueda exhaustiva a través de MEDLINE por PubMed, MD Consult, Ovid y Hinari, de los últimos tres años con términos MeSH, los cuales fueron: Lymphangioma; Lymphangioma, cystic; Abdominal cystic lymphangioma; Prenatal diagnosis; Ultrasonography, prenatal. Se obtuvieron un total de 449 artículos de los cuales 18 se encontraron pertinentes y adecuados para incluir en la revisión, ninguno de los cuales se obtuvo en el medio latinoamericano. Conclusión: el linfangioma es una patología infrecuente cuyo diagnóstico prenatal temprano y adecuado ayuda a la consejería y al manejo del recién nacido y mejora así el pronóstico neonatal

Introduction: lymphangiomas are malformations of the lymphatic system that can appear as multilobulated cavities in the neck (75%) and axilla (20%) with very few cases of extensive lymphangioma reported in the literature. The incidence of cases diagnosed prenatally is really low but causing very high mortality rate because of its relationship with complications or compression effects which can result in difficulty breathing, difficulty swallowing, fever, sudden or coinfection of the lesion. Two cases are reviewed in order to conduct a review of the literature on prenatal diagnosis and prognosis. Methodology: we present two cases with different outcome, performing an exhaustive search through PubMed MEDLINE, MD Consult, Ovid, Hinari for the last three years with MeSH terms: lymphangioma, lymphangioma, cystic, abdominal cystic lymphangioma, prenatal diagnosis, ultrasonography, prenatal. We obtained a total of 449 articles of which 18 were relevant and appropriate to include in the review, none of which was obtained in the Latin American environment. Conclusion: lymphangioma is an uncommon condition whose early diagnosis and adequate prenatal counseling helps to manage and improve newborn neonatal prognosis

Higroma cístico de face com involução após infecção local / Involution of a cystic hygroma of the face following local infection

Relatamos um caso de higroma cístico na face de uma criança de quatro meses de idade. Havia história de aumento de volume congênito na hemiface direita que involuiu consideravelmente após sinais de infecção. O higroma cístico ou linfangioma é uma malformação congênita rara do sistema linfático, presente ao nascimento em 50 por cento dos casos. Localiza-se preferencialmente na região cervical e na face. Geralmente evolui com crescimento lento e progressivo, podendo comprimir e infiltrar estruturas adjacentes. Sua regressão espontânea ocorre em apenas 6 por cento dos casos.

This report describes the case of a cystic hygroma on the face of a four-month old child. There was a history of congenital swelling of the right hemiface that decreased considerably following signs of infection. The cystic hygroma or lymphangioma is a rare congenital malformation of the lymphatic system that is present at birth in 50 percent of cases. It is usually located on the neck or face. It generally grows slowly and progressively and may compress and infiltrate adjacent structures. Its spontaneous regression occurs in only 6 percent of cases.

Clinical Aspects of Intraabdominal Cystic Lymphangioma in Korea / 대한소화기학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Cystic lymphangioma is an uncommon disease, and rarely develops in the intraabdomen. The aim of this article was to discuss about clinical characteristics of intraabdominal cystic lymphangioma developed in Korea. METHODS: Age, sex, symptoms, locations and size of the lesions, diagnostic methods, treatments, complications and recurrence were analyzed in 13 pathologically confirmed cases of intraabdominal cystic lymphangioma and 18 cases of literature consideration reported in Korea. RESULTS: Intraabdominal cystic lymphangioma commonly developed in adults compared to the other lymphangioma, and frequently located in the mesentery. Abdominal pain was the most common symptom, but it was a non-specific finding. Tenderness and abdominal mass were not significantly associated. The size of mass was diverse. Abdominal ultrasonography and abdominal CT were diagnostic tools most commonly used, but preoperative diagnosis was possible only in 22.6%. All patients were discharged without any complications, and no recurrence was reported. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative diagnosis of intraabdominal cystic lymphangioma is difficult and symptoms and signs are not specific. Intra-abdominal cystic lymphangioma should be suspected in patients with non specific abdominal pain and intraabdominal mass and active diagnostic evaluation is mandatory.

Linfangioma cístico do mediastino / Cystic lymphangioma of the mediastinum

O linfangioma cístico é um tumor congênito benigno e raro. Resulta da proliferação focal de tecido linfático bem diferenciado com origem num anormal desenvolvimento do sistema linfático. A maioria ocorre em crianças ou adultos jovens nos sacos linfáticos primordiais. Geralmente ocorrem no pescoço (75%) e na região axilar (20%). Apenas 1% desses são localizados no mediastino. Os linfangiomas adquiridos, principalmente encontrados em adultos de meia-idade, são conseqüentes a um processo de obstrução linfática crônica secundária a cirurgia, infecção crônica ou radiação. Os autores apresentam um caso clínico de linfangioma cístico do mediastino num indivíduo do sexo masculino de 50 anos, detectado por achado em radiografia de tórax de rotina.

Cystic lymphangioma is a rare congenital benign tumor. It results from focal proliferation of well-differentiated lymphatic tissue originating from abnormal development of the lymphatic system. Most cystic lymphangiomas occur in the primitive lymph sacs of children or young adults. They generally appear in the neck (75%) and axillary region (20%). Only 1% are located in the mediastinum. Acquired lymphangiomas, which are principally seen in middle-aged adults, are caused by a process of chronic lymphatic obstruction secondary to surgery, chronic infection, or radiation. Here, we present the case of a 50-year-old male with cystic lymphangioma of the mediastinum, detected on a routine chest X-ray.

Multidetector-Row CT Findings of Gastric Cystic Lymphangioma: A Case Report

Cystic lymphangioma is a rare benign submucosal tumor of the stomach thought to originate from sequestered lymphatic tissue that fails to communicate with the normal lymphatic system. The most commonly used method of evaluation for cystic lymphangioma of the stomach is an endoscopic ultrasonography. We report the multidetector-row computed tomography findings of a cystic lymphangioma of the stomach in a 46-year-old man along with a literature review.

Intrapulmonary Cystic Lymphangioma in a 2-month-old Infant

Lymphangioma is an abnormal collection of lymphatics that are developmentally isolated from the normal lymphatic system. Lymphangioma rarely presents as a solitary pulmonary lesion. We report a rare case of intrapulmonary cystic lymphangioma involving the upper lobe of the right lung, which presented with dyspnea in a 2-month-old infant. High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the chest demonstrated a well-circumscribed, multiseptate, cystic lesion in the upper lobe of the right lung, mimicking the feature of type I congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation. The tumor was removed by bilobectomy of the upper and middle lobes of the right lung, and its pathologic examination confirmed the diagnosis of an intrapulmonary cystic lymphangioma.

Prenatal diagnosis and management of fetal nuchal cystic hygroma / 中华围产医学杂志

Objective To discuss the diagnosis and management options of fetal nuchal cystic hygroma(NCH). Methods Ten cases of fetal nuchal cystic hygroma from Mar 1996 to Mar 2003 were retrospectively analyzed. The sonographic images, fetal karyotype examination after amniocentesis, TORCH results and pathology were reviewed. Results The sonogram detected a large cystic mass around the posterior of the neck. The smallest one was 5.3 cm?4.8 cm?4.0 cm in size and the biggest 12.6 cm?6.6 cm?4.0 cm. The nuchal ligament could be seen inside the mass. Four cases complicated with pleural effusions and 4 with pleural effusions, ascites and skin edema. One case was deliveried in full term and the other 9 cases were induced (including 4 fetal death). Seven cases were examined for TORCH of amniotic fluid among which only one TOX PCR positive. The karyotype examination was performed in 6 cases. The results were 45XO(3 cases), 45XO/46XX (60:40) and 45XX,-21,-22,+t(21;22). The only alive baby is 46XX. Conclusions Ultrasound and invasive amniocentesis to detect the fetal karyotype have an important role in early diagnosis and management of nuchal cystic hygroma. Nuchal cystic hygromas are associated with Turner’s syndrome and other chromosomal abnormalities.

The treatment of cystic lymphangioma with ultrasound-guided intralesion injection of Bleomycin / 中国普通外科杂志

50% response) in 3 cases(10%),poor in 3 cases. Conclusions Ultrasound-guided intralesion injection of Bleomycin is effective therapy for cystic lymphangioma in children.