A combination effect of manual assisted cough techniques and respiratory proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation on ventilatory decompression craniotomy patients: a case report

After traumatic brain injury (TBI), brain starts swelling due to the formation of hematomas in the intracranial cavity and owing to forming rigid nature of the skull. Decompression craniotomy is a surgical procedure in which skull is removed and underlying dura is opened-for escalating the brain edema. Patients with TBI will be on prolonging bed rest depending on severity of injury and level of consciousness i.e., low GCS score and neuromuscular weakness. Prolong bed rest can contribute to cardio-pulmonary dysfunction and there by receiving ventilatory support via endotracheal tube or tracheostomy. Experience of ineffective cough reduced airway in the lung field due to impaired respiratory muscle weakness or paralysis which contributes various pathophysiological effects in TBI. A case report study of 51 years old patient diagnosed with TBI with left sided subdural haemorrhage with right extradural haemorrhage who operated for decompression craniotomy and with ventilatory support. Outcomes were taken on day one and fourteenth day i.e., vitals, GCS score, RLA stage, chest expansion, lung compliance and ICP, there is significant improvements in outcomes is seen after intervention. In the present case study, combination of manual assisted cough techniques (MACT) and respiratory PNF have shown improvement in efficacy of cough, thoracic cage mobility and weaning off from ventilator, hence by implementing these combination techniques, will reduce ICU stay and improve quality of life.

Seasonal variation of propolis from southern Brazil: phytochemical screening, antimicrobial activity, and effects on bovine mammary epithelial cells / Variação sazonal da própolis do Sul do Brasil: screening fitoquímico, atividade antimicrobiana e efeitos em células epiteliais mamária bovina

Previous studies have reported on the phytotherapeutic potential of propolis from southern Brazil (Urupema, Santa Catarina State), in particular, its efficacy in the treatment of bovine mastitis. The present study evaluates the effect of seasonal variation on the chemical composition of propolis from southern Brazil and its resultant antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities in the context of treating bovine mastitis. Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus was assessed, along with the cytotoxicity and induction of apoptosis in MAC-T bovine mammary epithelial cells. With the exception of spring propolis, the flavonoid quercetin was the main compound present in all samples. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of propolis against S. aureus from mastitic milk was 140 µg/mL for samples collected during the spring, autumn, and winter seasons, but 280 µg/mL for samples collected in summer. For MAC-T cells, the spring propolis extract was more toxic with an IC50 of 120 µg/mL. However, for 120 µg/mL of spring propolis extract, only 0.77% of necrotic and 37% of apoptotic MAC-T cells were found, respectively. Nonetheless, the induction of cell death through apoptosis by propolis extract suggests less severe damage to bovine mammary glands. Moreover, only negligible seasonal variation was found in the chemical composition of propolis from southern Brazil, and no biological activities were determined to be harmful. Therefore, this propolis shows promise as an alternative to commercial antimicrobials in the control of bovine mastitis, offering support for organic milk production.(AU)

Estudos prévios tem demonstrado o potencial terapêutico da propolis do Sul do Brasil (Urupema, Santa Catarina), em particular no tratamento da mastite bovina. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito da variação sazonal sobre a composição química da própolis de Urupema do Sul do Brasil e suas atividades antimicrobiana e citotóxica visando o tratamento da mastite bovina. A atividade antimicrobiana contra Staphylococcus aureus foi avaliada, juntamente com a citotoxicidade e indução de apoptose em células epiteliais mamárias bovina da linhagem MAC-T. Com exceção da própolis da primavera, o flavonóide quercetina foi o composto majoritário em todas as amostras. A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) da propolis contra S. aureus de leite mastítico foi 140 µg/mL para as amostras de primavera, outono e inverno e 280 µg/mL para a amostra coletada no verão. Para as células MAC-T, o extrato de própolis da primavera foi o mais tóxico, sendo a IC50 120 µg/mL. Entretanto, com 120 µg/mL do extrato de própolis primaveril, somente 0,77% de células MAC-T necróticas e 37% apoptóticas foram encontradas. Portanto, a indução da morte celular por apoptose pelo extrato de própolis sugere danos possivelmente menos graves a glândula mamária bovina. Além disso, somente uma pequena variação sazonal foi encontrada para a composição química da propolis do Sul do Brasil, a qual não prejudicou suas atividades biológicas. Portanto, esta própolis mostra como uma alternativa promissora ao uso de antimicrobianos comerciais no controle da mastite bovina e uma opção para subsidiar a produção orgânica de leite.Palavras-chave: Células MAC-T. Mastite bovina. Propolis brasileira. Staphylococcus aureus.(AU)

Regeneration of Bovine Mammary Gland in Immunodeficient Mice by Transplantation of Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells Mixed with Matrigel

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: With the global demand for dairy protein for consumption growing annually, there has been increasing activity in the research field of dairy protein synthesis and production. From a manipulation perspective, it is more difficult to use live cattle for laboratory studies on the production of milk as well as of dairy protein such as casein, as compared with using laboratory animals like rodents. Therefore, we aimed to develop a mouse model of bovine mammary alveolar ducts for laboratory-scale studies. We studied the formation of the bovine mammary gland ductal structure by transplanting the MAC-T bovine alveolar cell line into mice. METHODS AND RESULTS: MAC-T cells (1×10⁷) were suspended in Matrigel and injected into the dorsal tissue of 8-week-old male BALB/C nude mice. Histological analysis of tissue dissected from the MAC-T cell-transplanted mice after 6 weeks showed the typical morphology of the tubuloalveolar female gland, as well as glands made up of branching ducts that were surrounded by smooth muscle with small alveoli budding off the ducts. In addition, the epithelial markers CK14 and CK18 were expressed within the duct-like structure. Prolactin was detected in the duct interior in these CK14+ and CK18+ cells but not in the non-transplanted MAC-T cells. CONCLUSIONS: These results showed that duct-like tissue had been successfully formed after 6 weeks of transplantation of the CK14+ and CK18+ MAC-T cells into mice dorsal tissue. This mouse model will be a useful tool for further research on the bovine mammary gland.